新疆地区番茄潜叶蛾遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]番茄潜叶蛾已成为世界性番茄的重要害虫,对番茄产业的发展造成了严重的威胁,研究其遗传多样性有利于揭示不同地理种群的遗传变异结构。[方法]采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了20个地理种群番茄潜叶蛾的遗传多样性和遗传结构特征。[结果]15条引物扩增出137条ISSR条带,其中多态性条带占96.35%,所有个体显示了各自独特的ISSR图谱。ISSR的标记遗传多样性结果表明,20个番茄潜叶蛾地理种群遗传距离大小范围为0.0065~0.1623,遗传一致度范围为0.8502~0.9935。种群变异来源分析表明,25.36%的遗传变异来自种群间,74.64%的变异来源于种群内部。UPGMA系统发育分析结果表明,各地理种群的聚类与地理位置无较强的关联性。[结论]番茄潜叶蛾尚处在入侵早期阶段,且具备频繁入侵和多点的特征。防控上要注意加强检疫,阻绝多点入侵来源。     

益蝽对番茄潜叶蛾的捕食行为及捕食能力研究

为明确捕食性天敌昆虫益蝽Picromerus lewisi对番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta幼虫的生防潜能,在室内开展了益蝽对不同龄期番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及防治潜力研究。结果表明,益蝽5龄若虫、雌雄成虫对番茄潜叶蛾4龄幼虫的捕食功能模型均符合Holling Ⅱ模型,其中,益蝽5龄若虫的捕食能力更强,表现为瞬时攻击率和控害效应最高,为1.112和48.35。且益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的捕食功能模型也符合Holling Ⅱ模型,其控害效应为2龄（155.67）＞3龄（79.87）＞4龄（48.35）,益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾2~4龄幼虫的日最大捕食率均可达85%以上,搜寻效应随番茄潜叶蛾幼虫密度的增加而降低,对番茄潜叶蛾3龄幼虫的搜寻效应大于2龄和4龄幼虫。另外,益蝽5龄若虫的捕食作用受自身密度因素干扰,随着自身密度的增加,其相互干扰作用增强,单头捕食率下降。综上,益蝽4龄和5龄若虫、雌雄成虫均能捕食番茄潜叶蛾,其中益蝽5龄若虫对番茄潜叶蛾不同龄期幼虫具有较好的捕食作用,尤其是2龄幼虫,对潜叶状态的番茄潜叶蛾也具有一定防治作用,本研究可为益蝽对番茄潜叶蛾的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

世界毁灭性检疫害虫番茄潜叶蛾的生物生态学及危害与控制

番茄潜叶蛾原产于南美洲的秘鲁,严重危害多种茄科作物,是最具毁灭性的世界检疫性害虫,严重发生地块番茄减产80%~100%。该虫主要借助农产品的贸易活动进行远距离传播扩散。截至2017年,番茄潜叶蛾已在全世界的85个国家和地区发生(以及在22个国家和地区疑似发生)。目前,我国尚没有该虫分布,然而其一旦入侵,将对我国的番茄和马铃薯产业构成巨大威胁。从番茄潜叶蛾寄主范围、危害特点及造成的经济损失、生物生态学习性、地理分布和传播扩散途径、防控措施等方面进行概述,以期为该虫的有效防范提供参考。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的番茄潜叶蛾群体遗传结构分析

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)是番茄作物上的重大害虫,自入侵我国以来,已经造成了严重的经济损失,因此为了追踪我国番茄潜叶蛾的遗传分化进程,分析其与世界其它地理种群的遗传关系,本研究对番茄潜叶蛾种群的遗传结构进行了分析。【方法】研究采用线粒体COⅠ基因作为分子标记,分别对COⅠ基因同源性、遗传变异、遗传多样性、生物分子变异组成进行了分析,最后构建了世界范围内的系统发育树。【结果】结果显示,我国甘肃和宁夏地区的地理种群已经发生了可遗传变异,其中甘肃出现了两种突变单倍型（China:GSLZ;China:GSLZ）,宁夏为一种突变单倍型（China:NXWZ）;全球番茄潜叶蛾地理种群共检测到28个多态位点,存在18种单倍型,以塞内加尔地理种群单倍型最丰富,达10种,其次为肯尼亚;我国地理种群存在2个转换突变的简约信息位点,共3种单倍型,推测我国番茄潜叶蛾已经形成了一定的群体结构,但仍然处于入侵“瓶颈期”;总体而言,非洲番茄潜叶蛾遗传多样性最高,其次分别为南美洲和亚洲;分子生物学方差分析显示,引起种群变异的主要因素存在于种群内部,变异率占97.99%。系统发育分...     

温度对番茄潜叶蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta是一种对番茄具有毁灭性危害的世界性入侵害虫,本研究旨在探索温度对入侵番茄潜叶蛾种群生长发育和繁殖的影响,为预测番茄潜叶蛾的分布区域、田间发生动态提供基础。【方法】在室内测定了番茄叶片上番茄潜叶蛾在15, 20, 25, 30和35℃ 5个恒定温度条件下各虫态的发育历期和存活率、繁殖力和种群增长参数,并应用不同模型分析发育速率、内禀增长率和净生殖率与温度的关系,估计发育起点温度、发育极限温度、发育最适温度、有效积温和年发生代数。【结果】在恒温15~30℃范围内,番茄潜叶蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短。25℃下幼虫期存活率、成虫前期存活率、雌虫总产卵量、净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大。在35℃下,卵的存活率骤降至11%,孵化的幼虫无法正常发育。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫前期、全世代的有效积温分别为104.17, 232.59, 129.87, 434.78和526.32日·度,该虫在新疆伊宁县和察布查尔锡伯自治县的理论发生代数为4~5代。基于发育速率与温度关系的模型与基于种群增长参数与温度关系的模型所计算的积温需求参数不同,基于内禀增长率求得的番茄潜叶蛾的发育起点温度、发育极限高温和发育最适温度分别为12.46, 30.40和27.36℃。【结论】入侵我国新疆地区的番茄潜叶蛾适温范围广泛,在我国大部分地区具有极高的扩散风险。     

云南弥渡县番茄潜叶蛾的发生情况及田间防治效果

外来入侵性害虫番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)于2018年3月26日在云南弥渡县被发现,为明确其发生为害情况,筛选出有效的防治药剂,阻止该虫的发生和蔓延,本研究采用性诱剂进行田间调查分析了番茄潜叶蛾的发生情况,通过田间药效试验比较噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、虫螨腈、苏云菌杆菌、乙基多杀菌素、阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺、噻虫·高氯氟和阿维·灭蝇胺对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果.调查结果表明该虫在番茄种植区域均有发生,大棚番茄地发生尤其严重,为害株达100％,百叶幼虫量55.00～101.67头/百叶,周诱蛾量4.70～61.20头/板,果子的为害率达19.33％,最高达40％.田间药效的结果表明:33％阿维·灭蝇胺SC防效较好,药后3 d防效达74.30％,其次30％虫螨腈SC、6％阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺SC和6％乙基多杀菌素SC药后3 d防效64.25％、67.98％、54.85％,药后5 d防效79.08％、79.00％、73.45％,药后7 d防效81.60％、80.45％、65.70％.结果表明番茄潜叶蛾在弥渡县大棚发生为害较为严重,性诱剂对成虫有良好的诱集效果,虫螨腈、阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺、乙基多杀菌素和阿维·灭蝇胺可作为幼虫的防治药剂.     

番茄潜麦蛾Tuta absoluta(Povolny)卵

<正>番茄潜麦蛾隶属于鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)麦蛾科(Gelechiidae),原产南美洲。该虫2006年入侵西班牙,随后迅速扩散到北非和欧洲许多国家。番茄潜叶蛾严重危害温室和露天的番茄,受害的番茄果实会丧失经济价值,经济损失可达50%-100%,国际马铃薯中心认为番茄潜叶蛾是威胁全球番茄     

番茄潜麦蛾Tuta absoluta(Povolny)成虫

<正>番茄潜麦蛾隶属于鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)麦蛾科(Gelechiidae),原产南美洲。该虫2006年入侵西班牙,随后迅速扩散到北非和欧洲许多国家。番茄潜叶蛾严重危害温室和露天的番茄,受害的番茄果实会丧失经济价值,经济损失可达50%-100%,国际马铃薯中心认为番茄潜叶蛾是威胁全球番茄生产的最严重害虫之一。     

番茄潜麦蛾Tuta absoluta(Povolny)幼虫

<正>番茄潜麦蛾隶属于鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)麦蛾科(Gelechiidae),原产南美洲。该虫2006年入侵西班牙,随后迅速扩散到北非和欧洲许多国家。番茄潜叶蛾严重危害温室和露天的番茄,受害的番茄果实会丧失经济价值,经济损失可达50%-100%,国际马铃薯中心认为番茄潜叶蛾是威胁全球番茄生产的最严重害虫之一。     

新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾种群对六种杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta 是新入侵我国的对番茄具有毁灭性危害的入侵害虫,目前入侵我国的番茄潜叶蛾种群对杀虫剂的抗性尚无报道。本研究旨在明确新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系。【方法】采用浸叶法测定6种常用杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群2龄幼虫的室内毒力。通过对2龄幼虫的生物测定确定3种增效剂［CYP450抑制剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和GST抑制剂丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)］对氯虫苯甲酰胺的增效作用。采用酶活性分析测定室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群(新疆种群) 2龄幼虫体内解毒酶［细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)］活性,以确定杀虫剂抗性与解毒酶活性的关系。【结果】番茄潜叶蛾云南种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、多杀菌素、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯。新疆种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯。与室内敏感种群相比,云南和新疆种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数分别为212.7和169.3倍。生物测定结果表明,3种增效剂PBO, TPP和DEM均对氯虫苯甲酰胺无明显增效作用。酶活性测定结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群之间2龄幼虫中CYP450, GST和CarE活性无显著差异。【结论】番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群对测试的6种杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗性,对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性最高,番茄潜叶蛾对杀虫剂的抗性与解毒酶活性无关。本研究的结果对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防治和杀虫剂抗性治理具有指导意义。     

中国新发现外来入侵害虫——南美番茄潜叶蛾(鳞翅目:麦蛾科)

2017年8月,在新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州露地鲜食番茄上发现一种鳞翅目害虫,以幼虫潜食叶肉、蛀食果实,经鉴定为南美番茄潜叶蛾。该害虫原产南美洲的秘鲁,2006年入侵欧洲的西班牙,截至2017年5月,已在南美洲、欧洲、非洲、中美洲和亚洲的80多个国家和地区发生,严重危害鲜食番茄、加工番茄和樱桃番茄/圣女果,产量损失最高可达80%～100%。本文提供了南美番茄潜叶蛾的危害情况及主要形态鉴定特征,提出了防范其进一步扩散危害的措施建议以及今后应开展的主要研究方向,包括植物检疫、发生分布调查、生物学生态学特性研究、天敌资源挖掘利用等,以为积极应对南美番茄潜叶蛾对我国农业生产安全的威胁提供参考。     

New records of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) predation by Brazilian Hemipteran predatory bugs

The tomato borer Tuta absoluta, native to western South America, is an extremely devastating pest in tomato crops in most of South America, Europe and Africa North of the Sahel, causes yield losses up to 100% and decreases fruit quality in open field and greenhouse crops if control methods are not applied. In Brazil two other important lepidopteran pests – Neoleucinodes elegantalis and Helicoverpa zea – occur in tomato, as well as thrips, whiteflies and aphids. For control of these pests, frequent applications of pesticides of up to 5 times per week are needed, and these resulted in the appearance of resistant populations to a number of active ingredients and decimation of natural enemies. Biological control may offer a better, safer and more sustainable opportunity for pest management. Mirid predatory bugs are currently used with success in southern Europe to control T. absoluta and other pests. In Brazil, four Hemipteran predatory bugs, not yet known to attack T. absoluta, were found to successfully prey on eggs and larvae of this pest. The first results on their predation capacity, development, survival and reproduction on T. absoluta on tomato plants are presented.     

Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey for Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis

The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae), is an important tomato pest native to South America, which appeared in eastern Spain at the end of 2006. Prey suitability of T. absoluta eggs and larval instars was examined under laboratory conditions to evaluate whether two indigenous predators, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) and Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hem.: Miridae), can adapt to this invasive pest. Both predators preyed actively on T. absoluta eggs and all larval stages, although they preferred first‐instar larvae. Our results demonstrate that both mirids can adapt to this invasive pest, contributing to their value as biological control agents in tomato crops.     

椰子叶螨Aceria(Eriophyes)guerreronis对我国椰子产业的风险性分析

[目的]明确刺吸式害虫椰子叶螨对我国椰子产业的风险,为该虫的检验检疫和应急防控提供参考.[方法]从椰子叶螨的国内外发生现状、潜在危害性、受害作物的经济重要性、定殖扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难度等方面,对椰子叶螨危害我国椰子产业的风险性进行定性和定量评估.[结果]椰子叶螨个体较小、传播方式多样、检疫和灭除难度较大,根据有...     

6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾的毒力及田间防效

[目的]研究6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒力及其在温室番茄上的防治效果,为南美番茄潜叶蛾防治提供高效杀虫剂和施药技术。[方法]采用浸渍法和药膜法测定了6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒力,田间调查毒力较高杀虫剂对温室番茄上南美番茄潜叶蛾防效。[结果] 6种杀虫剂中的乙基多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和阿维菌素对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵有毒力作用,致死中浓度（LC₅₀）分别为1.415、13.588和23.194 mg·L^-1。6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为：阿维菌素0.026 mg·L^-1、四唑虫酰胺0.052 mg·L^-1、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐0.057 mg·L^-1、乙基多杀菌素0.072 mg·L^-1、氯虫苯甲酰胺0.484 mg·L^-1和呋虫胺2.039 mg·L^-1。对于南美番茄潜叶蛾成虫,24 h时,仅甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和四唑虫酰胺对成虫有较高毒力;72 h时,6种杀虫剂对成虫的LC₅₀分别为：甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐0.390 mg·L^-1、乙基多杀菌素1.646 mg·L^-1、四唑虫酰胺2.630 mg·L^-1、呋虫胺5.577 mg·L^-1、阿维菌素22.502 mg·L^-1和氯虫苯甲酰胺39.636 mg·L^-1。在成虫盛发期第4天施药,阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素在南美番茄潜叶蛾危害严重的温室番茄上防效达80%以上。[结论]阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和呋虫胺对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫或成虫有较高毒力,其中阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和乙基多杀菌素田间防效较好。     

Effectiveness of different release rates of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in protected and open field tomato crops in Tunisia

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a key insect pest of tomato crop causing major economic losses worldwide. Biological control using Trichogramma parasitoids is considered a promising, eco-friendly management tactic of this pest. We performed inundative releases of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against T. absoluta in Takelsa (northeastern Tunisia). Three weekly releases of either (i) 10, 20 or 30 Trichogramma per plant in protected (greenhouse) tomato crops or (ii) 20 or 40 Trichogramma per plant in open field tomatoes were evaluated for their effectiveness. Results indicated that 20 Trichogramma per plant was the most effective release rate in significantly decreasing the pest’s life stage densities. Parasitism rates were significantly higher on apical tomato leaves (estimated at 58.6% for the rate 20 Trichogramma per plant in greenhouses and at about 56% for the rate 40 Trichogramma per plant in open field) compared to those observed on middle leaves (24.6% and 45.26% for rate 2 respectively under greenhouse and open field conditions). Furthermore, the overall number of T. absolua eggs and larvae was significantly reduced after releases of Trichogramma parasitoids. These results clearly indicate that T. cacoeciae could be a promising biocontrol agent of T. absoluta in the largest tomato-producing area in Tunisia.     

Economic injury level and crop loss assessment for Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars

Specifying the relationship between pests and their host plants in terms of damage is one of the basic concepts of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. The crop loss and economic injury level (EIL) of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were determined on different tomato cultivars using gain threshold (field experiment) and regression (semi‐field experiment) methods. By assessing the crop loss in 2015 and 2016, four out of seven infested tomato cultivars had a significant yield loss in terms of weight of total fruits versus the control under the open‐field conditions. However, the total number of tomato cultivars had no significant difference to control treatment. The semi‐field experiment included six treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gravid females/plant) and examined two tomato cultivars. The tomato cages with between 6 and 10 gravid females/plant showed the highest number and weight of damaged fruits. Based on pesticide control costs, the market value of tomato and the control efficacy, we determined the EIL for T. absoluta. In the field experiment, the EIL value for T. absoluta on “Petomech,” “Cal JN3,” “Rio Grande” and “Early Urbana Y” cultivars was 4.15, 4.47, 4.70 and 5.04 larvae per plant, respectively. Based on regression equations, we calculated the EIL values for T. absoluta on “Cal JN3” and “Early Urbana Y” to be 4.75 and 5.44 larvae/plant, respectively. Crop loss assessment and EIL are necessary components of cost‐effective IPM programs and can be effective tools for making decisions about the application of pesticides against T. absoluta.     

Potential of betabaculoviruses to control the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest, causing losses of up to 100%. An interesting tool for its control is the use of the insect specific viruses of Baculoviridae family. Despite its high potential, its use on T. absoluta larvae has been poorly studied. In this work, Colombian granuloviruses VG013 and VG003 isolated from T. absoluta and Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) larvae sampled in tomato and potato crops, respectively, were morphologically, biologically and molecularly characterized. Occlusion bodies showed ovoid shape containing one nucleocapsid. Restriction endonuclease analysis revealed a pattern similar to Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus and bioinformatics studies showed that both isolates are variants of that baculovirus specie. Similar mean lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) on T. absoluta larvae were estimated for both viruses, although VG013 exhibited shorter mean time to death than VG003. The latter reached a higher OBs yield in comparison with VG013. These results demonstrated an interesting potential of evaluated betabaculoviruses to control T. absoluta populations and pointed key features to its use under field conditions.