Partitioning sources of soil respiration in boreal black spruce forest using radiocarbon

Separating ecosystem and soil respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic component sources is necessary for understanding how the net ecosystem exchange of carbon (C) will respond to current and future changes in climate and vegetation. Here, we use an isotope mass balance method based on radiocarbon to partition respiration sources in three mature black spruce forest stands in Alaska. Radiocarbon (Δ¹⁴C) signatures of respired C reflect the age of substrate C and can be used to differentiate source pools within ecosystems. Recently‐fixed C that fuels plant or microbial metabolism has Δ¹⁴C values close to that of current atmospheric CO₂, while C respired from litter and soil organic matter decomposition will reflect the longer residence time of C in plant and soil C pools. Contrary to our expectations, the Δ¹⁴C of C respired by recently excised black spruce roots averaged 14‰ greater than expected for recently fixed photosynthetic products, indicating that some portion of the C fueling root metabolism was derived from C storage pools with turnover times of at least several years. The Δ¹⁴C values of C respired by heterotrophs in laboratory incubations of soil organic matter averaged 60‰ higher than the contemporary atmosphere Δ¹⁴CO₂, indicating that the major contributors to decomposition are derived from a combination of sources consistent with a mean residence time of up to a decade. Comparing autotrophic and heterotrophic Δ¹⁴C end members with measurements of the Δ¹⁴C of total soil respiration, we calculated that 47–63% of soil CO₂ emissions were derived from heterotrophic respiration across all three sites. Our limited temporal sampling also observed no significant differences in the partitioning of soil respiration in the early season compared with the late season. Future work is needed to address the reasons for high Δ¹⁴C values in root respiration and issues of whether this method fully captures the contribution of rhizosphere respiration.     

Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil

Soil moisture affects microbial decay of SOM and rhizosphere respiration (RR) in temperate forest soils, but isolating the response of soil respiration (SR) to summer drought and subsequent wetting is difficult because moisture changes are often confounded with temperature variation. We distinguished between temperature and moisture effects by simulation of prolonged soil droughts in a mixed deciduous forest at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Roofs constructed over triplicate 5 × 5 m² plots excluded throughfall water during the summers of 2001 (168 mm) and 2002 (344 mm), while adjacent control plots received ambient throughfall and the same natural temperature regime. In 2003, throughfall was not excluded to assess the response of SR under natural weather conditions after two prolonged summer droughts. Throughfall exclusion significantly decreased mean SR rate by 53 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 84 days in 2001, and by 68 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 126 days in 2002, representing 10–30% of annual SR in this forest and 35–75% of annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of C. The differences in SR were best explained by differences in gravimetric water content in the Oi horizon (r²=0.69) and the Oe/Oa horizon (r²=0.60). Volumetric water content of the A horizon was not significantly affected by throughfall exclusion. The radiocarbon signature of soil CO₂ efflux and of CO₂ respired during incubations of O horizon, A horizon and living roots allowed partitioning of SR into contributions from young C substrate (including RR) and from decomposition of older SOM. RR (root respiration and microbial respiration of young substrates in the rhizosphere) made up 43–71% of the total C respired in the control plots and 41–80% in the exclusion plots, and tended to increase with drought. An exception to this trend was an interesting increase in CO₂ efflux of radiocarbon‐rich substrates during a period of abundant growth of mushrooms. Our results suggest that prolonged summer droughts decrease primarily heterotrophic respiration in the O horizon, which could cause increases in the storage of soil organic carbon in this forest. However, the C stored during two summers of simulated drought was only partly released as increased respiration during the following summer of natural throughfall. We do not know if this soil C sink during drought is transient or long lasting. In any case, differential decomposition of the O horizon caused by interannual variation of precipitation probably contributes significantly to observed interannual variation of NEE in temperate forests.     

Winter soil frost conditions in boreal forests control growing season soil CO2 concentration and its atmospheric exchange

The impact of changes in winter soil frost regime on soil CO₂ concentration and its atmospheric exchange in a boreal Norway spruce forest was investigated using a field‐scale soil frost manipulation experiment. The experiment comprised three treatments: deep soil frost, shallow soil frost and control plots (n= 3). Winter soil temperatures and soil frost distribution were significantly altered by the different treatments. The average soil CO₂ concentrations during the growing season were significantly lower in plots with deep soil frost than in plots with shallow soil frost. The average CO₂ soil–atmosphere exchange rate exhibited the same pattern, and differences in soil respiration rates among the treatments were statistically significant. Both the variation in soil CO₂ concentration and the CO₂ soil–atmosphere exchange rate could statistically be explained by the differences in the maximum soil frost depth during the previous winter. A response model for growing season soil respiration rates suggests that every 1 cm change in winter soil frost depth will change the emission rates by ca. 0.01 g CO₂ m^?2 day^?1, corresponding to 0.2–0.5% of the estimated net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggests that the soil frost regime has a significant influence on the C balance of the system, because interannual variations in soil frost up to 60 cm have been recorded at the site. We conclude that winter climate conditions can be important in controlling C balances in northern terrestrial ecosystems, and also that indirect effects of the winter season must be taken into account, because these can affect the prevailing conditions during the growing season.     

Clean rain promotes fine root growth and soil respiration in a Norway spruce forest

Soil acidification and N saturation are considered to affect the decomposition of soil organic matter as well as growth and mortality of fine roots in many forest soils. Here we report from a field experiment where ‘clean rain’ has been applied to the soil for about 10 years under a roofed plot of a 71‐year‐old Norway spruce plantation at Solling, Central Germany. Reduced amounts of protons (?78%), sulphate (?53%), ammonium (?86%), and nitrate (?49%) were sprayed on the soil surface of the clean rain plot between 1992 and 2001. In an adjacent roofed control plot, throughfall was collected and immediately re‐sprinkled below the roof construction without any chemical manipulation. One year before the clean rain treatment started, live and dead fine root masses (≤2 mm) were determined from undisturbed soil cores down to 40 cm mineral soil depth. Total live fine root mass was significantly lower in the clean rain plot than in the control plot. After the first sampling, the soil holes were refilled with quartz sand and repeatedly sampled in June 1992, June 1996, and October 2001. There were no differences in live and dead fine root masses between the plots in 1992 and 1996. In 2001, both live and dead fine root masses of the clean rain plot were about twice as high as in the control plot, indicating that fine root growth recovered in the mineral soil following 10 years of clean rain treatment. Moreover, the clean rain treatment significantly reduced the total N concentrations of live fine roots and 1‐year‐old needles. Our results suggest that the reduced N input promoted fine root growth to compensate N deficiency. Reduced Al concentration in soil solution may have contributed to the recovery of fine root growth, however, the toxicity of Al species is largely unknown. Mean annual soil respiration rate was 24% higher in the period from 2000 to 2001, indicating that the clean rain treatment increased respiration of roots and heterotrophic microorganisms within the rhizosphere. Laboratory incubation of samples from the organic horizon and the top mineral soil revealed no differences between the plots in the decay rate of soil organic matter. Our results suggest that strong reductions in atmospheric N deposition from about 30 to 10 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 and decreasing acid stress can have beneficial effects on growth of fine roots in the mineral soil within a decade. We conclude that biological recovery under reduced atmospheric loads can affect the nutrient and carbon budget of spruce soils in the long run.     

Effects of soil frost on nitrogen net mineralization, soil solution chemistry and seepage losses in a temperate forest soil

Freezing and thawing may alter element turnover and solute fluxes in soils by changing physical and biological soil properties. We simulated soil frost in replicated snow removal plots in a mountainous Norway spruce stand in the Fichtelgebirge area, Germany, and investigated N net mineralization, solute concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and of mineral ions (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺). At the snow removal plots the minimum soil temperature was −5 °C at 5 cm depth, while the control plots were covered by snow and experienced no soil frost. The soil frost lasted for about 3 months and penetrated the soil to about 15 cm depth. In the 3 months after thawing, the in situ N net mineralization in the forest floor and upper mineral soil was not affected by soil frost. In late summer, NO₃⁻ concentrations increased in forest floor percolates and soil solutions at 20 cm soil depth in the snow removal plots relative to the control. The increase lasted for about 2–4 months at a time of low seepage water fluxes. Soil frost did not affect DOC concentrations and radiocarbon signatures of DOC. No specific frost effect was observed for K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in soil solutions, however, the Na⁺ concentrations in the upper mineral soil increased. In the 12 months following snowmelt, the solute fluxes of N, DOC, and mineral ions were not influenced by the previous soil frost at any depth. Our experiment did not support the hypothesis that moderate soil frost triggers solute losses of N, DOC, and mineral ions from temperate forest soils.     

苔藓和凋落物对祁连山青海云杉林土壤呼吸的影响

于2012—2014年生长季在青海云杉林下开展了地表覆盖物(苔藓和凋落物)对林下土壤呼吸速率影响的研究。采用LI8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统对苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖和裸土(去除地表覆盖物)的土壤呼吸进行观测,对比分析林下3种覆盖处理下的土壤呼吸差异。结果表明:苔藓覆盖土壤、凋落物覆盖土壤和裸土土壤的呼吸速率年均值分别为(3.88±0.26)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),(3.31±0.19)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),(2.28±0.31)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),三者之间具有极显著差异,3组处理的地表相对湿度、土壤含水量、土壤温度和地表温度间均没有显著差异,但苔藓组和凋落物组的土壤温度分别比裸土组高8.13%和10.24%;3组处理的土壤呼吸速率均与温度呈显著指数相关性(0.53≤R~2≤0.91),且与土壤温度的相关性更高;苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))分别为5.47,3.67,均高于裸土土壤呼吸的Q_(10)(2.23);裸土土壤呼吸与土壤含水量(VWC)呈高斯函数关系,VWC=34%是临界值,苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖土壤的呼吸速率与土壤含水量均呈线性负相关关系;苔藓和凋落物对裸土土壤呼吸的月均贡献率分别为29.33%和24.06%,可见,苔藓和凋落物在青海云杉林生态系统呼吸中起重要作用。     

Drainage enhances modern soil carbon contribution but reduces old soil carbon contribution to ecosystem respiration in tundra ecosystems

Warming temperatures are likely to accelerate permafrost thaw in the Arctic, potentially leading to the release of old carbon previously stored in deep frozen soil layers. Deeper thaw depths in combination with geomorphological changes due to the loss of ice structures in permafrost, may modify soil water distribution, creating wetter or drier soil conditions. Previous studies revealed higher ecosystem respiration rates under drier conditions, and this study investigated the cause of the increased ecosystem respiration rates using radiocarbon signatures of respired CO₂ from two drying manipulation experiments: one in moist and the other in wet tundra. We demonstrate that higher contributions of CO₂ from shallow soil layers (0–15 cm; modern soil carbon) drive the increased ecosystem respiration rates, while contributions from deeper soil (below 15 cm from surface and down to the permafrost table; old soil carbon) decreased. These changes can be attributed to more aerobic conditions in shallow soil layers, but also the soil temperature increases in shallow layers but decreases in deep layers, due to the altered thermal properties of organic soils. Decreased abundance of aerenchymatous plant species following drainage in wet tundra reduced old carbon release but increased aboveground plant biomass elevated contributions of autotrophic respiration to ecosystem respiration. The results of this study suggest that drier soils following drainage may accelerate decomposition of modern soil carbon in shallow layers but slow down decomposition of old soil carbon in deep layers, which may offset some of the old soil carbon loss from thawing permafrost.     

Effects of soil phosphorus availability,temperature and moisture on soil respiration in Eucalyptus pauciflora forest

Rates of soil respiration (CO₂ efflux) were measured for a year in a mature Eucalyptus pauciflora forest in unfertilized and phosphorus-fertilized plots. Soil CO₂ efflux showed a distinct seasonal trend, and average daily rates ranged from 124 to 574 mg CO₂ m^–2 hr^–1. Temperature and moisture are the main variables that cause variation in soil CO₂ efflux; hence their effects were investigated over a year so as to then differentiate the treatment effect of phosphorus (P) nutrition.Soil temperature had the greatest effect on CO₂ efflux and exhibited a highly significant logarithmic relationship (r² = 0.81). Periods of low soil and litter moisture occurred during summer when temperatures were greater than 10 °C, and this resulted in depression of soil CO₂ efflux. During winter, when temperatures were less than 10 °C, soil and litter moisture were consistently high and thus their variation had little effect on soil CO₂ efflux. A multiple regression model including soil temperature, and soil and litter moisture accounted for 97% of the variance in rates of CO₂ efflux, and thus can be used to predict soil CO₂ efflux at this site with high accuracy. Total annual efflux of carbon from soil was estimated to be 7.11 t C ha^–1 yr^–1. The model was used to predict changes in this annual flux if temperature and moisture conditions were altered. The extent to which coefficients of the model differ among sites and forest types requires testing.Increased soil P availability resulted in a large increase in stem growth of trees but a reduction in the rate of soil CO₂ efflux by approximately 8%. This reduction is suggested to be due to lower root activity resulting from reduced allocation of assimilate belowground. Root activity changed when P was added to microsites within plots, and via the whole tree root system at the plot level. These relationships of belowground carbon fluxes with temperature, moisture and nutrient availability provide essential information for understanding and predicting potential changes in forest ecosystems in response to land use management or climate change.     

Indirect partitioning of soil respiration in a series of evergreen forest ecosystems

A simple estimation of heterotrophic respiration can be obtained analytically as the y-intercept of the linear regression between soil-surface CO₂ efflux and root biomass. In the present study, a development of this indirect methodology is presented by taking into consideration both the temporal variation and the spatial heterogeneity of heterotrophic respiration. For this purpose, soil CO₂ efflux, soil carbon content and main stand characteristics were estimated in seven evergreen forest ecosystems along an elevation gradient ranging from 250 to 1740 m. For each site and for each sampling date the measured soil CO₂ efflux (R _S) was predicted with the model R _S = a × S _C + b × R _D ± ε, where S _C is soil carbon content per unit area to a depth of 30 cm and R _D is the root density of the 2–5 mm root class. Regressions with statistically significant a and b coefficients allowed the indirect separation of the two components of soil CO₂ efflux. Considering that the different sampling dates were characterized by different soil temperature, it was possible to investigate the temporal and thermal dependency of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. It was estimated that annual autotrophic respiration accounts for 16–58% of total soil CO₂ efflux in the seven different evergreen ecosystems. In addition, our observations show a decrease of annual autotrophic respiration at increasing availability of soil nitrogen. Section Editor: A. Hodge     

三源区分土壤呼吸组分研究

三源区分土壤呼吸组分是指将土壤呼吸区分为纯根呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和土壤有机质呼吸3个部分。土壤有机质呼吸、纯根呼吸和根际微生物呼吸是3种不同的生物学过程,这3种呼吸对环境变化具有不同的响应机制。区分土壤呼吸中由根系引起的自养和异养呼吸组分的研究对定量评价陆地生态系统碳平衡具有重要的意义。论述了三源区分土壤呼吸组分的意义、方法和应用,分析了不同条件下土壤呼吸组分区分的研究结果。实验室纯根和根际微生物呼吸占根源呼吸比重约为45%和55%;野外条件下约为60%和40%。最后对本研究未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Changing sources of soil respiration with time since fire in a boreal forest

Radiocarbon signatures (Δ¹⁴C) of carbon dioxide (CO₂) provide a measure of the age of C being decomposed by microbes or respired by living plants. Over a 2‐year period, we measured Δ¹⁴C of soil respiration and soil CO₂ in boreal forest sites in Canada, which varied primarily in the amount of time since the last stand‐replacing fire. Comparing bulk respiration Δ¹⁴C with Δ¹⁴C of CO₂ evolved in incubations of heterotrophic (decomposing organic horizons) and autotrophic (root and moss) components allowed us to estimate the relative contributions of O horizon decomposition vs. plant sources. Although soil respiration fluxes did not vary greatly, differences in Δ¹⁴C of respired CO₂ indicated marked variation in respiration sources in space and time. The ¹⁴C signature of respired CO₂ respired from O horizon decomposition depended on the age of C substrates. These varied with time since fire, but consistently had Δ¹⁴C greater (averaging ～120‰) than autotrophic respiration. The Δ¹⁴C of autotrophically respired CO₂ in young stands equaled those expected for recent photosynthetic products (70‰ in 2003, 64‰ in 2004). CO₂ respired by black spruce roots in stands >40 years old had Δ¹⁴C up to 30‰ higher than recent photosynthates, indicating a significant contribution of C stored at least several years in plants. Decomposition of O horizon organic matter made up 20% or less of soil respiration in the younger (<40 years since fire) stands, increasing to ～50% in mature stands. This is a minimum for total heterotrophic contribution, since mineral soil CO₂ had Δ¹⁴C close to or less than those we have assigned to autotrophic respiration. Decomposition of old organic matter in mineral soils clearly contributed to soil respiration in younger stands in 2003, a very dry year, when Δ¹⁴C of soil respiration in younger successional stands dropped below those of the atmospheric CO₂.     

亚热带森林转换对土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值的影响

土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值是表征土壤质量变化的敏感性指标,不仅能衡量土壤微生物碳利用效率,还能揭示土壤有机碳的变化。通过比较亚热带米槠天然林转换为马尾松人工林和杉木人工林后土壤微生物呼吸速率、土壤微生物生物量碳以及微生物熵、代谢熵的差异,研究亚热带森林转换对土壤微生物碳利用效率的影响。研究结果显示:(1)与天然林相比,马尾松人工林0—10 cm土壤微生物呼吸速率上升32%(P<0.05),马尾松人工林和杉木人工林10—20 cm土壤微生物呼吸速率分别下降26%和24%(P<0.05);但在20—40 cm土层和40—60 cm土层,天然林土壤微生物呼吸速率比马尾松人工林分别高50%和43%;(2)马尾松人工林和杉木人工林0—10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)比天然林分别下降19%和40%(P<0.05),但马尾松人工林10—20 cm土壤MBC上升29%(P<0.05);(3)人工林表层土壤微生物熵与天然林没有显著差异,但与天然林相比,杉木人工林和马尾松人工林20—40 cm土层土壤微生物熵分别下降51%和71%(P<0.05),40—60 cm分别下...     

生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响

以菜地和果园土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,向土壤中分别添加不同材料制备的生物炭(马尼拉草、阔叶和竹叶),热解温度为350℃,研究不同材料制备生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：不同生物炭施入土壤后,土壤 CO 2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢.在整个培养过程中(28 d),随着培养时间的延长,土壤 CO 2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低.在不同土壤培养条件下,均是添加阔叶生物炭后土壤 CO 2-C 累计释放增多,果园和菜地土壤 CO 2-C 累计分别达到482．57和424．72 mg·kg-1.添加不同的生物炭均能提高土壤有机碳含量,但只有添加阔叶生物炭之后,差异才会达到显著(P ＜0．05).研究结果为正确利用生物炭和评价其在土壤碳库作用提供科学依据.     

Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest

A trenching method was used to determine the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration. Soil respiration rates in a trenched plot (R _trench) and in a control plot (R _control) were measured from May 2000 to September 2001 by using an open-flow gas exchange system with an infrared gas analyser. The decomposition rate of dead roots (R _D) was estimated by using a root-bag method to correct the soil respiration measured from the trenched plots for the additional decaying root biomass. The soil respiration rates in the control plot increased from May (240–320 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1) to August (840–1150 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1) and then decreased during autumn (200–650 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1). The soil respiration rates in the trenched plot showed a similar pattern of seasonal change, but the rates were lower than in the control plot except during the 2 months following the trenching. Root respiration rate (R _r) and heterotrophic respiration rate (R _h) were estimated from R _control, R _trench, and R _D. We estimated that the contribution of R _r to total soil respiration in the growing season ranged from 27 to 71%. There was a significant relationship between R _h and soil temperature, whereas R _r had no significant correlation with soil temperature. The results suggest that the factors controlling the seasonal change of respiration differ between the two components of soil respiration, R _r and R _h.     

Long‐term enhanced winter soil frost alters growing season CO2 fluxes through its impact on vegetation development in a boreal peatland

At high latitudes, winter climate change alters snow cover and, consequently, may cause a sustained change in soil frost dynamics. Altered winter soil conditions could influence the ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and, in turn, provide feedbacks to ongoing climate change. To investigate the mechanisms that modify the peatland CO₂ exchange in response to altered winter soil frost, we conducted a snow exclusion experiment to enhance winter soil frost and to evaluate its short‐term (1–3 years) and long‐term (11 years) effects on CO₂ fluxes during subsequent growing seasons in a boreal peatland. In the first 3 years after initiating the treatment, no significant effects were observed on either gross primary production (GPP) or ecosystem respiration (ER). However, after 11 years, the temperature sensitivity of ER was reduced in the treatment plots relative to the control, resulting in an overall lower ER in the former. Furthermore, early growing season GPP was also lower in the treatment plots than in the controls during periods with photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) ≥800 μmol m^?2 s^?1, corresponding to lower sedge leaf biomass in the treatment plots during the same period. During the peak growing season, a higher GPP was observed in the treatment plots under the low light condition (i.e. PPFD 400 μmol m^?2 s^?1) compared to the control. As Sphagnum moss maximizes photosynthesis at low light levels, this GPP difference between the plots may have been due to greater moss photosynthesis, as indicated by greater moss biomass production, in the treatment plots relative to the controls. Our study highlights the different responses to enhanced winter soil frost among plant functional types which regulate CO₂ fluxes, suggesting that winter climate change could considerably alter the growing season CO₂ exchange in boreal peatlands through its effect on vegetation development.     

DOM对米槠次生林不同土层土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值的影响

可溶性有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤可溶性有机碳的重要来源,进入土壤之后通过改变土壤微生物数量和活性影响土壤矿化。DOM输入对土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的研究多集中在表层土壤,但对深层土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的影响关注较少。通过室内培养实验(120 d)研究米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)鲜叶DOM添加对表层土壤(0—10 cm)和深层土壤(40—60 cm)微生物呼吸及其土壤代谢熵和微生物熵的影响,为揭示DOM输入对亚热带森林土壤碳过程的影响提供理论依据。结果表明,在培养第1天,添加DOM的表层和深层土壤CO_2瞬时排放速率均显著高于对照(P0.001),分别是对照(不添加DOM)的3.58倍和6.93倍,之后显著下降。就累积排放量而言,无论是DOM添加处理还是对照,表层土壤显著大于深层土壤;在米槠鲜叶DOM添加后,表层土壤累积排放量显著大于对照的表层土壤(P0.001),但DOM添加处理深层土壤累积排放量与对照的深层土壤无明显差异。就微生物生物量碳而言,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量在培养期间显著大于深层土壤。在整个添加DOM培养期间,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于表层对照土壤,深层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于深层对照土壤(第3天除外)。培养结束时(120 d),米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理下,表层土壤和深层土壤有机碳含量与第3天相比分别减少26%和19%。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤代谢熵(qCO_2)显著低于对照的深层土壤和DOM添加处理的表层土壤qCO_2(P0.001),说明外源DOM进入深层土壤后提高了土壤微生物对碳的利用效率。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤微生物熵是培养第3天的1.58倍,显著大于培养初期(P0.05),而DOM添加处理的表层土壤、对照的表层土壤与深层土壤的微生物熵分别是培养第3天的68%、79%和21%,说明DOM添加提高了深层土壤质量。     

移栽自不同纬度的落叶松（Larix gmelinii Rupr.）林的春季土壤呼吸

以往的土壤呼吸(RS)研究大多集中于生长季,而对非生长季RS的认知甚少.常见于中高纬度地区的春季土壤冻融交替是影响陆地生态系统碳循环的关键事件,是RS年内变化格局的转折期.但是春季冻融交替期间RS的动态规律及其机理过程尚缺乏了解.研究以我国北方森林的优势类型--兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)林为对象,在其自然分布区内,将地处4个纬度(处理)的8年生兴安落叶松林生态系统整体移至其分布区的南缘,以模拟气候暖化对RS及其组分的影响.在春季土壤冻融交替时期,采用红外气体分析法和根系排除法测定了移栽自不同纬度的落叶松林的RS和异养呼吸(RH)及其相关的环境因子.研究结果表明:RS与温度的耦联关系随土壤解冻进程而变化.在解冻初期和中期,RS的日进程与温度解耦联,但在土壤完全解冻后却强烈地依赖于土壤温度.从整个土壤解冻过程看,4个处理的RS和RH与土壤温度和含水量相关极显著(R2 = 0.569～0.743,P < 0.001).解冻的初期和中期的RS基本上来自RH组分,土壤根际呼吸(RR)到4月底才出现.RS和RH均受到实验处理、解冻时期及其交互作用的显著影响.RS和RH的平均值随着解冻的进程而增大,而且RS与RH之间的差异也随之增大.RS波动在0.50～3.30 μmolCO2 m-2s-1之间;而RH则波动在0.52～3.04 μmolCO2 m-2s-1之间.在相同气候条件下,4个处理RS有随着纬度的增加而增加的趋势,而且RS对土壤温度的响应程度也随纬度增加而增加.研究结果意味着土壤解冻期间来自纬度较高的兴安落叶松林的RS对气候变暖方案的响应可能更为强烈.     

马尾松林土壤呼吸组分对不同营林措施的响应

针对不同营林措施(对照、除灌、采伐1(15%)、采伐2(70%)后的三峡库区马尾松飞播林,采用LI-8100对其土壤呼吸组分的呼吸速率和土壤温度、湿度进行为期1年的连续观测分析表明,不同营林措施对土壤呼吸组分的影响不同。1)观测期内,各营林措施下凋落物层呼吸速率差异并不显著,对照、除灌、采伐1、采伐2的根呼吸速率均值分别为:1.00、0.83、0.86、1.11μmolCO_2m~(-2)s~(-1);采伐处理下矿质土壤呼吸显著高于对照和除灌(P0.05);2)与对照相比,营林措施并未显著改变凋落物呼吸对于土壤总呼吸的贡献率(18.78%-23.70%),但降低了根呼吸的贡献率,其中以采伐1最为显著(P0.05);除灌的矿质土壤呼吸贡献率(37.00%)与对照(38.32%)相近,而采伐1(45.63%)和采伐2(43.07%)均显著增加了矿质土壤呼吸的贡献率,矿质土壤呼吸的变化是造成采伐措施下土壤呼吸变化的主要土壤呼吸组分;3)营林后仅采伐2措施下土壤温湿度显著高于对照,土壤温湿度双因子模型较单因子模型能更好的解释土壤呼吸组分变化,但仅能解释其部分变化(4.6%-59.3%),仍需对营林后其他相关因子进行深入的综合研究。     

Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests

Global warming and changes in rainfall amount and distribution may affect soil respiration as a major carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to investigate the site to site and interannual variation in soil respiration of six temperate forest sites. Soil respiration was measured using closed chambers over 2 years under mature beech, spruce and pine stands at both Solling and Unterlüß, Germany, which have distinct climates and soils. Cumulative annual CO₂ fluxes varied from 4.9 to 5.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Solling with silty soils and from 4.0 to 5.9 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Unterlüß with sandy soils. With one exception soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the six forest sites (site to site variation) and between the years within the same forest site (interannual variation). Only the respiration rate in the spruce stand at Unterlüß was significant lower than the beech stand at Unterlüß in both years. Soil respiration rates of the sandy sites at Unterlüß were limited by soil moisture during the rather dry and warm summer 1999 while soil respiration at the silty Solling site tended to increase. We found a threshold of ?80 kPa at 10 cm depth below which soil respiration decreased with increasing drought. Subsequent wetting of sandy soils revealed high CO₂ effluxes in the stands at Unterlüß. However, dry periods were infrequent, and our results suggest that temporal variation in soil moisture generally had little effect on annual soil respiration rates. Soil temperature at 5 cm and 10 cm depth explained 83% of the temporal variation in soil respiration using the Arrhenius function. The correlations were weaker using temperature at 0 cm (r² = 0.63) and 2.5 cm depth (r² = 0.81). Mean Q₁₀ values for the range from 5 to 15 °C increased asymptotically with soil depth from 1.87 at 0 cm to 3.46 at 10 cm depth, indicating a large uncertainty in the prediction of the temperature dependency of soil respiration. Comparing the fitted Arrhenius curves for same tree species from Solling and Unterlüß revealed higher soil respiration rates for the stands at Solling than in the respective stands at Unterlüß at the same temperature. A significant positive correlation across all sites between predicted soil respiration rates at 10 °C and total phosphorus content and C‐to‐N ratio of the upper mineral soil indicate a possible effect of nutrients on soil respiration.