大蹼铃蟾与昭觉林蛙的肌肉系统比较

本文从肌肉系统对大蹼铃蟾和昭觉林蛙进行了观察比较,结果表明这两种无尾两栖类的从存在一定差异。大蹼铃蟾的肌肉结合紧密程度不如昭觉林蛙,且肌肉分节现象较昭觉林蛙了后,以形态－功能－适应三位一体的分析原理为依据,就２个种存在的形态差异,从功能与适应的意义和生物进化地角度两个方面进行了分析和探讨。     

三种蛙类呼吸系统比较解剖及进化关系探讨

对昆明地区滇蛙Rana pleuraden和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis及大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima的呼吸系统比较解剖,结果表明,3种蛙鼻孔的开合与颏下肌的收缩无关;大蹼铃蟾的内鼻孔较昭觉林蛙与滇蛙的更靠近口前端;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙的下颌下肌倾斜走向,大蹼铃蟾的呈水平走向;滇蛙和昭觉林蛙喉气管室较膨大而长,环状软骨后端有棘突,大蹼铃蟾喉气管室狭小而短,环状软骨后端无棘突;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙喉肌共5对,大蹼铃蟾喉肌仅有喉口开肌和前杓肌2对;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙肺囊表面沟回较大蹼铃蟾的小而密.     

昆明地区滇蛙与昭觉林蛙同域分布种群的生境利用比较

现有两栖类生境研究报道多局限于定性描述,缺乏定量数据和统计分析支撑。以蛙的发现点为圆心,作半径1m的样圆,测量12个生态因子。调查共记录滇蛙(Ranapleuraden)133只和昭觉林蛙(Ranachaochiaoensis)62只。采用两独立样本t-检验和非参数Mann-WhitneyU-检验比较两种蛙对同一生境的利用,结果表明,在干燥草地生境仅最高植物高度差异显著;湿润草地生境至水源距离和水百分比差异极显著,水草百分比和湿泥百分比差异显著;水体生境各种生态因子的差异均不显著。主成分分析结果显示,在不同生境中滇蛙和昭觉林蛙所选择的因子往往相同或者顺序颠倒,但这些因子的值几乎均是反向分离的,即小生境不相同。两种蛙的生境利用各有偏好。滇蛙日间活动主要在水体,而昭觉林蛙则在湿润草地和干燥草地。两种蛙对泥地生境利用都少。不同体长的滇蛙对水体生境利用度均较高。昭觉林蛙随着体长增加,对隐蔽条件好的湿润草地和干燥草地生境利用度增加,对水体的利用度减少。     

昆明滇蛙和昭觉林蛙食物比较及益害评价

:对1998年5月—2003年11月采自昆明白龙寺、花红洞及西街口的1105只滇蛙(Rana pleuraden)及428只昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis),采用剖胃法作食性分析,分别计算它们的食物数量和频次百分比、α多样性指数、百分率相似性指数、营养生态位宽度、营养生态位重叠值和有益系数等。分析和计算结果显示,不同采集地的滇蛙以及滇蛙与昭觉林蛙之间的主要食物组成基本相同;但两种蛙之间,甚至同一物种的雌雄之间的食物多样性及营养生态位均存在分化。滇蛙和昭觉林蛙周年的有益系数都为正值,说明它们对人类的益处大于害处,其中又以滇蛙的有益程度较昭觉林蛙的高。研究结果表明,同一物种采自不同地域的种群和(或)同一种群采自不同的季节或年份,其有益系数均具可变性,即有益系数不具可比性。此系数仅表示蛙在一定时期对人类的益害程度。     

基于18S rRNA基因部分序列探讨四种蛙类多盘科吸虫分类地位

分析了寄生于蛙类膀胱的4种多盘虫科Polystomatidae吸虫:石林双睾吸虫Diplorchis shilinensis、锯腿树蛙多盘吸虫Polystoma carvirostris和分别寄生于昭觉林蛙Rana chaochiaoensis、华西雨蛙Hyla a.annectans的2未定种的分类地位,并利用18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了系统发育重建.结果表明:4种多盘科吸虫为多盘虫属Polystoma和双睾虫属Diplorchis的4个分类单元,其中2未定种为多盘虫属未记录种;肠管、生殖系统、后吸器、大钩和生殖棘等为多盘虫属属内种定种的可靠性状.基于18S rRNA基因序列,4种多盘科吸虫呈现以下进化关系:1)寄生于昭觉林蛙和华西雨蛙的多盘虫属2未定种进入欧非混合进化支;2)锯腿树蛙多盘吸虫位于多盘虫属进化支的最基部;3)石林双睾吸虫进入澳洲进化支.     

昆明昭觉林蛙可利用食物资源季节变化

对昆明呼马山昭觉林蛙可利用食物资源研究表明:环境中可利用食物资源以节肢动物门昆虫纲和蛛形纲动物为主,其中昆虫纲主要由双翅目、直翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目、半翅目、膜翅目和鳞翅目等组成。可利用食物资源组成和数量都有着明显的季节变化。影响可利用食物资源季节变化的主要因素是气候。选择种类丰富和满足其生理需求适宜性较大的食物是昭觉林蛙利用资源的两种方式。     

A family of antimicrobial peptides related to japonicin-2 isolated from the skin of the chaochiao brown frog Rana chaochiaoensis

Four structurally-related peptides with antimicrobial activity were isolated from an extract of the skin of the Chinese brown frog, Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946. Determination of their primary structures revealed that they are members of the japonicin-2 family, previously identified only in the skin of the Japanese brown frog, R. japonica. Japonicin-2CHa (FVLPLLGILPKELCIVLKKNC) represented the most abundant peptide in the extract but its growth-inhibitory potency against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC=100 microM) and Escherichia coli (MIC>100 microM) was appreciably less than that of the more cationic japonicin-2 (FGLPMLSILPKALCILLKRKC). The high degree of structural similarity of japonicin-2CHb (VVPAFVLLKKAICIMLKRNC) with japonicin-2CHc (K9 --> R), and japonicin-2CHd (L16 --> F) is suggestive of recent gene duplication events. The data indicate a close phylogenetic relationship between R. chaochiaoensis and R. japonica but demonstrate that the species are not conspecific.     

中国林蛙的分子系统关系

测定了 6种林蛙和用作外群的 2种侧褶蛙和 1种陆蛙的线粒体 12SrRNA基因序列 393bp。序列两两对位比较表明内外群间的位点替换率是 7 3%到 2 3 1% ,内群中物种间则为 0 0 %到 9 2 %。依据上述DNA序列 ,用距离法和最大简约法的系统发育分析表明 :①研究的 6种林蛙聚为一支 ,构成单系群 ,并有高的BPs值(90 %以上 )支持 ;② 6种林蛙可以分成 2个姐妹群 ,即中国林蛙、黑龙江林蛙和桓仁林蛙为一组 (BPs >94% ) ,峨眉林蛙、昭觉林蛙和镇海林蛙为一组 (BPs >5 0 % ) ;③昭觉林蛙与镇海林蛙有较近的亲缘关系 ;④中国林蛙的榆中种群与牡丹江种群间的遗传分化似乎达到了种级分化水平。     

First Evidence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</Emphasis> in China: Discovery of Chytridiomycosis in Introduced American Bullfrogs and Native Amphibians in the Yunnan Province,China

Although the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the etiological agent of amphibian chytridiomycosis, has been implicated in mass mortality and population declines on several continents around the world, there have been no reports on the presence of Bd infections in amphibians in China. We employed quantitative PCR and histological techniques to investigate the presence of Bd in introduced North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) (referred to hereafter as bullfrog) and native amphibians in bullfrog-invaded areas of the Yunnan Province, China. A total of 259 samples at five wild sites were collected between June and September in 2007 and 2008, including bullfrogs and four native amphibian species (Rana pleuraden, Rana chaochiaoensis, Odorrana andersonii, and Bombina maxima). In addition, 37 samples of adult bullfrogs were obtained from a food market. Bd infections were discovered in bullfrogs and three native amphibian species from all of the surveyed sites. Of the 39 Bd-positive samples, 35 were from wild-caught bullfrog tadpoles, postmetamorphic bullfrogs, R. pleuraden, R. chaochiaoensis, and O. andersonii, and four were from adult bullfrogs from the market. Our results provide the first evidence of the presence of Bd in Chinese amphibians, suggesting that native amphibian diversity in China is at risk from Bd. There is an urgent need to monitor the distribution of Bd in amphibians in China and understand the susceptibility of native amphibian species to chytridiomycosis. Strict regulations on the transportation of bullfrogs and the breeding of bullfrogs in markets and farms should be drafted in order to stop the spread of Bd by bullfrogs.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese brown frogs (genus Rana) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences

Based on partial sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes, we estimated phylogenetic relationships among brown frogs of the Rana temporaria group from China. From the phylogenetic trees obtained, we propose to include Rana zhengi in the brown frogs. Monophyly of the brown frogs was not unambiguously supported, but four well-supported clades (A, B, C, and D) always emerged, although relationships among them remained unresolved. Clade A contained brown frogs with 24 chromosomes and was split into two distinct subclades (Subclade A-1: R. chensinensis and R. huanrenensis; Subclade A-2: R. dybowskii). Polytomous relationships among populations of R. chensinensis and R. huanrenensis suggested the necessity of further taxonomic assessment. Rana kunyuensis proved to be the sister group to R. amurensis, and these two species formed Clade B. Clade C was composed of R. omeimontis and R. chaochiaoensis, and Clade D included R. sauteri, which has been placed in other ranid genera. These relationships did not change after adding published data, and monophyly of Subclade A-1, A-2, and other East Asian brown frogs with 24 chromosomes (R. pirica and R. ornativentris) was ascertained, though their relationships were unresolved. Clade C, together with R. japonica and R. longicrus, also formed a monophyletic group. Brown frogs related to Clades A and C were estimated to have dispersed from continental Asia to adjacent regions through multiple events.     

AGRILUS CUPRIPES (CARTER) COMB. N. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

i
Synechocera cupripes Carter is transferred to Agrilus Stephens.
Subfamily BUPRESTINAE
Tribe AGRILINI
Genus Agrilus Stephens
Agrilus Stephens, 1830, Ill. Brit Ent. 3: 239.
Agrilus cupripes (Carter) comb.n.
Synechocera cupripes Carter, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 49: 31.     

Rhabditis (Oscheius) pheropsophi n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae)

Rhabditis (Oscheius) pheropsophi n. sp., associated with cadavers of the bombardier beetle, Pheropsophus aequinoctialis, is described from material collected in Brazil. Mean body length of the female is 1,217 μm, of the male 872 μm, and of the dauer juvenile 568 μm. The female has six lips with one papilla on each lateral lip and two on each sublateral lip; stoma wall thickened dorsally, metarhabdions with warts, excretory pore near base of esophagus, tail long (c = 8), and phasmids prominent, protruding on scanning electron microscope preparations. The male has 10 pairs of bursal ribs, with the terminal pair considerably smaller than the others; spicules fused distally two-thirds of their length. The new species can be distinguished from other members of the Dolichura-group by its fused spicules.     

Megalophallus deblocki n. sp. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot) (Aves: Accipitridae) in Paraguay

A new species in the little-known digenean fauna of Paraguayan birds is described in detail, especially in relation to its terminal genitalia. The new form, Megalophallus deblocki n. sp., is a microphallid from the intestine of the snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot). It is differentiated in detail from its congeners, but differs mainly in having a substantially larger phallus (e.g. in relation to the ventral sucker), a smaller ventral sucker and smaller eggs. Comments are included on the functional morphology of the terminal genitalia.     

Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae sp. nov. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the fish Satanoperca jurupari (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae)

Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae sp. nov. is described from the intestine of the freshwater fish Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel) (Cichlidae) from the Guamá River, state of Pará, Brazil. The prevalence in fish (n = 59) was 27% with intensity of one-124 (mean 16) nematodes per fish. The new species is characterized mainly by the markedly larger size of ventricular appendix in relation to the oesophagus, presence of short male caudal alae, 14-16 subventral pairs of preanal papillae and six pairs of postanal papillae.     

Carnoya kermarreci n.sp. (Rhigonematidae: Nematoda) from Anadenobolus politus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae: Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe

Summary Carnoya kermarreci n.sp. (Rhigonematidae; Nematoda) is described from Anadenobolus politus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae; Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe. The new species most closely resembles C. martiniquensis Adamson, 1984 from A. politus in Martinique and C. venezuelensis Adamson, 1984 from Rhinocricus flavocinctus from Venezuela in that the lips in the male are broad and the arrangement of caudal papillae is almost identical in the three species. Males of C. kermarreci are easily distinguished by the absence of spines, by the form of the cuticular projections at the base of the buccal cavity and by the fact that the most anterior pair of caudal papillae are located very close together. Females are distinguished by the presence of three pairs of somatic papillae near the level of the vulva. The nematode fauna of A. politus includes species from two distinct orders and presumably reflects the fact that diplopods are among the most ancient hosts of nematodes.     

Dryinid (Hym.: Dryinidae) parasitoids ofDalbulus leafhopper (Hom.: Cicadellidae) in Mexico

Little is known about the natural enemies of the leafhopperDalbulus spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Searches for its dryinid (wasps) parasitoids were made in Jalisco, Mexico. Jalisco contains the greatest number ofDalbulus species, and is considered to be near to the center of origin of this leafhopper genus and its host plants: maize, teosintes (Zea spp.) and gamagrasses (Tripsacum spp.). The dryinidGonatopus bartletti was found parasitizingD. maidis on maize and on annual teosinteZea mays spp.parviglumis. G. flavipes was found parasitizingD. elimatus on perennial teosinteZ. perennis; and a new speciesG. moyaraygozai andAnteon ciudadi parasitizingD. quinquenotatus onTripsacum pilosum andT. dactyloides. Parasitism by dryinids was found at altitudes of 680–2,000 m.Dalbulus maidis, the leafhopper species which causes the greatest losses in maize in Latin America, was found to be parasitized from 680–1,760 m. TheDalbulus species associated with annual host plants (maize andZ. mays spp.parviglumis) were parasitized by dryinids during the rainy season, while theDalbulus species associated with perennial host plants (Z. perennis andTripsacum) were parasitized by dryinids during both the rainy and dry season. The greatest diversity of dryinid parasitoids ofDalbulus spp. and the highest levels of parasitism were recorded from perennial plants, indicating that such species are reservoirs of natural enemies ofDalbulus spp.     

Megalophallus deblocki n. sp. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot) (Aves: Accipitridae) in Paraguay

A new species in the little-known digenean fauna of Paraguayan birds is described in detail, especially in relation to its terminal genitalia. The new form, Megalophallus deblocki n. sp., is a microphallid from the intestine of the snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot). It is differentiated in detail from its congeners, but differs mainly in having a substantially larger phallus (e.g. in relation to the ventral sucker), a smaller ventral sucker and smaller eggs. Comments are included on the functional morphology of the terminal genitalia.     

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. (Physalopteroidae: Physalopteridae) and Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang) n. comb. (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) in marine fishes.

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. is described from the Chiloscyllium plagiosum south of the Minnan-Taiwan Bank Fishing Ground, Taiwan Strait. It is characterized by having the following combination of features. There are no longitudinal ridges in the posterior part of the body; the male has 4 pairs of precloacal papillae and 6-7 pairs of postcloacal papillae. The right spicule averages 0.2 mm long (1.1% of body length), and the left spicule averages 1.2 mm long (5.6% of body length), making an average spicule ratio of 1:5.2. The female has a vulva located on the left side of a thick membrane and 56-65% of the body length from the anterior end. Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang, 1983) comb. n., known previously from males only, is transferred from Cloeoascaris and redescribed, including material of both sexes from Muraenesox cinereus from the type locality.