二维与三维景观格局指数在山区县域景观格局分析中的应用

景观格局指数是景观格局分析中常用的定量分析工具,而传统二维景观格局指数却忽略了地形对景观的影响,在定量描述山区景观格局时可能存在一定局限.本文以典型山地丘陵区山东栖霞市为研究区,在地形结构分析的基础上,选择面积/密度(类型面积、平均斑块大小)、边缘/形状(边缘密度、景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数)、多样性(香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数)、聚散性(聚集度)4个方面的8个景观格局指数,比较分析传统二维景观格局指数与三维景观格局指数对山区景观格局及其动态变化定量描述的差异.结果表明:三维类型面积、平均斑块大小和边缘密度与其相应二维指数差异显著,三维景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数、香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数与其相应二维指数差异不显著,三维聚集度与二维聚集度无差别.由于采用斑块表面面积和表面周长计算三维景观格局指数,采用各斑块的投影面积和投影周长计算二维景观格局指数,所以在描述山区景观面积、密度、边界等指标时三维景观格局指数相对精确,但在测定景观形状、多样性和聚散性等指数时,则与传统的二维景观格局指数差异不显著.三维景观格局指数引入了地形特征,对景观格局及其动态变化的反映相对精确.     

入侵种互花米草空间扩张模式识别与景观变化模拟

在3S技术支撑下,通过景观格局指数、质心变化等方法,分析2006—2015年研究区内互花米草群落的景观空间分布特征,并利用2015年高分二号影像识别出扩张模式及预测扩张趋势。结果表明:(1)近年来,互花米草沼泽向陆扩张速度大于向海扩张速度,其质心不断向陆方向移动。(2)2006—2015年,互花米草斑块密度变大,面积加权平均形状指数也相应增大为8.63,景观形状越来越复杂。(3)利用LEI和PFD识别出互花米草的3种扩张模式,边缘扩张面积远大于外部隔离扩张面积,外部隔离扩张斑块数量远多于边缘扩张和潮沟引领式扩张斑块数之和,潮沟对互花米草的向陆扩张起到引领作用。(4)利用缓冲区分析模拟互花米草向陆扩张的趋势,未来5年碱蓬沼泽的面积将减少11.45%。研究可为进一步认识互花米草入侵碱蓬沼泽机制提供科学参考。     

长江流域景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务的关系

流域景观格局通过影响生态过程,改变进入河流污染物的数量,进而对水质净化服务产生重要影响,探讨流域景观格局对水质净化服务的影响对于流域景观规划、生态系统保护和生态系统服务提升具有重要意义。以长江流域为研究区域,在分析45个子流域景观格局特征、应用In VEST模型评估流域水质净化服务基础上,探讨了两者的关系,结果表明:①景观组成上,长江流域农田和城镇面积比例分别与生态系统水质净化服务存在显著对数关系(P0.01),森林面积比例则与之呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);②流域景观配置上,斑块密度和景观破碎度与水质净化服务呈显著负相关(P0.01),而平均斑块面积和形状规律相反(P0.01);③斑块类型水平上,森林平均斑块面积、灌丛/湿地平均斑块形状与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著正相关(P0.01),而农田平均斑块面积/边缘密度、城镇斑块密度则与之呈显著负相关(P0.01);④森林主导景观的子流域,仅有景观破碎度与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著负相关,而农田主导景观的子流域,景观蔓延度、香农多样性与其分别呈正相关(P0.01)。研究结果可以为长江流域生态系统水质净化服务的提升提供多途径的管理信息:流域景观尺度上,增加森林面积比例、控制农田与城镇面积比例,并减少景观破碎度而增加平均斑块形状复杂性;斑块类型水平上,可增加灌丛/湿地斑块形状复杂性,减小农田边缘密度和城镇斑块密度;森林主导景观的子流域应降低景观破碎度,以农田主导景观的子流域则应该增加斑块类型丰富度和团聚程度。研究也可为其他流域水质净化服务管理提供参考。     

Relationships between spatial configuration of tropical forest patches and woody plant diversity in northeastern Puerto Rico

The destruction and fragmentation of tropical forests are major sources of global biodiversity loss. A better understanding of anthropogenically altered landscapes and their relationships with species diversity and composition is needed in order to protect biodiversity in these environments. The spatial patterns of a landscape may control the ecological processes that shape species diversity and composition. However, there is little information about how plant diversity varies with the spatial configuration of forest patches especially in fragmented tropical habitats. The northeastern part of Puerto Rico provides the opportunity to study the relationships between species richness and composition of woody plants (shrubs and trees) and spatial variables [i.e., patch area and shape, patch isolation, connectivity, and distance to the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF)] in tropical forest patches that have regenerated from pasturelands. The spatial data were obtained from aerial color photographs from year 2000. Each photo interpretation was digitized into a GIS package, and 12 forest patches (24–34 years old) were selected within a study area of 28 km². The woody plant species composition of the patches was determined by a systematic floristic survey. The species diversity (Shannon index) and species richness of woody plants correlated positively with the area and the shape of the forest patch. Larger patches, and patches with more habitat edge or convolution, provided conditions for a higher diversity of woody plants. Moreover, the distance of the forest patches to the LEF, which is a source of propagules, correlated negatively with species richness. Plant species composition was also related to patch size and shape and distance to the LEF. These results indicate that there is a link between landscape structure and species diversity and composition and that patches that have similar area, shape, and distance to the LEF provide similar conditions for the existence of a particular plant community. In addition, forest patches that were closer together had more similarity in woody plant species composition than patches that were farther apart, suggesting that seed dispersal for some species is limited at the scale of 10 km.     

Contractile vacuoles in cells of a fresh water sponge,Spongilla lacustris

Summary Forty or more independently functioning contractile vacuoles (CVs) occupy the central region of fresh water sponge pinacocytes. Each CV undergoes a cycle of enlargement by fusion, movement, shape change, rounding up, and emptying over the course of 5–30 min. Diameter at discharge varies between 1 and 13 m. CVs in all cell types are associated with submicroscopic coated vesicles. Filled CVs are bounded by an unmodified trilaminar membrane, but vacuoles with excess membrane frequently show coated evaginations. These evaginations are thought to pinch off as coated vesicles, providing an avenue for membrane recycling in the CV system.Supported by NIH grants AS-T01-GM-0723 and GM-23708-CBY     

盐池县土地利用自然生态位变化及其对景观格局的影响

以盐池县为研究区, 尝试将土地利用自然生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中, 为研究景观格局提供了新的思路。结果表明: (1)不同景观要素自然生态位的动态变化不同, 耕地、草地、未利用地的自然生态位呈现下降的趋势, 而林地和水域的自然生态位不断上升。(2)整体景观更加具有多样性、破碎性和离散性。(3)相关性分析表明, 土地利用自然生态位与景观要素面积及其变化率都呈显著正相关, 体现土地利用自然生态位的时间效应对景观要素类型时空演变的影响程度。(4)土地利用自然生态位与形状指数和斑块内聚力指数具有正相关性, 与最大斑块指数和斑块类型占景观面积的比例具有强正相关性。总的来说, 土地利用自然生态位与景观要素类型的关系极其密切, 是区域景观格局变化的重要因素。     

Nonlinear machine learning in simulations of soft and biological materials

Abstract

Interpretable parameterisations of free energy landscapes for soft and biological materials calculated from molecular simulation require the availability of ‘good’ collective variables (CVs) capable of discriminating the metastable states of the system and the barriers between them. If these CVs are coincident with the slow collective modes governing the long-time dynamical evolution, then they also furnish good coordinates in which to perform enhanced sampling to surmount high free energy barriers and efficiently explore and recover the landscape. Non-linear manifold learning techniques provide a means to systematically extract such CVs from molecular simulation trajectories by identifying and extracting low-dimensional manifolds lying latent within the high-dimensional coordinate space. We survey recent advances in data-driven CV discovery and enhanced sampling using non-linear manifold learning, describe the mathematical and theoretical underpinnings of these techniques, and present illustrative examples to molecular folding and colloidal self-assembly. We close with our outlook and perspective on future advances in this rapidly evolving field.     

Construction of 3D landscape indexes based on oblique photogrammetry and its application for islands

Landscape indexes are quantitative indicators that reflect the composition and spatial configuration of landscape structures. However, the current two-dimensional (2D) spatial analysis methods lack accuracy in assessing patch characteristics due to the lack of three-dimensional (3D) information. Following the “Patch-Class-Landscape” framework, eight 3D landscape indexes were built to quantitatively describe spatial landscape features and two sensitivity indexes were developed to identify the differences between 2D and 3D structures. Based on two types of oblique photogrammetry data, validation and comparison studies were conducted for Tianheng Island and Sichang Island. The results found the following: (1) At the patch level, the 3D shape index (TPSI) of vegetation was generally higher than that of buildings, with an R² of 0.634, and the classification index (TCI) showed remarkable performance in identifying patch type. The patch type was likely to be building or vegetation when TCI approached 33, respectively, with a classification accuracy of 90% after verification. (2) At the class level, the 3D percentage of landscape (TPLAND) of grassland and arbor types on the two islands were quite different, reflecting significant differences in the dimensionality of the vegetation landscapes, as influenced by different climatic zones. Moreover, the 3D landscape shape index (TLSI) and other shape-related indexes had higher exponential sensitivity coefficient (ESC) values, due to the higher amount of 3D shape information they carry. (3) At the landscape level, the two 3D Shannon indexes (TSHDI and TSHEI) did not significantly change compared with their 2D counterparts, implying that these two indexes, as larger-scale landscape indicators, had lower sensitivity when extra-dimensional information was added. Overall, the 3D landscape indexes can better present 3D information at different landscape levels. As a potential and effective assessment tool and it will be applied to improve existing spatial planning and landscape management.     

陕北黄土高原景观破碎化及其土壤裸露效应

破碎化是黄土高原典型的景观特征 ,深刻影响着区域的景观格局与功能。为深入探讨黄土高原景观破碎化的格局特征及其生态效应 ,选择陕北黄土高原为研究区 ,结合景观格局指数与主成分分析对破碎化程度进行量化 ,并针对研究区相应的景观格局特征、造成破碎化的景观类型及土壤裸露程度 ,进行组成、分布及动态分析。研究结果发现陕北黄土高原景观格局中的斑块密度特征对破碎化有较强的指示意义 ,其次则是景观的空间构型特征。草地和农地等与人为活动关系较为密切的景观类型是造成研究区景观破碎化的主要原因 ,且高破碎化区域的土壤裸露值明显高于低破碎化区域     

黄河源区沙化草地区域景观特征

以黄河源区玛曲县沙化草地为对象,运用景观生态学原理,借助地理信息系统技术,选取景观异质性指数(景观多样性、景观优势度)、景观破碎化指数(斑块密度、分离度)、形状指数(伸长指数、分维数)3类指标,分析了黄河源区沙化草地不同景观类型的空间分布及景观格局现状特征.结果表明,区域整体景观结构简单,局部变化复杂,自然景观仍是景观变化的主体,景观结构受草地、湿地、灌木林地等少数自然景观类型控制.区域景观斑块呈条带状分布,各景观条带差异较大,从河流阶地带到低山草地带到高山草甸带,景观斑块类型减少,景观多样性减小,景观破碎化程度减弱,景观结构呈简单化趋势.沙化景观尤其是流动沙地对景观结构的影响较大,在区域景观异质性增强及破碎化加剧过程中起主要作用.固定沙地、半固定沙地和潜在沙化土地也不同程度地影响着景观的构成及变化;人工景观比沙化景观对景观结构的影响小,但其潜在变化空间较大.人工景观和沙化景观将是未来区域景观结构变化的共同主导因素.     

Species- and community-level responses to habitat spatial changes in fragmented rainforests: assessing compensatory dynamics in amphibians and reptiles

The rapid loss and degradation of tropical forests threatens the maintenance of biodiversity across different spatial scales. Nevertheless, the extirpation and population decline of some disturbance-sensitive species may be compensated for by colonization and proliferation of disturbance-adapted species, thus allowing distributions of community-level attributes (e.g., abundance and diversity) to be preserved in human-modified tropical landscapes. To test this poorly assessed hypothesis we evaluated species- and community-level responses of amphibians and reptiles to differences in forest patch (patch size, shape, and distance to water bodies) and landscape metrics (old-growth forest cover, degree of fragmentation, and matrix composition) in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico. We found that the abundance of several amphibian and reptile species was strongly associated with forest patch and landscape attributes, being particularly higher in larger patches surrounded by a greater forest cover. Such changes at the species level generated notable changes in reptile communities. In particular, the abundance, diversity, and evenness of reptile communities were strongly related to patch size, patch shape, and matrix composition. Yet, because of compensatory dynamics in amphibians, this group showed weak responses at the community level. Despite such compensatory dynamics, our results indicate that forest loss at the patch and landscape levels represents the main threat to both amphibians and reptiles, thus indicating that to preserve herpetological communities in this biodiversity hotspot, conservation initiatives should be focused on preventing further deforestation.     

基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析

 定量分析景观格局及其变化对于监测和评价城市化的生态后果十分重要。该研究应用基于GIS的梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法定量分析了上海市城市化的空间格局。沿一条自西向东64 km长6 km宽和另一条自南向北66 km长6 km宽的样带,应用移动窗口计算了一系列景观指数。结果表明,城市化的空间格局可以用梯度分析与景观指数来定量,不同的土地利用类型沿景观格局梯度确实表现出明显的“空间特征”。多项景观指数可准确地、定量地指示上海地区东西和南北发展轴线上城市化的前沿和城市景观梯度分异的特征。城市化的总体格局是随着城市化程度增加,景观在组分上更多样化,形状上更为复杂以及生态学上更破碎化。此外,该文显示的上海市城市化景观格局比较符合同心圆论的城市发展理论,研究结果支持斑块密度随城市化程度而增加,斑块大小和景观连接度则下降的假说,但与随人类干预程度增强,斑块形状变得更规则的假说不相符和,因此,需要进一步研究来证实该发现。     

基于模拟景观的城市森林景观格局指数选取

基于现实的沈阳城市森林景观,模拟了4个景观格局梯度,并选取了1个与之相应的现实景观格局梯度,分析了28个景观格局指数在各梯度对景观破碎化和景观斑块形状复杂性的反映,从而筛选出描述这两种景观格局特征的适宜景观格局指数.结果表明：斑块密度（PD）和平均斑块面积（AREA_MN）在城市森林景观破碎化方面表现出较规律的变化趋势,斑块密度随破碎化程度的增加而增加,平均斑块面积随破碎化程度的增加而减小;面积加权平均周长面积比（PARA_AM）在描述景观斑块形状复杂性方面与景观格局梯度相吻合,且随斑块形状复杂性的增加而增加,能够较为准确地描述景观斑块形状的复杂性.     

Effect of Landscape Pattern on Insect Species Density within Urban Green Spaces in Beijing,China

Urban green space is an important refuge of biodiversity in urban areas. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relationship between the landscape pattern of green spaces and biodiversity to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization. In this study, we collected insects from 45 green patches in Beijing during July 2012 using suction sampling. The green patches were dominated by managed lawns, mixed with scattered trees and shrubs. We examined the effects of landscape pattern on insect species density using hierarchical partitioning analysis and partial least squares regression. The results of the hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that five explanatory variables, i.e., patch area (with 19.9% independent effects), connectivity (13.9%), distance to nearest patch (13.8%), diversity for patch types (11.0%), and patch shape (8.3%), significantly contributed to insect species density. With the partial least squares regression model, we found species density was negatively related to patch area, shape, connectivity, diversity for patch types and proportion of impervious surface at the significance level of p < 0.05 and positively related to proportion of vegetated land. Regression tree analysis further showed that the highest species density was found in green patches with an area <500 m². Our results indicated that improvement in habitat quality, such as patch area and connectivity that are typically thought to be important for conservation, did not actually increase species density. However, increasing compactness (low-edge) of patch shape and landscape composition did have the expected effect. Therefore, it is recommended that the composition of the surrounding landscape should be considered simultaneously with planned improvements in local habitat quality.     

The use of adjacency analysis for quantifying landscape changes

Abstract

The analysis of landscape changes in space and time plays an important role in landscape ecology. Analyzing landscape dynamics through time may be crucial for identifying historical and current processes that shape the actual landscapes and for developing predictive landscape models for ecosystem management and conservation. In this view, the propensity of land cover patches to change is at least partially related to the nature of their contact types. The interactions of a given patch with adjacent land cover types affect both land use exploitation by humans and vegetation dynamics. The aim of this paper is to use patch boundary dynamics for describing the landscape changes that occurred in the Lepini Mountains (central Italy) during 1954 – 2000. Results show an increase in landscape complexity in the Mediterranean land units and a corresponding decrease in landscape complexity in the Temperate land units. This differential trend is due to a complex, human-driven temporal dynamics of Mediterranean ecosystems that generates heterogeneity as opposed to a diffuse landscape abandonment in the Temperate region that leads to a more homogeneous boundary structure.     

Effective dispersal rate is a function of habitat size and corridor shape: mechanistic formulation of a two‐patch compartment model for spatially continuous systems

Two‐patch compartment models have been explored to understand the spatial processes that promote species coexistence. However, a phenomenological definition of the inter‐patch ‘dispersal rate’ has limited the quantitative predictability of these models to community dynamics in spatially continuous habitats. Here, we mechanistically rederived a two‐patch Lotka–Volterra competition model for a spatially continuous reaction‐diffusion system where a narrow corridor connects two large habitats. We provide a mathematical formula of the dispersal rate appearing in the two‐patch compartment model as a function of habitat size, corridor shape (ratio of its width to its length), and organism diffusion coefficients. For most reasonable settings, the two‐patch compartment model successfully approximated not only the steady states, but also the transient dynamics of the reaction–diffusion model. Further numerical simulations indicated the general applicability of our formula to other types of community dynamics, e.g. driven by resource‐competition, in spatially homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Our results suggest that the spatial configuration of habitats plays a central role in community dynamics in space. Furthermore, our new framework will help to improve experimental designs for quantitative test of metacommunity theories and reduce the gaps among modeling, empirical studies, and their application to landscape management.     

Patterns of bird diversity and habitat use in mixed vineyard-matorral landscapes of Central Chile

The Mediterranean climate region of central Chile is rich in biodiversity and contains highly productive agricultural lands, which creates challenges for the preservation of natural habitats and native biodiversity. Ecological data and studies for the region are also limited, making informed conservation in agricultural landscapes difficult. The increasing availability of remotely sensed data provide opportunities to relate species occurrences to measures of landscape heterogeneity even when field measures of habitat structure are lacking. When working with such remotely sensed data, it’s important to select appropriate measures of heterogeneity, including common metrics of landscape composition as well as frequently overlooked shape metrics. In this contribution we combine bird surveys with multispectral satellite imagery to develop boosted regression tree models of avian species richness, and of habitat use for 15 species across a mixed vineyard-matorral landscape in central Chile. We found a range of associations between individual species and land cover types, with the majority of species occurring most frequently in remnant habitats and ecotones rather than the interiors of large vineyard blocks. Models identified both metrics of landscape composition and patch shape as being important predictors of species occurrence, suggesting that shape metrics can complement more commonly used metrics of landscape composition. Vineyards that include corridors or islands of remnant habitat among vine blocks may increase the amount of area available to many species, although some species may still require large tracts of intact natural habitat to persist.     

气候变化情景下天宝岩国家级自然保护区森林景观演替长期动态模拟

气候变化将会对森林树种结构、空间结构以及林龄结构等产生重大影响,准确预测森林景观演替对未来气候变化的响应,不仅能够为科学管理森林生态系统提供理论依据,而且对制定生物多样性保护与珍稀物种保护策略也具有重要意义。本文运用LANDIS Pro 7.0与LINKAGES模型,模拟天宝岩国家级自然保护区8个树种在2种不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下未来300年的森林植被演替动态,分析森林景观格局变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：毛竹、马尾松、猴头杜鹃、长苞铁杉以及杉木的潜在面积分布与景观格局指数对气候变化的响应较为显著。在气候变化情景下,各树种的景观分维度均介于1.03—1.08,保护区内各景观斑块相对简单规则。毛竹、猴头杜鹃和杉木聚集度下降趋势明显而斑块密度显著上升,长苞铁杉随演替进行面积逐渐减少而聚集度相对较高且斑块密度剧增,马尾松斑块密度缓慢增加而聚集度先降后升,随气候变化这些树种的景观完整度都遭到了不同程度的破坏,且在RCP8.5气候情景下景观破碎化更严重。而气候变化对阔叶林与柳杉的影响则较小,且阔叶林在演替期间斑块密度下降而聚集度稳中有增,潜在面积分布呈现出良好的...     

Integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes

We analyze integrodifference equations (IDEs) in patchy landscapes. Movement is described by a dispersal kernel that arises from a random walk model with patch dependent diffusion, settling, and mortality rates, and it incorporates individual behavior at an interface between two patch types. Growth follows a simple Beverton–Holt growth or linear decay. We obtain explicit formulae for the critical domain-size problem, and we illustrate how different individual behavior at the boundary between two patch types affects this quantity. We also study persistence conditions on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape. We observe that if the population can persist on the landscape, the spatial profile of the invasion evolves into a discontinuous traveling periodic wave that moves with constant speed. Assuming linear determinacy, we calculate the dispersion relation and illustrate how movement behavior affects invasion speed. Numerical simulations justify our approach by showing a close correspondence between the spread rate obtained from the dispersion relation and from numerical simulations.     

In vivo biosynthesis of clathrin and other coated vesicle proteins from rat liver

A biosynthetic study of rat liver coated vesicle (CV) proteins was undertaken by using in vivo labeling with L-[35S]methionine. CVs were isolated and purified by using standard procedures and characterized by electron microscopy, sedimentation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography, or by gel slicing and liquid scintillation counting. After 5 1/2 min of labeling (the earliest time examined), incorporation of radioactive clathrin heavy-chain (180-kD (kilodalton] subunits as well as a 90-kD CV-associated protein into purified CVs was demonstrated. The level of labeled 180-kD clathrin in coated vesicles increased rapidly during the first 2 hr of labeling and then continued to rise at a slower rate between 4 and 16 hr. This slow accumulation of labeled clathrin heavy chains in the CV pool may reflect early compartmental sequestration of a fraction of newly synthesized clathrin with delayed assembly into free CVs. By 16 hr of labeling, clathrin 180-kD chains and the 90-kD CV-associated protein accounted for approximately 48 and 26%, respectively, of the radioactivity in all CV proteins. Two proteins of MWa 68 kD and 53 kD showed marked declines in cpm/unit protein between 30 min and 4 hr, raising the possibility that these species may be transferred out of CVs during or after transport without loss of the other CV proteins. The possibility is also raised that clathrin heavy chains may be recycled during CV formation. Possible heterogeneity within individual CV preparations with respect to protein composition and derivation from both plasma membrane and Golgi regions are proposed.