不同种源马尾松ISSR遗传结构及影响因素分析

应用ISSR分子标记技术,对来自广西、贵州3个种源的马尾松开展遗传多样性、遗传结构及遗传距离等研究。结果表明：从100条引物中筛选出12条引物,共扩增出92个条带,86条具有多态性。 POPGENE分析显示：马尾松群体水平上的Nei’ s基因多样性指数的变化范围为0.1824~0.2065,Shannon遗传多样性指数的变化范围为0.2818~0.3178,3个群体的多态性水平差异不大;物种水平上的多态性百分率为93.48％, Nei’ s基因多样性指数为0.2842,Shannon信息指数为0.4381;表明马尾松在物种水平上具有较高水平的遗传多样性。遗传结构分析显示：马尾松的基因分化系数( Gst)为0.3153,表明遗传变异主要来源于群体内;基因流Nm为1.0853,表明不同群体间存在一定的基因流动。 AMOVA分析显示：马尾松的遗传分化指数( Fst)为0.246( P＝0.001),表明群体间已出现明显的遗传分化。 UPGMA聚类和Mantel检测结果显示：每个群体内的个体均能很好地首先聚集为一个分支,群体间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在显著相关性( r＝0.972, P＝0.001)。这说明马尾松在裸子植物界中具有较高水平的遗传多样性,遗传变异主要分布于群体内,群体间已出现了明显的遗传分化,这种分化并非由遗传漂变引起,可能与地理生境的差异有关。     

我国锈色棕榈象遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

【目的】外来入侵种锈色棕榈象是全国林业检疫性有害生物。本研究旨在探讨锈色棕榈象在我国的种群遗传结构和分化规律,旨在为今后锈色棕榈象传播蔓延控制提供一定依据。【方法】基于微卫星技术测定12个锈色棕榈象中国地理种群在9个微卫星位点上的序列,使用PopGen32、BOTTLENECK、STRUCTURE等软件对锈色棕榈象种群间的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。【结果】12个地理种群中,有9个种群具有较高的遗传多样性(Nei''s平均值>0.5);瓶颈效应的检测结果显示,除云南蒙自的锈色棕榈象种群在近期遭遇了瓶颈效应以外,其他种群近期均未经历瓶颈效应;广西和江西的锈色棕榈象种群在大多数位点符合哈迪温伯格平衡,其他种群在9个微卫星位点中基本都偏离该平衡;12个地理种群在9个SSR位点的F_st值大部分都小于0.18,平均值为0.1769,基因流N_em为0.4332~2.1130;Structure和主坐标分析法(PcoA)将12个地理种群划分为3支。【结论】锈色棕榈象种群间主要的遗传变异发生在种群内部,种群间遗传变异的变化并不明显,大部分种群间存在频繁的基因交流;新入侵地江西新余和四川崇州的地理种群可能由福建传入。中国锈色棕榈象种群可能存在多个入侵源和入侵路径。     

Differences in allozyme patterns between Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Diaphanosoma mongolianum,as revealed in Central European populations

Recent taxonomic revisions in the genus Diaphanosoma have made the uncertainty in species discrimination with morphological characters obvious. Therefore species characterization on a genetic basis seems to be required.Here we examined the genetic structure of two Diaphanosoma mongolianum populations and three Diaphanosoma brachyurum populations in Central Europe by allozyme electrophoresis. A genetic differentiation between both species was evident. 5 out of 9 tested loci carried diagnostic alleles. Both species differed in their habitat choice: D. mongolianum was adapted to higher trophic levels than D. brachyurum. Co-occurrence was observed in a eutrophic lake. Populations sampled from their preferred habitats showed high genotype diversities.Most genotype frequency distributions were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations and temporal (between years) changes in genotypic compositions were not common. This indicated annually occurring bouts of sexual reproduction, similar to intermittent Daphnia populations. Genetic differentiation among lakes suggested restricted gene flow.     

太白山独叶草6个海拔居群的遗传多样性SSR分析

采用SSR分子标记对独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)6个海拔居群的遗传多样性进行分析,研究其居群遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。结果表明:(1)独叶草居群具有较低的遗传多样性,平均多态位点百分率(PPB)、Shannon多样性指数(I)、Nei’s多样性指数(H)分别为47.04%、0.241 6、0.161 4,总基因多样性(Ht)、居群内基因多样性(Hs)分别为0.419 0、0.163 7,基因流(Nm)为0.527 4。(2)6个居群遗传多样性变化规律随海拔增加先降低后升高。(3)AMOVA分析显示,居群间遗传变异占总遗传变异的66%,与基因分化系数(Gst=0.611 8)相一致。(4)聚类分析将6个居群聚为2支,海拔相近区域的居群优先聚类,但各海拔居群并不严格按照地理距离的远近聚类,与Mantel(r=0.341,P0.05)相关性检测结果相吻合。     

基于ISSR分子标记的西藏杓兰种群遗传多样性分析

西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)是具有很高观赏和药用价值的兰科植物,已被列为中国优先保护的濒危植物。该研究采用ISSR分子标记技术,对采自中国西部地区的7个西藏杓兰种群进行遗传结构及遗传多样性分析,为中国野生西藏杓兰种质资源的保护提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)从100条ISSR引物中共筛选出12条多态性高、重复性好的引物,共检测出136个位点,多态位点百分率(PPB)达100%,总体Nei's基因多样性指数(H_e)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.318 6和0.484 3,种群间的Nei's遗传距离在0.033 3～0.170 1之间,Nei's遗传相似度在0.843 5～0.967 3之间,总体遗传分化系数(G_(st))和基因流(N_m)分别为0.222 9和1.743 0。(2)基于UPGMA法和邻接法的种群系统聚类结果均显示出四川种群与陕西种群之间存在遗传分化。总体上西藏杓兰种群间遗传分化与地理隔离之间相关性不显著。研究认为,西藏杓兰种群在分子水平上具有丰富的遗传多样性,且四川种群与陕西种群已产生了遗传分化;ISSR分子标记可用于西藏杓兰种群遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群间遗传分化等方面的研究。     

云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性及其群体遗传结构分析

该研究采用CTAB法提取云杉矮槲寄生(Arceuthobium sichuanense)的基因组DNA,利用ITS1片段的序列信息对中国9个不同地理群体的62份云杉矮槲寄生样本的遗传多样性及群体遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:(1)62条ITS1序列共定义16个单倍型(H1~H16),表现出较低的遗传多样性水平(h=0.678 5,π=0.005 9),而群体间的遗传多样性水平则表现出较大差异(h=0~1.000 0,π=0~0.009 4);AMOVA分析显示云杉矮槲寄生群体内的遗传变异占到51.37%,群体间为48.63%。(2)Network单倍型网络分析表明,单倍型H1和H12较为古老,且所有群体对2种单倍型无共享现象;单倍型H1是广布单倍型,存在于青海和甘肃的6个群体中,单倍型H12仅在四川的2个群体中有分布。(3)基于最大似然法(ML)构建的群体聚类和中介邻接法构建的单倍型网络图均显示,四川的3个群体为独立类群,区别于青海、甘肃群体,且甘肃和青海的群体之间没有明显分化。该研究首次报道了云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性和遗传结构,为进一步研究其进化及后续的病害防控提供了一定的参考。     

基于ISSR分子标记的褐马鸡亲缘关系分析

褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)是中国特有濒危鸟类,国家一级保护动物。为了保护褐马鸡种质资源,保障驯养繁育种群和再引入种群的遗传基因结构优化,采用ISSR分子标记技术,对山西庞泉沟国家自然保护区和太原动物园两个种群35个褐马鸡进行了亲缘关系分析。从20条ISSR引物中筛选出10条扩增条带清晰稳定、重复性好的引物,共扩增出65条DNA条带,其中77%呈多态性。两个种群各个体之间的Nei's无偏差遗传距离和遗传相似度分析表明:个体间遗传相似性的平均值分别为0.5061与0.7591,遗传距离的平均值分别为0.4939与0.2409。用组平均法对35个褐马鸡个体进行聚类分析,结果显示:大多数同一种群的个体首先聚在一起,显示出生态地理条件相似的种群亲缘关系较近。     

海南岛4条河流李氏吻虾虎鱼的群体遗传结构分析

海南岛众多独立入海的河流形成天然的生物地理屏障，造就了海南丰富的淡水鱼类资源。李氏吻虾虎鱼〔Rhinogobius leavelli （Herre，1935）〕因利用价值低而未被人工大量养殖驯化，可作为评估鱼类遗传多样性的理想物种。本文基于COX1和D-loop分子标记，分析了海南岛南渡江、珠碧江、三亚河和陵水河等4条河流中李氏吻虾虎鱼的种群遗传结构。遗传多样性分析显示，4条水系中43尾李氏吻虾虎鱼COX1、D-loop及联合基因中分别检测出8、14、22个变异位点和6、7、8个单倍型，平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别是0.617、0.647、0.649和0.003 9、0.009 4、0.006 3，其中三亚河与陵水河种群的遗传多样性均较高。系统发育树结果均显示，李氏吻虾虎鱼4个水系的5个地理种群聚类为2个进化分支，其中三亚河与陵水河种群聚为一支，南渡江、珠碧江种群聚为一支。遗传距离分子方差分析显示，李氏吻虾虎鱼群体的遗传变异主要来自种群间。上述结果表明，海南岛李氏吻虾虎鱼表现出显著的遗传分化，遗传多样性水平较高，可能因不同水系的隔离效应和李氏吻虾虎鱼较弱的迁移能力导致其种群间的遗传分化，本文为海南岛河流生态系统中鱼类种质资源多样性的研究提供遗传学参考。     

拉雅松遗传多样性及同域分布种间亲缘关系分析

拉雅松是广西西北部稀有的乡土用材、用脂树种,有较高的经济价值,但其遗传多样性状况及种间进化关系未知。利用SSR分子标记检测拉雅松群体遗传多样性,希望对该物种保护策略的制定提供参考依据。此外,鉴于该地区自然分布的松属树种仅有拉雅松、细叶云南松与马尾松三个种,试图利用SSR分子标记信息分析拉雅松与细叶云南松、马尾松的种间亲缘关系。结果表明:7对SSR引物在拉雅松群体共检测到14个等位基因。有效等位基因数为1.653,观测杂合度为0.577,期望杂合度为0.374,Shannon信息指数为0.540,Nei多样性指数为0.367,表明拉雅松具有较高的遗传多样性。拉雅松与马尾松遗传距离最近为0.0175,与3个细叶云南松群体距离较远,平均为0.0525。拉雅松与马尾松、细叶云南松平均共祖系数(Θ)分别为0.094、0.066,据此推测拉雅松可能与马尾松存在较近的亲缘关系。讨论了拉雅松的遗传多样性保护策略。     

Population Genetic Structure of Astyanax scabripinnis (Teleostei, Characidae) from an Urban Stream

Despite the great anthropogenic interference on urban streams, information is still scarce about the genetic variability and structure of native fish populations inhabiting such streams. In the present study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze genetic variability and structure of populations assigned to the Neotropical fish species Astyanax scabripinnis from an urban stream located in Londrina, Paraná State, southern Brazil. Thirty individuals of this species were collected from three sites throughout the upper Cambé stream. A total of 10 primers amplified 159 loci, of which 128 (80.5%) were polymorphic. Each of the three populations showed very similar proportions of polymorphic loci, which ranged from 63.5 to 64.8%. Unbiased genetic distances varied from 0.0612 to 0.0646. Theta_p-test values indicated moderate to high genetic differentiation among individuals from different localities. The number of migrants varied from 1.34 to 1.46, suggesting a low gene flow between populations. The genetic similarity among all individuals studied ranged from 0.424 to 0.848. The results suggest that populations of A. scabripinnis in Cambé stream are undergoing genetic differentiation.     

野生毛樱桃SSR遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用11对SSR多态性引物对秦岭山脉5个居群11个亚居群104份野生毛樱桃材料进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,以明确中国樱桃的种质资源,为樱桃育种以及生产中改良樱桃砧木提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)11对引物共检测出110个等位位点,各引物扩增的多态性条带在5~13个之间;观察到的平均等位基因数(A)为10,有效等位基因数(Ae)为7.586 3。(2)秦岭山脉天水居群的多态性比率(PPB)为69.55%、长安居群为76.53%、太白居群为81.36%、华阴居群为85.00%、眉县居群为92.17%,5个居群总的多态性比率为81.62%,各位点平均期望杂合度(He)为0.864 0。(3)秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃各居群的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.081 2,居群内的遗传分化占91.88%,居群间的遗传分化占8.12%;基于Gst测得基因流(Nm)为2.827 3,秦岭山脉Nei遗传距离为0.489 7,香农信息指数为2.101 9。研究认为,秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃的遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化主要存在于居群内,且基因交流没有受到阻碍,居群内现存的遗传多样性水平对遗传漂变不敏感,但居群间存在适中的基因交流可能会降低整个种群的再分化。     

北沙柳群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

以内蒙古北沙柳(Salix psammophila)国家种质资源库内9个群体(P1~P9)288个无性系为实验材料,利用TP-M13-SSR技术,选取22对具有多态性EST-SSR北沙柳引物,采用毛细管电泳对PCR产物进行检测,分析北沙柳遗传多样性、分化程度和群体遗传结构,为北沙柳种质资源库遗传管理、无性系鉴定、品种选育、遗传改良和构建指纹图谱提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)22对EST-SSR引物共检测到222个等位基因,各位点平均等位基因数(A)为10,四倍体基因型丰富度(G)和特异基因型(G1)总和分别为1 460和802个,平均特异基因型比率(P1)和种质鉴别率(P2)分别为45.86%和13.21%。(2)9个群体平均等位基因数(A)为7.475,基因型丰富度(G)为15.586,观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.577和0.638。以期望杂合度He为标准,北沙柳群体遗传多样性水平最低的是P1和P9。(3)北沙柳群体遗传分化系数仅为0.02,AMOVA分子变异分析显示,北沙柳群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内(97%),群体间变异仅为3%。(4)三维主成分、聚类和Structure群体遗传结构分析显示,9个群体被划分为2个组,Mantel检验表明北沙柳遗传距离与地理距离极显著相关(r=0.684 P0.001)。研究表明,北沙柳种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,这是其具有耐旱、耐寒、耐高温、耐沙埋和抗风蚀等适应性较强的分子基础;北沙柳的遗传变异集中在群体内;分布区群体呈现由中心向边缘群体扩张分化的趋势。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations at the southern edge of their current distribution in North America with implications for genetic viability

The current range of wolverines (Gulo gulo) within the lower 48 states includes small, remnant populations in Idaho, Washington, Wyoming and Montana. The size and trend of each of these populations and connectivity to adjacent populations in the contiguous United States and Canada are poorly understood. In this study, levels of genetic diversity and population genetic structure were examined in three states (Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana) and two Canadian provinces (Alberta and British Columbia) using both mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite DNA. Restricted levels of gene flow were detected among these populations with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and our observations suggest a pattern of male-mediated gene flow. Populations in the United States appear to be receiving migrants from Canada, however, substantial genetic differentiation suggests that gene flow may not be high enough to prevent genetic drift. Our analyses suggest that at least 400 breeding pairs or 1–2 effective migrants per generation would be needed to ensure genetic viability in the long-term for each of the populations in the United States. Significant matrilineal structuring and restricted female gene flow indicates that demographic viability will depend upon the movement of female wolverines into new territories. Results from this study provide guidelines for conservation and management and indicate the need for more ecological data.     

同域分布垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

披碱草属(Elymus L.)是禾本科(Poaceae)小麦族(Triticeae)中的一个多年生属,该属在青藏高原地区有广泛分布,多数物种是草原和草甸的组成成分,许多种类为品质优良的牧草.垂穗披碱草(E.nutans)和达乌力披碱草(E.dahuricus)同为禾本科小麦族披碱草属异源六倍体物种,染色体组组成皆为St...     

基于SLAF-seq技术的苗药八爪金龙遗传分析

为探究苗药八爪金龙群体遗传进化和亲缘关系的远近,该研究利用简化基因组测序技术(SLAFseq)对42份八爪金龙样品进行测序,获得多态性SLAF标签。同时采用GATK和SAMtools软件在多态性SLAF中检测单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分子标记,并利用SNP分子标记分析八爪金龙样品间的遗传分化关系。结果表明:(1) 42份八爪金龙共获得246.35 Mb reads,测序质量值Q30的平均值为95.66%,GC含量的平均值为41.14%。(2)通过生物信息学的分析,获得1 769 265个SLAF标签,其中379 829个多态性SLAF标签,共开发2 299 640个SNPs分子标记。(3)利用开发的SNPs数据构建八爪金龙的系统发育树,42份八爪金龙分成两个大的类群。第一类群为细柄百两和原变种百两金;第二类群由贵州朱砂根、红凉伞、湖北朱砂根和江西朱砂根组成。江西朱砂根与其余群体关系较远,有明显的分群现象。该研究从基因组水平揭示不同地区八爪金龙资源之间的遗传关系,为八爪金龙种质资源的鉴定和遗传多样性分析提供了理论基础,所开发的SNP位点可进一步用于挖掘与品质、抗逆性等相关的基因。     

The inheritance of organogenic response in melon

Previous studies have demonstrated variation in organogenic competence among plants within a population ofCucumis melo. In order to determine if leaf explant response is under genetic control, we investigated the distribution of the shoot regeneration frequency in F₁ and F₂ generations from parents representing extreme values forin vitro organogenic response. Results suggest a genetic model with two genes, partial dominance, independent segregation and similar effects for both genes.     

A Study of Conservation Genetics in Cupressus chengiana,an Endangered Endemic of China,Using ISSR Markers

ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of eight natural populations of Cupressus chengiana in China. ISSR analysis using 10 primers was carried out on 92 different samples. At the species level, 136 polymorphic loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 99%. Genetic diversity (H _e) was 0.3120, effective number of alleles (A _e) was 1.5236, and Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.4740. At the population level, PPB = 48%, A _e=1.2774, H _e=0.1631, and I=0.2452. Genetic differentiation (G _st) detected by Nei’s genetic diversity analysis suggested 48% occurred among populations. The partitioning of molecular variance by AMOVA analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation within populations (54%) and among populations (46%; P < 0.0003). The average number of individuals exchanged between populations per generation (N _m ) was 0.5436. Samples from the same population clustered in the same population-specific cluster, and two groups of Sichuan and Gansu populations were distinguishable. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected (r=0.6701). Human impacts were considered one of the main factors to cause the rarity of C. chengiana, and conservation strategies are suggested based on the genetic characters and field investigation, e.g., protection of wild populations, reestablishment of germplasm bank, and reintroduction of more genetic diversity.     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

濒危植物长柄扁桃的遗传变异格局研究

该研究基于ITS1-ITS4序列对濒危植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)自然分布区内的8个居群,105个个体的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析,以明确长柄扁桃的地理分布及其遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)ITS1-ITS4序列长度583bp,变异位点13个,共定义了8个单倍型;居群间总的遗传多样性(hT)为0.727,居群内平均遗传多样性(hS)为0.564,各居群单倍型多样性、核酸多样性的变化范围分别为0.182~0.636、0.000 6~0.006 3。(2)AMOVA分析表明,33.65%的遗传变异来自居群间,而66.35%的遗传变异来自居群内;居群间平均基因流(Nm)为0.986,居群间遗传分化系数NSTGST(GST=0.225,NST=0.362,P0.05),表明长柄扁桃居群间存在不十分显著的遗传分化,但谱系地理结构显著;中性检验和错配分布曲线表明,居群自然分布区内的长柄扁桃没有经历明显的近期扩张。(3)单倍型网络和最大似然树都表明:内蒙古和陕西的长柄扁桃居群分别聚为2个明显的分支。     

新疆地区番茄潜叶蛾遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]番茄潜叶蛾已成为世界性番茄的重要害虫,对番茄产业的发展造成了严重的威胁,研究其遗传多样性有利于揭示不同地理种群的遗传变异结构。[方法]采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了20个地理种群番茄潜叶蛾的遗传多样性和遗传结构特征。[结果]15条引物扩增出137条ISSR条带,其中多态性条带占96.35%,所有个体显示了各自独特的ISSR图谱。ISSR的标记遗传多样性结果表明,20个番茄潜叶蛾地理种群遗传距离大小范围为0.0065~0.1623,遗传一致度范围为0.8502~0.9935。种群变异来源分析表明,25.36%的遗传变异来自种群间,74.64%的变异来源于种群内部。UPGMA系统发育分析结果表明,各地理种群的聚类与地理位置无较强的关联性。[结论]番茄潜叶蛾尚处在入侵早期阶段,且具备频繁入侵和多点的特征。防控上要注意加强检疫,阻绝多点入侵来源。