水稻大螟越冬幼虫寄生蜂种类调查与主要寄生蜂越冬动态分析

大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)是水稻上一种重要的钻蛀性害虫,其寄主范围广,近年来为害加重。由于长期以来对大螟的防治采取兼治策略,大螟已经对多种农药产生了抗性。因此,掌握水稻大螟生物防治资源有重要的应用意义。本研究报道了江苏扬州地区水稻大螟越冬幼虫体内仅有两种寄生蜂,分别是中华茧蜂Amyosoma chinensis和螟黄足盘绒茧蜂Cotesia flavipes,其中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂是优势种群。通过近三年的系统调查发现：在自然界中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂在大螟越冬幼虫体内的寄生率呈现动态变化,最高寄生率达33.33%,并且不同年份之间有差异。螟黄足盘绒茧蜂最短出茧时间仅为5.0 d,最长不超过14.0 d。除了12月份至次年1月份采集的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂外,其它时间点采集到的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂的羽化率高达75%以上。该研究结果为利用螟黄足盘绒茧蜂防治大螟提供了研究基础。     

基于28S rRNA D2序列的内茧蜂亚科的分子系统发育

首次利用同源28S rRNA D2基因序列对内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae （昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）进行了分子系统学研究。本研究从95%～100%乙醇浸渍保存的标本中提取基因组DNA并扩增了10种内群种类和5种外群种类的28S rDNA D2片段并测序（GenBank序列号AY167645-AY167659）,利用BLAST搜索相关的同源序列, 采用了GenBank中13个种类的28S rRNA D2同源序列,然后据此进行分子分析。利用3个外群（共8个种类）和3种建树方法 (距离邻近法distance based neighbor joining, NJ; 最大俭约法maximum parsimony, MP; 和最大似然法maximum likelihood, ML)分析了内茧蜂亚科内的分子系统发育关系。结果表明,由分子数据产生的不同的分子系统树均显示内茧蜂亚科是一个单系群。内茧蜂亚科内依据形态和生物学特征的分群（族和亚族）及其系统发育关系得到部分支持。NJ、MP和ML分析结果均表明内茧蜂族Rogadini不是一个单系,而是一个并系,其余3族则得到不同程度的支持。内茧蜂族可分成2个分支：“脊茧蜂属Aleiodes+弓脉茧蜂属Arcaleiodes”和“沟内茧蜂属Canalirogas+锥齿茧蜂属Conspinaria+刺茧蜂属Spinaria+内茧蜂属Rogas”,二者不是姐妹群。脊茧蜂属Aleiodes和弓脉茧蜂属Arcaleiodes始终是姐妹群。脊茧蜂属Aleiodes是一个单系,并可分成2个姐妹分支,这与依据形态和生物学特征的亚属分群相一致。弓脉茧蜂属Arcaleiodes Chen et He,1991是一个独立的属。分支“沟内茧蜂属Canalirogas+锥齿茧蜂属Conspinaria+刺茧蜂属Spinaria+内茧蜂属Rogas”的单系性仅得到部分分子数据的支持;因形态特异（腹部成甲壳状）而列为亚族级的刺茧蜂属Spinaria,分子分析没有证实这一点。横纹茧蜂族Clinocentrini是个单系,并在内茧蜂亚科的系统发育中处于基部（原始）的位置。我们研究结果还表明,阔跗茧蜂属Yelicones和潜蛾茧蜂属Stiropius相对应的阔跗茧蜂族Yeliconini和潜蛾茧蜂族Stiropiini为2个独立的分支, 与形态和生物学的结果一致,但它们在内茧蜂亚科的系统发育的位置不明,有待今后进一步研究。     

黑龙江小腹茧蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科，小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自黑龙江省的小腹茧蜂属Microgaster Latreille 二新种：黄腹小腹茧蜂 M. flaviventris sp. Nov. 和伊春小腹茧蜂M. yichunensis sp. Nov.。模式标本保存在浙江大学植物保护系昆虫标本室。     

侧沟茧蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科，小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自辽宁、宁夏、新疆、浙江和贵州的侧沟茧蜂属Microplitis Foerster 二新种：宽背侧沟茧蜂M. amplitergius sp. nov.和内弯侧沟茧蜂M. incurvata sp. nov.。模式标本保存在浙江大学植物保护系昆虫标本室。     

小腹茧蜂亚科的雄外生殖器及族级单元系统发育的研究

对分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科)21个属的67个种及外群折脉茧蜂属 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科) 2个种的雄外生殖器的5个性状进行了比较研究。在形态学研究的基础上,通过选用头部、胸部和腹部(包括雌雄外生殖器的性状) 等34个性状,运用支序分析的方法探讨了分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科21个属以及它们所属的族间的系统发育关系,并对Mason (1981) 的分类系统进行了重新评价。雄外生殖器和支序分析基本上证实并恢复了由Mason (1981) 确定的2个主要分支,即绒茧蜂族Apantelini+小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和拱茧蜂族Fornicini+盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini+侧沟茧蜂族MicroplitinI。绒茧蜂族Apantelini、拱茧蜂族Fornicini和侧沟茧蜂族Microplitini为单系群也被支持,但小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini是否为单系群尚难于在树形图中体现,而且族内各属间的分支关系有变动。因此,尽管Mason的族级分类单元有一些欠缺,但仍是可信、实用的,不同意Walker等 (1990) 认为不应再使用Mason分族系统的观点。     

中国全脉茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目： 茧蜂科）

记述了窄径茧蜂亚科Agathidinae的中国大陆一新记录属-全脉茧蜂属Earinus Wesmael及该属已知分布于福建省武夷山的一新种-武夷全脉茧蜂Earinus wuyiensis Chen et Yang, 并建立了该属中国已知3种的分种检索表。新种模式标本保存于福建农业大学植物保护系益虫研究室。     

闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争

在室内25℃下,以菜蛾3龄初幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum的种间竞争。当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,2种蜂各自的寄生率与其单独寄生时无显著差异,合计寄生率比一种蜂单独存在时有所提高,但差异不显著。2种蜂均能产卵寄生已被另一种蜂寄生了的寄主幼虫。当寄主被2种蜂寄生的间隔时间很短（少于10 h）时,所育出的蜂绝大部分（80%以上）为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被绒茧蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供弯尾姬蜂寄生时,所育出的全为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被弯尾姬蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供绒茧蜂寄生时,寄主幼虫绝大部分不能存活,只有少部分能育出寄生蜂,且多为弯尾姬蜂。当2种蜂的幼虫存在于同一寄主体内时,2种蜂的发育均受到另一种蜂的抑制;绒茧蜂1龄幼虫具有物理攻击能力,能将弯尾姬蜂卵或幼虫致死。这些结果表明,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与半闭弯尾姬蜂在同一寄主中发育时,前者具有明显的竞争优势。     

触角具浅色环的七种脊茧蜂新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：内茧蜂亚科）

在脊茧蜂属Aleiodes Wesmael中,有一些种类的触角具有稳定的浅色环,它们的体色一般都比较鲜艳。这些种类还可根据后翅径室及后足胫节距等特征再分成二类。属于后翅径室向外扩大,后足胫节距长于后基跗节1/3这一类群的,到目前为止,全世界共报道了5种,它们是:A.brownii(Baker)、A.Luzonensis(Baker)、A.insignicornis(Granger)、和A.speciosicornis(Granger)。我们在整理Aleiodes属的标本时又发现了属于这一类群的新种7个,它们分别是:华脊茧蜂A.aglaurus sp.nov.、俏脊茧蜂A.fuscus     

中国绒茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

报道采自中国云南的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae绒茧蜂属Apanteles Forsters.str,1新种,即瘦鞘绒茧蜂Apanteles petilicaudium sp.nov。模式标本保存于福建农林大学植物保护学院益虫室。     

桑螟绒茧蜂的生物学特性

采用不定期随机取样的方式 ,连续 3年就桑螟绒茧蜂ApantelesheterusiaeWilkinson对桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker的自然寄生率进行了调查。结果表明 ,桑螟绒茧蜂在苏州一带的发生十分普遍 ,其自然寄生率为 2 2. 95 %～ 5 5. 41 % ,平均 3 3 . 99% ,全年各代都处于相对较高的水平 ,其中 9月份第 5代的自然寄生率最高 ,达 5 5 . 41 % ,是当地的优势天敌种群 ,对于桑螟的发生与危害具有明显的控制作用。该文报道了桑螟绒茧蜂的自然寄生情况及其成虫的生物学习性 ,为进一步开展桑螟的生物防治奠定了基础。     

Molecular differentiation of the microgastrine species commonly found in paddy fields from Southeast Asia,with additional data on their phylogeny （Hymenoptera：Braconidae）

Partial DNA sequences of three genes, that is, mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (16S), nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S D2) and mitochondrial NADH1 dehydrogenase (NADH1) gene, were sequenced from different microgas trine species(Braconidae: Microgastrinae) collected fresh from paddy fields. The DNA sequences were used to determine the extent of sequence variation among species in order to evaluate the specific status of each species. Cladistic analysis was also used to infer a phylogenetic relationship among these species. The results showed that sequence divergence among species of the same genus Cotesia was much lower than those among different genera, such as Cotesia, Exoryza and Apanteles; the sequence similarity of 16S rDNA and NADH 1 genes between Cotesia sp. and C. chilonis was higher than that between C. sp. and C. ruficrus.Phylogenetic analyses suggested that four species of Cotesia were always grouped in the same clade regardless of using different analysis methods; Cotesia sp. and C. chilonis are more closely related to each other than to C. ruficrus, different from previous morphological results. Additionally, sequence analyses indicated that NADH1 gene has more parsimony informative characters than 28S rDNA D2 and 16S rDNA at the species-level analysis,indicating that NADH1 gene might be a useful marker for species-level analysis.     

A phylogenetic analysis of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)

A cladistic analysis of subtribe, Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) is based on 45 anatomical/ morphological characters. The ingroup members comprise 24 genera; the large genus Pleurothallis consists of two subgenera and ten species complexes. Three taxa representing subtribes Laeliinae and Arpophyllinae are designated as outgroup. Eight most parsimonious trees were discovered using computer assisted software (length = 230; CI = 0.27). The hypothesis that subtribe Pleurothallidinae has undergone a unilinear reduction in the number of pollinia is not supported by this study. Although the eight-pollinia state as represented by Octomeria apparently is plesiomorphic, the two-pollinia and four-pollinia states arose early in the phylogeny of the subtribe. Both two-and four-pollinia states subsequently reappeared as parallelisms. The six-pollinia state exhibited in Brachionidium is autapomorphic. This cladistic analysis suggests that Pleurothallis is not a natural genus and, perhaps may be divided into several discrete genera.     

A phylogenetic analysis of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)

A cladistic analysis of subtribe, Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) is based on 45 anatomical/ morphological characters. The ingroup members comprise 24 genera; the large genus Pkurothallis consists of two subgenera and ten species complexes. Three taxa representing subtribes Laeliinae and ArpophyUinae are designated as outgroup. Eight most parsimonious trees were discovered using computer assisted software (length = 230; CI = 0.27). The hypothesis that subtribe Pleurothallidinae has undergone a unilinear reduction in the number of pollinia is not supported by this study. Although the eight-pollinia state as represented by Octomeria apparently is plesiomorphic, the two-pollinia and four-pollinia states arose early in the phytogeny of the subtribe. Both two-and four-pollinia states subsequently reappeared as parallelisms. The six-pollinia state exhibited in Brachionidium is autapomorphic. This cladistic analysis suggests that Pkurothallis is not a natural genus and, perhaps may be divided into several discrete genera.     

PHYLOGENY OF THE NEMERTEAN SUBCLASS PALAEONEMERTEA (ANOPLA, NEMERTEA)

Abstract— A cladistic analysis based on 50 morphological characters was performed for 49 of the 98 species currently assigned to the subclass Palaeonemertea (phylum Nemertea), and six additional undescribed species. Thirty-five species were excluded from the parsimony analysis because of the high number of unknowns in the character matrix, and one species since it was considered a nomen nudum . An initial analysis suggested that the subclass Hoplonemertea is the sistergroup to the clade Palaeo- and Heteronemertea and the ingroup cladograms are rooted using a paraphyletic outgroup based on this information. Seventy-two equally most parsimonious cladograms were found; the consistency index was low but tree-length distribution for the character set is skewed to the left, and the cladograms are invariably shorter than trees based on random data. These cladograms suggested a character transformation series for the cerebral organ where this complex character reappeared several times after being absent. We considered this biologically implausible and the final discussion is based on three cladograms, one step longer than the most parsimonious, where the evolution of this character appears to be more realistic. The cladistic analysis indicates that many previously recognized genera (e.g. Cephalothrix, Procephalothrix and Cephalotrichella ), and higher taxa, are paraphyletic. It furthermore indicates that the previously suggested hypothesis of the Archinemertea as a monophyletic sistertaxon to Palaeonemertea is unsupported.     

铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组(毛茛科)基于形态学证据的分支系统学

选取铁线莲属 (Clematis) 尾叶铁线莲组(sect. Campanella)中37个种以及西南铁线莲组 (sect. Bebaeanthera) 中的2个种为内类群, 以Clematis alternata作为外类群, 通过对全世界10个标本馆的近2 000份腊叶标本的形态学特征统计, 选取了35个性状进行编码, 利用PAUP 4.0 beta 10 软件进行系统发育重建。通过最简约法(maximum parsimony)分析共得到182棵最简约分支树, 树长为182步, 一致性指数(CI)=0.385, 保持性指数(RI)=0.685。结果表明: (1)尾叶铁线莲组并非是一个单系类群; (2)以花序发生位置这一性状建立的sect. Bebaeanthera不能成立, 应并入尾叶铁线莲组; (3)本研究结果不支持 在尾叶铁线莲组中建立subsect. Henryianae或ser. Henryianae; (4) C. ranunculoides等萼片外面具纵翅的一群植物与本组中萼片红色的种类C. lasiandra和C. dasyandra有较近的亲缘关系; (5)C. otophora、C. pogonandra、C. repens和C.barbellata等几个种聚为一支, 且支持率很高, 它们具有一系列的共衍征, 即萼片质地较厚, 花丝扁平, 宽条形, 被短柔毛, 花药被黄色短毛, 药隔先端凸起, 因此不支持建立Ser. Pogonandrae; (6)本组中非洲分布的2个种无论从形态上还是从地理分布和生境上都十分特殊, 是本组植物的特化类群。     

Evolutionary relationships among the protostrongylidae (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) as inferred from morphological characters, with consideration of parasite-host coevolution.

The phylogeny of nematodes in the family Protostrongylidae (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) was reconstructed by cladistic analysis of 28 binary and multistate characters derived from comparative morphology. Analyses were hierarchical, and examined (1) relationships among genera, including 13 ingroup taxa and Metastrongylidae as an outgroup (single tree, 78 steps, consistency index [CI] = 0.705); and (2) relationships among genera and species groups, including 21 ingroup taxa and Metastrongylus apri as an outgroup (single tree, 76 steps, CI = 0.582). In the species-level tree, Protostrongylidae was divided into 2 major clades, 1 containing the subfamilies Muelleriinae (including the recently described Umingmtakstrangylus pallikuukensis), Elaphostrongylinae, and the Varestrongylinae (excluding Pneumocaulus kadenazii). Varestrongylus was paraphyletic as it included Pneumostrongylus calcaratus. The second major clade consisted of a paraphyletic group containing Protostrongylus spp. and Spiculocaulus leuckarti and, basal to this subclade, several other individual protostrongylid lineages. The various subclades generally correspond to the subfamilial divisions of the Protostrongylidae. The Neostrongylinae, however, is not supported as Neostrongylus and Orthostrongylus are not sister groups. Based on a large number of hypothesized synapomorphies, the elaphostrongylines appear to be a highly derived group of protostrongylids, a feature potentially correlated with their habitat localization in muscular and nervous tissues. The generic-level tree retained most of the primary structure revealed among the species but excluded the varestrongylines from the Muelleriinae + Elaphostrongylinae subclade. Artiodactyles of the family Cervidae are considered basal hosts for protostrongylids; secondary colonization in Caprini, Rupicaprini, and among lagomorphs is postulated.     

Iridoid glucosides substitution patterns inVerbenaceae and their taxonomic implication

The familiar limits ofVerbenaceae are controversial, ranging from a sensu lato arrangement of seven subfamilies until a sharply defined sensu stricto group consisting of only some genera from subfam.Verbenoideae. Iridoid contents of genera belonging toVerbenaceae s. l. were examined through a cladistic analysis, using outgroup analysis to evaluate character polarity within the ingroup. The cladogram obtained shows the distribution of the species according to their iridoid content.     

Revision of the Neotropical Genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini)

The genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921 is revised. Six species are recognized in the genus. Two new species are described, H. spirodiscus sp. n. from Bolivia and H. spangleri sp. n. from Argentina. A key for identifying the species is presented. The female genitalia are thoroughly illustrated and described for the first time for any species of Bidessini. Other important diagnostic structures are also illustrated including the male genitalia. A cladistic analysis is presented for 8 species (6 ingroup and 2 outgroup species) and 13 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was found.     

Phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of the cycloteline Therevinae (Insecta: Diptera: Thereavidae)

Twenty-one members of the Laurasian group of Therevinae (Diptera: Therevidae) are compared using 65 adult morphological characters. Cladistic analysis using parsimony on the 17 ingroup and 4 outgroup taxa provides a well-supported hypothesis of relationships among taxa within the Gyclotelini, tribe nov. The Cyclotelini is a monophyletic assemblage of mostly New World genera, including Anolinga , gen. nov. , Breviperna Irwin, Coleiana , gen. nov. , Crebraseta , gen. nov. , Cyclotelus Walker, Mesonana , gen.nov. , and Ozodiceromyia Bigot. In addition, three Old World genera, Ammothereva Lyneborg, Bugulaverpa , gen. nov. , and Procyclotelus Nagatomi & Lyneborg, are included in the tribe. These ten genera are divided into two monophyletic genus-groups, the Brevipema-group and the Cyclotelus-group. Keys are provided for the genera of Cyclotelini. The tribe, the two informal genus-groups, and all genera are diagnosed; five new genera and six new species are proposed. The biogeographical histories of the genera are discussed in terms of their cladistic relationships using methods of cladistic biogeography. Two major vicariant events account for the current distribution of the tribe. The first relates to the Beringian land bridge connecting western North America and eastern Asia. Second, New World cyclotelines were profoundly affected by the Early Eocene breakup of the archipelagic bridge between North and South America, and the distributions support the hypotheses favouring the continental origin of the Greater Antilles.