外来植物的入侵机制及其生态风险评价

外来植物入侵已成为严重威胁生态系统健康发展的全球性问题,预防优于治理,对外来植物进行生态风险评价可有效地防御和降低入侵风险。本文基于生态风险评价理论,通过对外来植物入侵特性和过程的分析,探讨了外来植物入侵生态风险的评价方法。将评价程序分为风险源分析、风险受体评价、暴露与危害评价、风险综合评价和风险管理对策5部分,初步建立了风险源评价指标体系,以及度量生态损失和生态风险的指标和公式,进而得出外来植物入侵综合生态风险评价的方法。     

赤水河中游地区外来植物入侵现状及风险评价

根据野外调查及相关文献资料, 探讨了赤水河中游地区外来入侵植物的种类组成、生长特性、分布区类型、分布生境以及来源。结合前人在生物入侵风险评价方面的研究成果及赤水河中游地区外来植物的入侵状况, 建立该区外来物种风险评价指标体系, 进行风险评价与风险等级划分。结果表明: 赤水河中游地区现有外来入侵植物22 种, 隶属于12 科20 属。生活型分析发现, 22 种外来入侵植物全部为草本, 陆生草本最多(19 种), 水生草本2 种, 水陆两栖草本1 种。它们主要侵入林缘、荒地、河边、溪流、农田等生境。从分布区类型来看, 无论是科的分布还是属的分布均以世界分布和热带分布为主。从原产地分析来看, 原产美洲的种类有14 种, 占总种数的63.64%。有11 种入侵植物风险是不可接受的, 10 种需进一步研究, 1 种可接受, 评价结果与其危害现状基本相符。相关部门应高度重视和有效管理,以防对当地生态环境造成更严重的危害。     

苏州外来植物入侵风险评估体系及牛膝菊的入侵风险

外来入侵生物严重挑战着全球的经济社会和生态安全,外来种入侵风险评估工作重要而紧迫.根据相关外来植物风险评估标准,结合苏州的地理气候特征和最新研究成果,并加入了自交亲和性以及DNA C值指标,建立了适合于苏州地区的外来植物风险评估体系,并依据此体系,对牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)在苏州地区的入侵风险进行了定量评估.结果表明,依据满分为100分的风险评估体系,牛膝菊的风险值为68,风险程度中等,需要进行较严格的监控管理,在其大规模爆发之前加以防除.     

海南岛外来植物入侵风险评价指标体系

基于海南岛生物入侵防控及外来物种管理的需求,对海南外来入侵植物的种类、分布情况和危害现状进行了调查。调查发现,目前海南受外来植物入侵影响较重,外来入侵植物共约160种,隶属于38个科。构建了适应于海南当地生态环境特点与经济社会发展的外来植物风险评估指标体系,该指标体系共分3级,包括5个一级指标,和相应的12个二级指标,42个三级指标,采用层次分析法确定了体系各级指标的权重。对海南50种常见的主要外来入侵植物进行了风险评估,并按照评估结果将外来入侵植物划分为不同风险等级,提出相应的管理策略。外来入侵生物风险评估体系可被作为管理部门制定早期预警和决策措施的重要工具,通过风险评估与风险管理,建立一套应对海南外来生物入侵的快速反应体系,为外来生物入侵的防范和生态安全提供保障。     

厦门市外来物种入侵现状及其风险评价指标体系

通过对厦门地区外来物种入侵状况的实地调查,对已有文献资料的查阅和专家咨询,整理了厦门市已入侵或值得警惕的外来植物名录。并从气候、土壤、植被生态群落结构、地貌特征、人为和自然干扰状况以及港口交通贸易等方面分析了厦门市外来生物入侵现状的原因。结合前人在外来生物入侵的风险评价方面的研究成果,针对厦门市的外来植物入侵现状,构建了适应厦门地区外来植物入侵风险评价指标体系框架,该指标体系由“移居与建群的可能性”、“危害与影响”和“预防与控制”3大部分,共计6个一级指标,17个二级指标构成。     

广州外来入侵植物

根据野外调查及相关文献资料,初步探讨了广州市外来入侵植物的种类组成、分布生境、生长特性、危害以及来源.结果表明:广州市现有外来人侵植物73种,隶属于27科59属,其中菊科(19种)、禾本科(8种)、豆科(7种)和苋科(7种)植物占了入侵植物总种数的56.2%.生活型分析发现,在广州有分布的外来入侵植物中,陆生草本植物最多(58种),其次为灌木(10种)、水生草本(3种),乔木种类最少(2种),它们主要生长在人类干扰比较频繁的低海拔地区.另外,基于对外来入侵植物目前在野外的生长和分布状况等生态学特性进行分析,可大致将它们对本地生物多样性危害程度分为3级,其中危害严重的有11种,危害中等的有25种,危害较轻的有37种.从原产地分析来看,61种来自于热带美洲地区,占广州外来入侵植物总种数的83.6%.与国内其他地区外来入侵植物进行比较发现,广州和广西共有种数最多,有62种,然而,对已经造成严重危害的外来植物种类,在数量上广州与香港、深圳和广西相同种类较多,分别有8种、7种和6种.对广州市目前外来植物的入侵风险(潜在威胁)的评估结果表明,对一些在其它地区已经造成严重危害的外来植物,应当加强监控,防止入侵扩散并造成重大生态灾难.还对广州市外来植物入侵的主要途径及防治策略做了简要分析和说明.     

福建外来入侵植物初步研究

经野外调查和整理分析文献资料,初步认定福建省外来入侵植物并已归化的种类约73种,分属于29科,其中菊科种类最多,有16种。从来源看,来自美洲的有59种,占80.82%。入侵植物中包括6种2003年国家环保总局公布的首批外来入侵物种。文中还对这些外来入侵植物的危害、入侵途径及其防治对策进行讨论。     

京津冀外来入侵植物

基于文献报道和分类学考证, 首次全面、系统而又完整地整理了京津冀近20年报道的46科141属210种外来入侵植物种类及信息。经过分析并校正分为国产种和入侵种两大类。国产种又包括一般国产种22科39属39种、国产逸生类9科13属13种、国产归化类3科3属4种、国产入侵类1科1属1种; 外来种包括实则在京津冀没有达到入侵的温室及露地栽培类8科9属9种、外来逸生类12科32属36种、外来归化类10科19属20种、外来有待观察类6科6属6种, 真正对京津冀构成入侵的外来植物20科48属82种。根据京津冀目前标本数目及采集时间、京津冀报道文献次数及具体内容描述, 结合国家入侵等级及京津冀部分地区的实地考察情况, 对82个入侵种进行入侵级别划分, 分析并讨论了京津冀外来入侵物种的组成、原产地、分布特征、生活型和入侵途径以及京津冀外来入侵植物的危害现状, 并提出防治及管理措施。     

全球外来入侵生物与植物有害生物数据库的比较评价

[目的]为了明确全球生物安全与植物保护领域内数据库建设进展和我国数据库的建设成效,对全球重要的外来入侵生物与植物有害生物数据库进行分类介绍和比较评价研究.[方法]根据数据库收录物种的地理范围、类群及数据库特色功能,对数据库进行分类.对重要数据库的主要功能进行简要介绍,设立多指标评价体系将我国数据库与国际优质数据库进行比...     

红河流域的外来入侵植物

红河流域是中国生物多样性最为丰富的地区,植物区系起源古老,生态系统类型复杂多样.本文论述了红河流域外来入侵植物的现状,列举了73种红河流域外来入侵物的种类,对危害比较严重的紫茎泽兰、飞机草、马樱丹、肿柄菊、凤眼莲和空心莲子草6种植物作了具体介绍.对外来入侵植物的控制对策,入侵植物本身的生物学特性的研究、保护生物多样性和退化生态系统的恢复以及路域生态系统管理等几方面作了论述.结果表明,减少人类对生态系统的干扰和破坏,恢复本地植被是防止外来入侵植物入侵的有效途径.     

中国外来植物入侵风险评估研究

对外来植物开展入侵风险评估是防止外来植物入侵最经济有效的措施,能够极大的节约外来种管理的经济和时间成本。研究简述了国内外入侵风险评估系统,从外来物种基础信息缺乏、外来植物的适生区分析不完善、风险评估体系构建不客观、对新近外来种的关注度不够4个方面阐述了我国外来植物风险评估存在的主要问题。并针对存在的问题提出了以下建议：（1）构建外来植物基础信息数据库是风险评估的基础,加强外来植物本底资料的调查与考证,并将外来植物表型数据的积累和分析纳入数据库,使得风险评估有据可依。（2）运用生态位模型进行生态风险分析是风险评估的重点,并将人类活动指标纳入预测模型,揭示人类活动对入侵植物分布格局的影响。（3）建立科学的风险评估系统是核心,包括通过选择风险指标和设置权重来提高评估系统的科学性、构建特定区域或特定生态类型的风险评估体系、根据评估对象的生物学与生态学特征建立符合实际要求的评估标准,实行差别化的风险评估等。（4）加强新近外来植物的管理是关键,应定期野外监测新近外来种的种群动态,定期审查风险评估结果,对高风险的新近外来种进行预警研究将为中国外来植物风险评估体系构建提供重要参考,为入侵植物防控措施的制定提供理论依据。     

安徽省外来植物入侵状况分析

【目的】了解安徽省入侵植物的现状,明确分布格局对制定预防与控制管理措施具有重要意义。【方法】通过文献整理与实地调查分析了安徽省外来入侵植物的种属、来源地、引入途径、入侵时间、入侵生境以及各市(地区)的分布状态。【结果】1.安徽省共有入侵植物158种,共计102属40科,其中菊科植物最多为25属36种,占安徽省入侵植物总数的22.8%。2.安徽省入侵植物主要来源于美洲,共98种,占总种数的57.7%;60.1%的入侵植物(95种)为有意引入,其余均为无意引入;69.9%的入侵植物于近现代(1840年之后)入侵安徽。3.入侵植物中75.5%分布于“道路旁,荒地生态系统”“森林、灌木”、“内陆水域、湿地”、“草地、城市绿地”、“农田、耕作用地”等5种生境中。4.不同的地区入侵植物的分布存在差异,芜湖市入侵植物种类最多,占总全省的78.5%,其次为黄山市(77.5%)和合肥市(76.6%),亳州市(62.7%)入侵植物的种类最少。【结论】安徽省入侵种数量由东南向西北逐步减少,各城市入侵状况存在一定差异,但总体均属易受入侵环境,应加强监管,及时对入侵外来种进行治理。     

The potential for birds to disperse the seeds of Acacia cyclops,an invasive alien plant in South Africa

Rooikrans Acacia cyclops is an aggressive invasive tree that threatens natural resources in South Africa. The seeds of A. cyclops have a prominent aril which attracts birds that ingest the seeds and disperse them endozoochorously. Two biological control agents, a Seed Weevil Melanterius servulus and a Flower‐galling Midge Dasineura dielsi, were released on A. cyclops in 1991 and 2002, respectively. Together these agents have substantially reduced seed production and generally far lower numbers of seeds are now available to birds. A consequence of this transition from historically bounteous quantities of seeds to scanty seed availability is that birds may no longer associate with the trees and seed dispersal may be disproportionately reduced. To assess whether this has happened, seed attrition was measured by comparing the amount of seeds that disappeared from two groups of branches, one available to birds and the other enclosed in bird netting. Other types of granivores (mainly field mice) were excluded from both groups of branches with a plastic funnel placed around the stems. Mature seeds were also harvested and fed to caged bird species to determine gut retention times and germination rates of ingested seeds. Attrition rates of seeds showed that birds continue to remove seeds but that only a proportion of the crop is taken. Only two frugivorous species (Knysna Turaco Tauraco corythaix and Red‐winged Starling Onychognathus morio) and two granivorous species (Red‐eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata and Laughing Dove Streptopelia sengalensis) ingested A. cyclops seeds during feeding trials. Ingestion by birds enhanced seed germination except for those ingested by Laughing Doves. There were no apparent effects of length of gut passage time and avian body size on seed germination rates. Despite the diminished seed resource due to biological control agents, birds continue to disperse A. cyclops seeds.     

Seed ecology of an invasive alien species, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), in Portuguese dune ecosystems

? Premise of the study: Worldwide, invasive plants threaten biodiversity, by disrupting habitats and ecosystem processes, and cause major economic losses. Invasiveness in plants is frequently associated with prolific production of seeds that accumulate in the soil. Knowledge of the extent and persistence of invasive seed banks helps explain invasion processes and enables management planning. A study of Acacia longifolia, an invasive species in Portuguese dune ecosystems, provides an informative example. ? Methods: Seed rain and dispersal (seed traps), the persistence of seeds in the soil (burial), and the extent of seed banks were measured and analyzed. ? Key results: Seed rain is concentrated under the canopy with about 12000 seeds · m(-2) falling annually. The number of seeds in the soil declined with time, with only 30% surviving after 75 mo. Losses were lowest at greater depths. Seed germinability was low (<12%), but viability was high (>85%) for surviving seeds. The seed bank under the canopy was approximately 1500 and 500 seeds · m(-2) in long- and recently invaded stands, respectively. Some seeds were found up to 7 m from the edge of stands, indicating that outside agencies facilitate dispersal. ? Conclusions: Acacia longifolia produces large numbers of seeds, some of which are lost through germination, decay, and granivory. The remainder form vast and persistent seed banks that serve as a source of replenishment and make it difficult to control the invader once it is established. Control costs escalate as the duration of an invasion increases, highlighting the urgency of initiating and persevering with control efforts.     

The biogeography of invasive alien plants in California: an application of GIS and spatial regression analysis

The spatial distribution of invasive alien plants has been poorly documented in California. However, with the increased availability of GIS software and spatially explicit data, the distribution of invasive alien plants can be explored. Using bioregions as defined in Hickman (1993 ), I compared the distribution of invasive alien plants (n = 78) and noninvasive alien plants (n = 1097). The distribution of both categories of alien plants was similar with the exception of a higher concentration of invasive alien plants in the North Coast bioregion. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Moran's I indicated significant spatial dependence for both invasive and noninvasive alien plant species. I used both ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial autoregressive (SAR) models to assess the relationship between alien plant species distribution and native plant species richness, road density, population density, elevation, area of sample unit, and precipitation. The OLS model for invasive alien plants included two significant effects; native plant species richness and elevation. The SAR model for invasive alien plants included three significant effects; elevation, road density, and native plant species richness. The SAR model for noninvasive alien plants resulted in the same significant effects as invasive alien plants. Both invasive and noninvasive alien plants are found in regions with low elevation, high road density, and high native‐plant species richness. This is in congruity with previous spatial pattern studies of alien plant species. However, the similarity in effects for both categories of alien plants alludes to the importance of autecological attributes, such as pollination system, dispersal system and differing responses to disturbance in the distribution of invasive plant species. In addition, this study emphasizes the critical importance of testing for spatial autocorrelation in spatial pattern studies and using SAR models when appropriate.     

Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica disperse seeds of Rooikrans Acacia cyclops, an invasive alien plant in the Fynbos Biome

Rooikrans Acacia cyclops is an invasive plant species in the coastal region of South Africa, especially the Fynbos Biome. It is endemic to southwestern Australia. Seeds are bird-dispersed, mostly by frugivores and granivores. We report that at one locality in South Africa, Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica , normally regarded as obligate foragers of aerial arthropods, also consumed the seeds and associated arils of Rooikrans shrubs and trees. The seeds were voided and the arils digested. Three thousand Barn Swallows in the region where this was observed conceivably consumed and voided two million Rooikrans seeds during the 5-month non-breeding period. Barn Swallows are therefore dispersers of Rooikrans seeds. Many of the bird species known to consume Rooikrans seeds are territorial, so that seeds are not dispersed far beyond existing acacia stands. Barn Swallows cover large distances between feeding areas and roosts, and could therefore disperse seeds far from existing stands. This development adds urgency to the need to eradicate Rooikrans from the Fynbos Biome.     

云南省外来入侵植物的区系成分及多样性分析

【目的】弄清云南省外来入侵植物的区系成分及多样性成因,为减少外来入侵植物对云南省生物多样性的影响提供理论依据。【方法】在已知云南省外来入侵植物种类组成的基础上,对其科、属、种的分布区类型进行了分析,并从生态指标(种子植物数、气候类型数、地表水总量、年均最高温)及社会经济指标(10年总进口额,10年总入境游客数) 2方面,将云南省与其他入侵植物多样性最高的9个省市进行比较,以探讨外来入侵植物多样性的成因。【结果】在区系组成上,云南省外来入侵植物的热带成分占绝对优势,其比例在科、属、种水平上分别为50.85%、63.16%和63.39%。入侵种所在科、属,常广域分布,但入侵种原产地分布范围却不大,并倾向于集中在某些特定区域(如热带美洲、狭义地中海区)。入侵植物所在科的入侵种数与该科包含的世界种数存在显著性正相关。省市级行政区域内入侵植物种数与该省市国际贸易额、入境游客数等指标没有相关性,而与各省市的种子植物数、气候类型数存在显著性关系,与地表水总量和年均温度存在一定的关系。【结论】云南省的自然生境适宜外来入侵植物的生存和扩散。需要对具有热带性质,所在分类单元为大科、大属,且地理分布距离与云...