8. Self-compressing implants in the management of fractures.

Internal fixation of fractures has become increasingly important since the introduction of self-compressing implants. Rigidity of fixation thus ensured permits primary bone healing. Two types of self-compressing implants are available--screws and plates. The former produces compression between fracture fragments, the latter, along the long axis of the bone. Two common types of plates are the dynamic compression plate and the Osteo self-compressing plate. Use of self-compressing implants requires familiarity with the technique, a definite plan of operation, and strict asepsis and lack of infection in the patient. Indications for the technique include failure or unsuitability of closed reduction of fractures, care of associated serious soft-tissue injuries, and displaced intra-articular fractures. Use of self-compressing plates hastens rehabilitation, lessens joint stiffness and reduces the duration of hospitalization. The incidence of nonunion with self-compression techniques is lower than with traditional methods of fracture management.     

Septal fracture in simple nasal bone fracture

SUMMARY: Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial fractures. Previous studies have shown that most nasal fractures involve the septum, which can provide an obstacle to the successful reduction of nasal bone fractures. In particular, septal fractures in combination with simple nasal bone fractures are usually unrecognized and untreated at the time of injury. Furthermore, systemized treatment protocols and diagnostic tools for septal fractures in the case of simple nasal bone fracture have not previously been presented. In this study, the clinical findings of septal fractures in cases of simple nasal bone fracture were correlated with symptoms, signs, and computed tomography findings and assessed statistically. The patterns of septal fractures in simple nasal bone fractures were assessed by direct vision via hemitransfixion incision. Of the 52 patients with simple nasal bone fracture who presented over a 3-year period and were included in this study, 10 were female and 42 were male, with an average age of 33.8 years (age range, 18 to 61 years). Fifty of these patients (96.2 percent) showed septal fractures, and septoplasty or submucosal resection was performed on 41 patients (78.8 percent) who manifested severe septal fractures of perioperative septal grade 3 or higher. Closed reduction of the nasal bone fracture only was performed on the remaining 11 patients. Among the signs evident at physical examination, mucosal tearing was found to be statistically significant for septal fracture. Computed tomography was found to be very helpful in diagnosing septal fracture but could not predict its severity accurately (Spearman correlation coefficient between computed tomography septal grading and perioperative septal grading, 33.5 percent). Therefore, computed tomography could not be used as a definitive diagnostic modality for septal fractures in terms of deciding whether septoplasty or submucous resection was needed. It is evident that septal fractures are frequent in simple nasal bone fractures that are not combined with other facial bone fractures. This study confirms that there are differences between radiologic findings and perioperative findings. To reduce the incidence of posttraumatic nasal deformity, meticulous physical examinations with subsequent septoplasty or submucosal resection are needed in the treatment of simple nasal bone fracture.     

胫骨螺旋形骨折合并后踝骨折与单纯踝关节骨折的区别

目的:比较后踝骨折两种不同类型的临床区别,为后踝骨折的临床诊治提供借鉴参考依据。方法:选取2010年1月-2013年1月我院收治的成人胫腓骨骨干骨折和单纯踝关节骨折患者3578例为研究对象,对两种骨折患者的后踝骨折发生率、后踝骨折合并外踝骨折的发生率等进行比较分析。结果:(1)TAF患者的后踝骨折发生率高于单纯踝关节骨折患者的后踝骨折发生率,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)TSPMF患者的外踝骨折发生率低于单纯后踝关节骨折的外踝骨折发生率,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胫骨螺旋形骨折与单纯踝关节骨折存在一定程度的差异,临床实践中应针对两种骨折的临床特点实施有针对性的治疗方案。     

Vibration analysis in the assessment of conservatively managed tibial fractures

A simple and quantitative method for the assessment of fracture healing has been developed, this method depends on a technique of vibration analysis evolved from a study of 30 intact human tibiae and has been applied to the study of 22 tibial fractures. Real time vibration analysis will allow quantitative comparisons of different methods of non-operative fracture management, and, in addition to providing a uniquely powerful research tool, may have value in aiding clinical management decisions.     

Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA.

Clinicians and patients would benefit if accurate methods of predicting and monitoring bone strength in-vivo were available. A group of 51 human femurs (age range 21-93; 23 females, 28 males) were evaluated for bone density and geometry using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Regional bone density and dimensions obtained from QCT and DXA were used to develop statistical models to predict femoral strength ex vivo. The QCT data also formed the basis of a three-dimensional finite element (FE) models to predict structural stiffness. The femurs were separated into two groups; a model training set (n = 25) was used to develop statistical models to predict ultimate load, and a test set (n = 26) was used to validate these models. The main goal of this study was to test the ability of DXA, QCT and FE techniques to predict fracture load non-invasively, in a simple load configuration which produces predominantly femoral neck fractures. The load configuration simulated the single stance phase portion of normal gait; in 87% of the specimens, clinical appearing sub-capital fractures were produced. The training/test study design provided a tool to validate that the predictive models were reliable when used on specimens with "unknown" strength characteristics. The FE method explained at least 20% more of the variance in strength than the DXA models. Planned refinements of the FE technique are expected to further improve these results. Three-dimensional FE models are a promising method for predicting fracture load, and may be useful in monitoring strength changes in vivo.     

弹性髓内钉对掌骨骨折的外科治疗

背景与目的：大多数的掌骨骨折可以采取保守治疗的方法。手术适合于一些特定的病例如：在骨折侧位片上成角大于30度、短缩超过5mm或者有旋转移位。本文的目的是分析应用预弯1.6mm克氏针治疗关节外掌骨骨折的临床效果。方法：先将克氏针弯曲成尖部弯曲大约在5mm左右,较长的轴部向着与尖部相反的方向弯曲的稳定S型。首先用2.5mm的钻头钻入掌骨基底部,然后用克氏针的尾部顺行插入,当克氏针经过骨折部位时复位骨折。应用克氏针三点固定的原理固定骨折,用手指夹板固定,早期进行掌指关节的活动。结果：自2009年到2010年我们探索性的固定了5例第五掌骨和2例第一掌骨。病人的平均年龄是35岁,其中6例男性、1例女性。外科治疗的平均时间是13天（4天至28天）,骨折全部愈合良好。克氏针拔出的平均时间是4.5周（3至6周）。结论：单根预弯克氏针治疗掌骨骨折,不仅简单、快捷而且可以早期行患手各关节功能练习,使手部关节功能获得满意恢复,是掌骨骨折治疗过程中的一种理想方法     

采用载距突螺钉固定技术治疗膝关节内骨折的疗效分析

目的:探讨载距突螺钉固定术治疗膝关节内骨折的疗效。方法:选取我院骨科收治的膝关节内骨折的患者80例,根据患者骨折固定方法而分为实验组(40例)与对照组(40例)。实验组采用载距突螺钉固定技术进行治疗,对照组采用开口后观察骨折程度,并对关节周围平整性进行修复,如需固定可借助克氏针,部分可运用牵引手法等进行修复。两组患者术后均予以常规抗炎治疗。比较两组患者膝关节功能恢复情况、疗效及并发症情况。结果:与对照组相比,实验组总有效率较高,并发症发生率较低(P0.05);HSS评分比较,实验组HSS评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:载距突螺钉固定技术能够提高膝关节内骨折患者的临床疗效,降低并发症的发生率,改善膝关节的功能活动。     

Determination of N-acetyl tryptophan in albumin solutions. Use of a F.P.L.C. method

We developed a simple and reproducible technique for measuring N-Acetyl tryptophane in albumin after chromatography.     

Vertebral Fractures in Newborn Calves

A prospective study on vertebral fractures in newborn calves is described. Vertebral fractures were found in 7.0% of necropsied calves of the Danish Holstein-Friesian (SDM) and Red Danish Dairy (RDM) breeds. Cases were not found in submitted calves of the Jersey breed or beef breeds. At least in beef breeds this was probably due to the low number necropsied. The rate of vertebral fractures in SDM and RDM breeds and between males and females were similar. Most cases occurred in calves born by heifers, and manual traction force had been applied in all cases. All fractures which in most cases consisted of a simple epiphysiolysis were located at the thoraco-lumbar area, and especially the posterior epiphysis of T13 was afflicted.     

锁定板微创技术治疗老年人股骨远端骨折的临床效果观察

目的:探讨锁定板MIPO技术治疗老年人股骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月-2012年12月运用锁定板MIPO技术治疗老年人股骨远端骨折患者的临床资料,评估骨折类型、骨折愈合时间、6个月时的膝关节活动度和膝关节功能评分及临床并发症的发生情况。结果:共纳入33例老年人股骨远端骨折患者,平均年龄72岁,其中2例随访失败。87%的股骨远端骨折是关节外骨折;骨折平均愈合时间为12.56(8~29)周;术后6个月时平均活动范围超过105°:伸0°~30°,屈90°~140°;术后6个月的平均膝功能评分89.5;治疗过程中无植入失败、骨折不愈合和感染发生;术后早期发生下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)7例(22.6%),均在膝关节水平以下。结论:锁定板结合MIPO技术是一种治疗老年人股骨远端骨折安全有效的方法,但要注意预防术后DVT的发生。     

Prevalence of vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the prevalence of vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. DESIGN--Prospective study of 111 consecutive patients; patients with vertebral compression fractures were entered into a case-control study. SETTING--Outpatient clinic at the centre for rheumatic diseases, Glasgow. PATIENTS--111 Consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Patients with compression fractures were matched for age and sex with two controls selected from the rest of the group. Patients with biconcave vertebral fractures were also studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Assessments of spinal deformity and mobility and analysis of lateral radiographs of spines for presence of syndesmophytes. RESULTS--Fifteen patients with compression fractures and five with biconcave fractures were studied. Compared with the controls the patients with compression fractures had increased formation of syndesmophytes in the lumbar spine, whereas those with biconcave fractures had increased formation throughout the spine. Patients with compression fractures also had a greater degree of spinal deformity (distance from wall to tragus 24.5 cm v 12.7 cm in controls), less spinal mobility (20 v 45.6 degrees of flexion), and reduced chest expansion (2 cm v 3cm). CONCLUSION--Vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis are a common but frequently unrecognised complication of ankylosing spondylitis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of spinal deformity and back pain.     

经皮骨水泥注入对老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者的治疗效果

目的:探讨经皮骨水泥注入治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法:选取我院收治的老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者90例,随机分为对照组及实验组,对照组以传统钉棒系统内固定术治疗,实验组以经皮骨水泥注入术治疗。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛药量、创口面积、术后48 h及6个月椎体高度及Cobb角、骨水泥量、渗漏及不足的发生率等。结果:与对照组比较,实验组手术时间、出血量、创口面积、镇痛药量、骨水泥渗漏及不足率均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与术前比较,术后两组患者椎体高度均提高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组术后48 h及6个月椎体高度均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与术前比较,术后两组Cobb角均减小,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组术后48 h及6个月Cobb角均小于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经皮骨水泥注入术操作简便,测量精准,内固定支撑牢靠,术中止血效果理想,远期内固定支撑效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

Bilateral radial head fractures in a woman with trivial trauma

Radial head fractures are common injuries, occurring in about 20% of all acute elbow injuries. Isolated radial head fractures are not common and include about 2% of all fractures around the elbow. Bilateral radial head fractures are rare and usually associated with severe trauma and associated fractures and dislocations. We report a case of bilateral undisplaced radial head fracture in a woman, following a simple fall. Early recognition, proper management, and physical therapy led to complete recovery and full functional movement of the elbow.     

Hang-gliding accidents.

Seventy-five known hang-gliding accidents causing injury to the pilot occurred in the Tyrol during 1973-6. Most occurred in May, June, or September and between 11 am and 3 pm, when unfavourable thermic conditions are most likely. Thirty-four accidents happened during launching, 13 during flight, and 28 during landing, and most were caused by human errors--especially deficient launching technique; incorrect estimation of wind conditions, altitude, and speed; and choice of unfavourable launching and landing sites. Eight pilots were moderately injured, 60 severely (multiply in 24 cases), and seven fatally; fractures of the spine and arms predominated. Six of the 21 skull injuries were fatal. The risk of hang-gliding seems unjustifiably high, and safety precautions and regulations should be adopted to ensure certain standards of training and equipment and to limit flying to favourable sites and times.     

Guidelines for selective radiological assessment of inversion ankle injuries.

A prospective study was performed to establish definitive guidelines for selective use of radiography in the assessment of inversion ankle injuries. Five hundred patients were included, representing 3.2% of the workload of the department during the study period. There were 379 soft tissue injuries, 56 malleolar fractures, 40 avulsion fractures, 21 fractures at the base of the fifth metatarsal, and four calcaneal fractures. Multiple logistic regression identified distal fibular tenderness, age, and ability to bear weight as the most important clinical variables in predicting important fractures (p less than 0.001). A policy of requesting x ray examination of only those patients with distal fibular tenderness or inability to bear weight or aged over 60, with a further proviso that no foot radiographs should be obtained, would produce a 60% reduction in ankle radiography in this centre without detriment to patient care.     

Relevance of osteoporosis in women with fracture of the femoral neck.

A prospective study of fractures of the femoral neck was conducted over 12 months in order to ascertain the relevance of generalised osteoporosis as determined by metacarpal morphometry. A series of some 200 women sustaining a fracture of the femoral neck after minor trauma had bone mass measurements similar to those of a control population of normal women, and 16% were not osteoporotic. A history of previous fractures was documented in one third of the women, but this was unrelated to the presence or severity of osteoporosis, although over half of the fractures had occurred within the previous four years. Trochanteric fractures were seen more commonly in severely osteoporotic women (p less than 0.005), whereas cervical fractures predominated in those who were not osteoporotic. These findings support the hypothesis that postural instability is the major determinant for femoral neck fracture and that generalised osteoporosis, rather than being a prerequisite for fracture, merely determines the type of fracture sustained.     

Patterns of fractures in accidental and non-accidental injury in children: a comparative study.

The incidence and pattern of fractures in children who had been abused were compared with those of fractures sustained by children of similar ages in whom abuse had been excluded. From 1976 to 1982 there were 35 children with fractures resulting from child abuse, and all were aged under 5. Of the 826 children in the control group, seen from January to June 1981, 85% were aged over 5. Abused children were much more likely to have multiple fractures (p less than 0.001) and bruising of the head and neck (p less than 0.001). Fractures of the ribs were common in children who had been abused, and their presence, in the absence of major chest trauma, strongly suggested that abuse was occurring. Injuries to the long bones were invariably spiral or oblique fractures or subperiosteal new bone formation--both "gripping or twisting" injuries. Spiral fracture of the humeral shaft was significantly more common (p less than 0.001) in the group of abused children. Classic metaphyseal chip fractures were uncommon. One child in eight aged under 18 months who sustains a fracture may be a victim of child abuse.     

Midabdomen abdominoplasty.

A simple technique is presented for removal of excessive supraumbilical and periumbilical skin.     

A current 10-year retrospective survey of 199 surgically treated orbital floor fractures in a nonurban tertiary care center.

This study characterizes the surgically treated patient population suffering from orbital floor fractures by use of current data from a large series consisting of 199 cases taken from a nonurban setting. Data were gathered through a retrospective chart review of patients surgically treated for orbital floor fractures at the University of Michigan Health System, collected over a 10-year period. Data regarding patient demographics, signs and symptoms of presentation, cause of injury, nature of injury, associated facial fractures, ocular injury, and associated nonfacial skeleton trauma were collected. In total, there were 199 cases of orbital floor fractures among 189 patients. Male patients outnumbered female patients by a 2:1 ratio and were found to engage in a wider range of behaviors that resulted in orbital floor fractures. Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of orbital floor fractures, followed by physical assault and sports-related mechanisms. The ratio of impure to pure orbital floor fracture was 3:1. The most common signs and symptoms associated with orbital floor fractures, in descending order, were periorbital ecchymosis, diplopia, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and enophthalmos. Associated facial fractures were found in 77.2 percent of patients, the most prevalent of which was the zygoma-malar fracture. Serious ocular injury occurred in 19.6 percent of patients, with globe rupture being the most prevalent, accounting for 40.5 percent of those injuries. There was a 38.1 percent occurrence of associated nonfacial skeletal trauma; skull fracture and intracranial injury were the most prevalent manifestations. Associated cervical-spine fractures were rare (0.5 percent). Statistical examination, using odds ratios and chi-squared analysis, demonstrated significant associations that have not previously been reported. Impure and pure orbital floor fractures revealed striking differences in several demographic aspects, including mechanism of injury, signs and symptoms of presentation, spectrum of associated trauma, and the severity of concomitant trauma.     

Introduction of tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to pre-embedding nanogold-silver staining at the electron microscopic level.

The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) technique has been shown to detect scarce tissue antigens in light and electron microscopy. In this study we applied the TSA technique at the electron microscopic level to pre-embedding immunocytochemistry. This protocol was compared to the non-amplified protocol. With the TSA protocol, the labeling of GM130, a cis-Golgi matrix protein, was tested in a cell line and found to be highly sensitive and more enhanced than that with the simple protocol. Moreover, the gold particles were well localized to the cis-side of the Golgi apparatus in both the TSA and the simple protocol.