刺猬冬眠过程中褐色脂肪和非颤抖性产热研究

本文对刺猬在冬眠过程中褐色脂肪（ＢＡＴ）的相对重量、超微结构和非颤抖性产热（ＮＳＴ）的变化进行了测定,探讨了ＢＡＴ产热在热在冬眠刺猬醒眠过程中的作用。结果表明,夏季（７月份）刺猬的ＢＡＴ相对重量最低,为０．２３％。秋季迅速增加,至入眠前达到最高,为０、４６％。冬眠期中缓慢减少,冬眠后显著下降（０．３２％）,这与醒眠时需要快速产热密切相关。冬眠前和冬眠中刺猬的ＢＴＡ脂滴和线粒体嵴数量明显高于冬眠后,     

刺猬胸前神经传入活动的来源及皮层代表区分布

为探讨冬眠刺猬皮肌的紧张性控制,本工作研究了支配皮肌的胸前神经(VTN)的传入活动的来源和皮层代表区的分布。VTN的传入冲动来自皮肌本体感受器,传入纤维径C_6—T_2背根入脊髓,与同部位的皮肤感觉相分离,后者经相应节段的皮神经传入。电刺激VTN引起的皮层诱发电位反应位于新皮层外侧面的中间部,相当于Woolsey的S-Ⅱ区内,与桡神经和坐骨神经的代表区有重叠,而在S-Ⅰ区没有记录到反应。     

引起冬眠的物质

冬眠是动物在不利的气候和生活条件下的一种本能的适应。象青蛙、乌龟、刺猬、蝙蝠和蛇等都属于冬眠动物。动物学家把一种能够控制冬眠的动物血液里的物质叫做HIT(英文的缩写,意思是能引致冬眠的物质)。在实验中,研究人员把这种HIT提取出来,注入到没有冬眠习性的猴子的脑部后,猴子的心跳速度减了一半,体温也降了几度,而且还明显地降低了食     

人工诱导冬眠对中华蟾蜍血液和组织中宏量营养素的影响

为探寻冬眠期间两栖动物血液和组织中宏量营养素的适应性改变过程,经人工诱导冬眠,检测了中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)在冬眠第1、3、7、14、28、42、56天的体重和脏器指数,以及血液、心、肝和骨骼肌组织中宏量营养素的含量。结果显示:1)冬眠期间中华蟾蜍体重未出现显著性变化,无性别差异。雄性蟾蜍的心、肝和腓肠肌的脏器指数显著性大于雌性(P0.01),但同一性别的脏器指数在冬眠期间无显著性变化。2)血中葡萄糖浓度自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01);总蛋白在冬眠后第56天显著降低(P0.05),总胆固醇变化不显著。血中宏量营养素无性别差异。3)肝糖原自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01),肌糖原自冬眠第1天起显著性下降(P0.05),而骨骼肌和心肌组织蛋白含量无显著变化。组织中宏量营养素无性别差异。人工诱导冬眠条件下,中华蟾蜍血液和组织中的糖类含量先迅速下降,血液中的蛋白成分只在深眠时才显著减少,但血液和组织中的宏量营养素水平可在1个月内维持稳定,这可能是其适应冬眠的主要生理学机制之一。     

达乌尔黄鼠心肌细胞膜电位的耐寒性

用胞内微电极记录达乌尔黄鼠心室乳头肌细胞膜电位,研究它的耐寒性并附带观察季节及冬眠的影响。76％和55％的心肌标本分别在0℃至—5℃之间可诱发动作电位。3例心肌超冷至-5℃时静息电位(RP)66.6mV,为35℃时的80％,动作电位幅值(APA)60.4mV,为66％,但复温后可完全恢复。RP与APA比最大去极化率(dV/dt_(max))和动作电位时程(ADP)对寒冷有较大的抵抗力。季节对心肌膜电位活动有明显的影响,冬季深眠黄鼠的心肌RP和APA在0℃中显著高于冬季活跃组,提示深眠黄鼠的心肌有较大的耐寒性。这些结果说明冬眠型哺乳动物的心肌细胞膜电位比非冬眠型的有显著较大耐寒性。     

水在人体中的作用

随着科学的发展,人们对水的认识逐渐深化。水对生物非常重要。没有水,地球上就不可能有生命。水不仅是构成人体一切组织器官和细胞的主要成分,而且具有多方面的极其重要的生理功能。体(内)水的总量儿童体(内)水约占体重的80％;成人体(内)水的总量约占体重的60—65％;老年人更低些。因为各个人体内所含的脂肪组织的量不同,而且脂肪组织中含水很少。     

刺猬嗅球冬眠期与非冬眠期c-Fos 表达的差异

利用免疫组化法检测c-Fos 蛋白在不同季节刺猬嗅球各层次的表达差异,探讨c-Fos、嗅觉、冬眠三者的关系。分别选取春、夏、秋、冬四个季节各6 只野生健康刺猬,固定剥离嗅球,石蜡切片,免疫组化显色,拍片,载入Motic Images Advanced 3.2 软件,测量四个季节刺猬嗅球各层次c-Fos 的表达率,将结果载入GraphPadPrism4 软件分析,Microsoft Excel 作图。结果表明:c-Fos 蛋白在成年刺猬嗅球各层均有不同程度的表达,阴性对照不着色,且表现出明显的季节性差异。1)与秋季相比,冬眠期c-Fos 蛋白在刺猬嗅球各层次的表达均有极显著的降低(P <0.01);2)与夏季相比,冬眠期c-Fos 蛋白在外网丛层、僧帽细胞层、颗粒细胞层的表达有极显著降低(P < 0. 01),在嗅神经层、嗅小球层、室管膜层的表达也有显著降低(P < 0. 05);3)与冬眠期相比,春季c-Fos 蛋白在嗅小球层、僧帽细胞层、颗粒细胞层的表达有极显著的升高(P <0. 01),在嗅神经层、外网丛层、室管膜层的表达却没有显著变化(P ﹥ 0.05);4)嗅神经层c-Fos 的表达在春季显著低于秋季,夏季与秋季没有显著差异。颗粒细胞层夏季显著低于秋季(P < 0.05)。秋季c-Fos 在其余各层次的表达与春季、夏季相比都有极显著的提高(P <0.01)。结论:秋季刺猬嗅球神经元最活跃,嗅觉最灵敏,冬眠期刺猬嗅球活跃性大大降低,嗅觉系统最迟钝。c-Fos 在刺猬嗅球中的强表达表明其在嗅觉信息的传递中可能发挥一定作用,c-Fos 表达率的显著季节性差异揭示了刺猬嗅球的活跃性与其冬眠具有一定的相关性。     

达乌尔黄鼠入眠准备期的体温、代谢率及能量特征

贮脂类动物在冬眠前大量积累脂肪来准备冬眠,并在入眠时迅速降低体温和代谢率。为探究入眠准备期达乌尔黄鼠体温、代谢率、呼吸商及能量代谢的变化,将其入眠准备期分为育肥期、体重高峰期、育肥后期和冬眠前的试降期,使用植入式半导体温度记录元件iButton、开放式代谢仪和改进的代谢笼,监测其体温、代谢率及呼吸商和能量摄入的变化。结果显示:(1)达乌尔黄鼠体温在冬眠前13 - 34 d 开始下降,远早于冬眠但晚于体重高峰期;体重高峰期体温有降低的趋势,持续时间为1 - 3 d;育肥后期体温显著下降,体温日波动幅度增加。(2)体重高峰期的静止代谢率高于育肥期,育肥后期有降低的趋势,试降期最低。(3)呼吸商在体重高峰期先升高,之后迅速衰减;入眠准备期的能量摄入在体重达高峰期前达到最大值。结果表明,达乌尔黄鼠在入眠准备期,其体温和代谢率已开始降低,能源物质已开始转变;体重高峰期可能是达乌尔黄鼠入眠的一个转折点或启动入眠的开关。     

带蒂皮瓣移植在小腿开放性骨折中的临床研究

目的:探讨不同带蒂皮瓣移植术式在小腿开放性骨折中的临床应用效果。方法:35例小腿开放性骨折患者,完善术前准备后,根据小腿皮肤软组织的缺损部位、面积、深度分别选择腓肠神经营养皮(肌)瓣、隐神经营养逆行皮瓣、局部旋转皮(肌)瓣修复创面。结果:所有移植皮瓣中,1处移植失败(坏死面积>1/2),2处皮瓣远端1-2.5cm坏死,经清创换药后愈合,余患者皮瓣均成活。从皮瓣成活的优良率和出血量上对比,三组间无明显差别,从手术时间上对比,局部旋转皮(肌)瓣组优于另两组(P<0.05)。结论:在小腿开放性骨折伴皮肤软组织缺损的治疗中,完善的术前准备及根据皮损形态选择适当的皮瓣是获得满意疗效的基础。     

刺猬血液生理生化参数测定

刺猬(Erinaceus europaeus)是哺乳纲异温动物,皮、刺、肉都为药材,又是研究动物休眠的好材料,为此于1989年刺猬非繁殖期的7月上旬至8月下旬捕捉刺猬,进行生理生化参数测定。先后捕捉19只(雄9只,雌10只)体重平均0.45公斤,捕回后次日自心室取血作测定,血液有形成分采用常规染色镜检计数法,红细胞压积用Wintrobe氏法,血红蛋白采用硷性血红素形式测定,血清总蛋白用考马斯蓝(Coomassie brilliant blue)比色法,血清白蛋白与球蛋白之比采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳法,谷丙转氨酶采用赖氏(Reitman-Frankel)法。主要仪器为751—G型紫外分光光度计,测定结…     

Terrapin muscle afferents studied by cord dorsum potential analyses

Rostro-caudal ramification of terrapin hindlimb afferent nerves have been studied by cord dorsum potential analyses. Stimulation of muscle and cutaneous nerves evoke different waveforms, related to the difference in fibre diameter spectra. Afferents of small muscles enter the cord through one spinal nerve, while afferents of large muscles are connected to the cord by up to four spinal roots. In their entrance segment muscle afferents bifurcate into branches extending in rostral and caudal direction over at least three segments.     

Review of spino-occipital and spinal nerves in Tetraodontiformes,with special reference to pectoral and pelvic fin muscle innervation

The spino-occipital nerve (SO) and ventral rami of the spinal nerves (SV) in 10 tetraodontiform families and 5 outgroup taxa were examined, with special reference to pectoral and pelvic fin muscle innervation. Compared with the outgroup taxa, tetraodontiforms were characteristic in having SO3 + SV1 (SO3 in tetraodontids) that gave off several lateral subbranches to the pectoral fin base and SO participation in infracarinalis anterior innervation. SO and SV1 were connected with one another (6 patterns) before entering the pectoral fin muscles in most species, including the outgroup taxa, resulting in the participation of SV1 in the innervation of almost all of the pectoral fin muscles. SO3 + SV1 was present in all tetraodontiforms (except in 2 tetraodontids having only SO3) and the outgroup taxa, an upper dorsal branch uniformly extending dorsally into the pectoral fin base. The pectoral fin base also received a branch ventrally, but its identity differed (participation or nonparticipation of SV2). SV1 alone constituting the branch was a derived condition occurring in Aracanidae, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontidae, Diodontidae, and Molidae. No strong characters supporting a tetraodontiform sister group were recognized among the spino-occipital nerve and ventral rami of spinal nerves.     

Growth factor receptors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The regional distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors in human spinal cords from controls and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients was studied by quantitative autoradiography. High-affinity nerve growth factor receptors were found to be distributed to a similar extent within the various segments of the human spinal cord and predominantly within the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn, whereas no significant binding could be detected in the motor-neuron areas. A similar pattern of binding was obtained in the ALS spinal cords. Moreover, no reexpression of NGF receptors could be demonstrated in the motor-neuron areas of ALS spinal cords. When comparing¹²⁵I-IGF-1 binding in the different spinal levels of normal spinal cord, the same distribution pattern was found in which the binding was highest in the central canal > dorsal horn > ventral horn > white matter. In the ALS cases, although a general upregulation of IGF-1 receptors was observed throughout the spinal cord, significant increases were observed in the cervical and sacral segments compared to controls. The cartography of IGF-1 receptors in the normal spinal cord as well as the change of these receptors in diseased spinal cord may be of importance in future treatment strategies of ALS.     

Anatomical changes in the neuromuscular complex of the proleg of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidiadae) during metamorphosis

The lateral and ventral external surfaces of the third and fourth abdominal segments were described and muscle attachments were correlated with surface indentations of the larva. The proleg of this species has a symmetrical planta with a complete circle of crochets. Furthermore, it differs externally from the grasping type of proleg in having a largely membranous coxal region confluent with the body wall, and a relatively large subcoxal lobe. The body wall musculature and innervation of the third and fourth abdominal segments are similar in many respects to those described for other lepidopteran larvae to which they are here compared, but differ from most because of the simpler structure of the prolegs which lack highly developed adductor muscles. Like most muscles innervated by the ventral nerve, the principal plantar retractors of these two segments cease to function in the first day of the pupal stage and have completely degenerated by the forty-fifth hour of pupal life. The ventral nerve retains its four primary branches in the adult, in which many smaller rami can be traced to the cuticle and to the neoblastic body wall muscles.     

Innervation of the dermatomes in the neck of the mouse

The dorsal rami of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves were investigated using both the in situ cholinesterase staining technique and cholinesterase staining on serial sections of plastic-embedded embryos. In most cases only the dorsal rami of the 2nd to 5th cervical spinal nerve possess cutaneous branches. The area innervated by the cutaneous branch of the dorsal ramus of the 5th spinal nerve borders on an area innervated by the cutaneous branch of the dorsal ramus of the 1st thoracic spinal nerve. The dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves 6-8 show no cutaneous branches. Therefore the gap in the series of the dorsal cutaneous branches is due only to the middle part of the nerves of the brachial plexus, which range from the 5th cervical nerve to the 1st thoracic nerve.     

Cells of origin of the branches of the facial nerve: a retrograde HRP study in the rabbit

The origin of different branches of the facial nerve in the rabbit was determined by using retrograde transport of HRP. Either the proximal stump of specific nerves was exposed to HRP after transection, or an injection of the tracer was made into particular muscles innervated by a branch of the facial nerve. A clear somatotopic pattern was observed. Those branches which innervate the rostral facial musculature arise from cells located in the lateral and intermediate portions of the nuclear complex. Orbital musculature is supplied by neurons in the dorsal portion of the complex, with the more rostral orbital muscles receiving input from more laterally located cells while the caudal orbital region receives innervation from more medial regions of the dorsal facial nucleus. The rostral portion of the ear also receives innervation from cells located in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, but the caudal aspect of the ear is supplied exclusively by cells located in medial regions. The cervical platysma, the platysma of the lower jaw, and the deep muscles (i.e., digastric and stylohyoid) receive input from cells topographically arranged in the middle and ventral portions of the nuclear complex. It is proposed that the topographic relationship between the facial nucleus and branches of the facial nerve reflects the embryological derivation of the facial muscles. Those muscles that develop from the embryonic sphincter colli profundus layer are innervated by lateral and dorsomedial portions of the nuclear complex. The muscles derived from the embryonic platysma layer, including the deep musculature, receive their input from mid to ventral regions of the nuclear complex.     

Anatomical study of serotonergic innervation and 5-HT1A receptor in the human spinal cord

Serotonergic innervation of the spinal cord in mammals has multiple roles in the control of motor, sensory and visceral functions. In rats, functional consequences of spinal cord injury at thoracic level can be improved by a substitutive transplantation of serotonin (5-HT) neurons or regeneration under the trophic influence of grafted stem cells. Translation to either pharmacological and/or cellular therapies in humans requires the mapping of the spinal cord 5-HT innervation and its receptors to determine their involvement in specific functions. Here, we have performed a preliminary mapping of serotonergic processes and serotonin-lA (5-HT_1A) receptors in thoracic and lumbar segments of the human spinal cord. As in rodents and non-human primates, 5-HT profiles in human spinal cord are present in the ventral horn, surrounding motoneurons, and also contact their presumptive dendrites at lumbar level. 5-HT_1A receptors are present in the same area, but are more densely expressed at lumbar level. 5-HT profiles are also present in the intermediolateral region, where 5-HT_1A receptors are absent. Finally, we observed numerous serotonergic profiles in the superficial part (equivalent of Rexed lamina II) of the dorsal horn, which also displayed high levels of 5-HT_1A receptors. These findings pave the way for local specific therapies involving cellular and/or pharmacological tools targeting the serotonergic system.     

Efferent sympathetic preganglionic and afferent spinal transit pathways of the cat stellate ganglion

Using a technique of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, labeled neurons were detected in the intermedialateral nucleus (pars principalis and pars funicularis), intercalatous spinal nucleus, and in the ventral horns of the spinal cord in cats. Afferent spinal transit pathways pass in all the above branches as well as the vertebral nerve. Bodies of the labeled neurons with branches passing in the vertebral nerve are located in the T2-T7 spinal ganglia, whereas those with branches passing in other nerves--are located in the C8-T8.