Method for determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphate in the rat choroid plexus by flame atomic absorption and visible spectroscopy

A rapid simple technique for the measurement of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, PO4(3-), and Cl- was developed to analyze ion contents in the choroid plexus of the rat. The technique involves digestion in piperidine, precipitation of proteins with HClO4, and analysis of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ by atomic absorption spectroscopy and Cl- and PO4(3-) by visible spectroscopy. The coefficient of variation for the measurement of eight replicates was 1-3% for all ions. Analysis of choroid plexuses from eight rats yielded coefficients of variation of about 6% and the values for Na+, K+, and Cl- compared favorably to previous works. The analytical procedure described in this paper allows the determination of six major physiologic ions in rat choroid plexus (4 mg wet wt).     

Dependence of the intracellular concentrations of univalent ions and hydrogenase activity on the salt composition and pH of the medium in the haloalkaliphilic sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfonatronum thiodismutans

It has been shown that the intracellular concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- ions in Desulfonatronum thiodismutans depend on the extracellular concentration of Na' ions. An increase in the extracellular concentration of Na+ results in the accumulation of K+ ions in cells, which points to the possibility that these ions perform an osmoprotective function. When the concentration of the NaCI added to the medium was increased to 4%, the concentration gradient of Cl- ions changed insignificantly. It was found that D. thiodismutans contains two forms of hydrogenase--periplasmic and cytoplasmic. Both enzymes are capable of functioning in solutions with high ionic force; however they exhibit different sensitivities to Na+, K+, and Li+ salts and pH. The enzymes were found to be resistant to high concentrations of Na+ and K+ chlorides and Na+ bicarbonate. The cytoplasmic hydrogenase differed significantly from the periplasmic one in having much higher salt tolerance and lower pH optimum. The activity of these enzymes depended on the nature of both the cationic and anionic components of the salts. For instance, the inhibitory effect of NaCl was less pronounced than that of LiCl, whereas Na+ and Li+ sulfates inhibited the activity of both hydrogenase types to an equal degree. The highest activity of these enzymes was observed at low Na+ concentrations, close to those typical of cells growing at optimal salt concentrations.     

Electron probe microanalysis of the subcellular compartments of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Comparison of chromaffin granules in situ and in vitro

The elemental and water content of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and their secretory chromaffin granules have been measured and compared with isolated chromaffin granules using quick freezing, ultracryomicrotomy, and electron microprobe analysis methods. In units of millimole/kilogram dry weight (+/- S.E.) granules in situ contained: P, 523 +/- 32; K+, 124 +/- 9; S, 82 +/- 3; Cl-, 74 +/- 9; Ca2+, 13 +/- 2; Mg2+, 6 +/- 2; and Na+, -2 +/- 2. Following routine isolation in isotonic sucrose buffer, granule K and Cl- had decreased while granule Na+ increased. Cl- exhibited a consistent decrease to 35-40 mmol/kg dry weight. Granule Na+ and K+ concentrations ranged from 43 to 12 mmol/kg and 28 to 60 mmol/kg dry weight, respectively, depending on the Na+ and K+ content of the buffer. Despite the redistribution of monovalent ions, granule Ca2+, granule P, being in the form of ATP, and granule S, being in the form of protein, were not significantly changed. The stability of these elements is consistent with the existence of a stable storage complex for Ca2+, ATP, and protein. Using the granule as an internal standard with a water content of 66%, the water contents of external space, nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria were estimated to be 89, 88, 82, and 70%, respectively. Wet weight concentrations for each element were calculated for granules and cytoplasm from which the transgranular concentration gradients for K+, Cl-, and Na+ were determined. Cl-, a permeant anion, was 2-fold higher in the granule than in the cytoplasm while K+, a slightly permeant cation, had an opposite distribution ratio slightly less than two. Together, the K+ and Cl- data suggest the presence of an inside-positive granule membrane potential of approximately 10-16 mV. The surprising lack of Na+ from the granule matrix suggests a hugh inward gradient for Na+ even though the Na+ content of chromaffin cell cytoplasm is low at 5 mmol/kg water. The lack of an outward Na+ gradient is important in that it indicates that the previously described electroneutral Na+-Ca2+ exchange system, by which isolated granules accumulate Ca2+, does not operate in mature granules in situ. Consequently, if chromaffin granules regulate internal calcium during stimulus secretion coupling, a mechanism other that Na+-Ca2+ exchange is necessary.     

Roles of CO2, O2, and acid in arteriovenous [H+] difference during muscle contractions

To determine the origins of the arteriovenous [H+] difference of muscle during contractions, arterial and muscle venous blood sample pairs were taken before and after 0.5, 5.0, and 30.0 min of 4/s isometric twitches of the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group of anesthetized dogs. These samples were analyzed for PO2, PCO2, and pH, the concentrations of O2, CO2, K+, Na+, La-, and Cl- in whole blood, and La-, K+, Na+, and Cl- in plasma. Whole blood was hemolyzed and analyzed for PO2, PCO2, and pH. Net O2 uptake, CO2 output, L, K+, Na+, and Cl- were calculated in addition to net output of non-CO2 acid (HA) and strong ion difference ([SID]) and common ion [SID] ([K+] + [Na+] - [Cl-] - [La-]). From these data we partitioned the origins of the arteriovenous [H+] difference via the common PCO2-pH diagram and via a [H+]-PCO2 diagram and determined whether true plasma arteriovenous [H+] differences reflect plasma and cell arteriovenous [H+] differences. The arteriovenous [H+] differences of plasma and hemolyzed blood were the same, showing that true plasma does reflect plasma and cells. K+ showed a small significant but transient output. Na+ was not significant, whereas Cl- showed a significant transient uptake. Lactate output and HA, calculated for dog blood acid-base, showed transient outputs and were the same. At 5.0 min when the arteriovenous difference was largest, CO2 alone would have increased [H+] 15.9 nmol/l whereas desaturation of Hb would have decreased [H+] 4.2 nmol/l and lactate could have raised [H+] 1.0 nmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

四种生态型芦苇叶中离子分布对生境的生理适应

采用X射线微区分析技术,测定了4种生态型芦苇(Phragmites australis (CaV.) Trin. exSteud.)叶的表皮泡状细胞、叶肉细胞和叶脉维管束鞘细胞离子的含量.结果表明:沼泽芦苇的鞘细胞内,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Cl-分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞高.沙丘芦苇的泡状细胞中Ca2+分布较叶肉细胞和鞘细胞高,而Mg2+在其叶肉细胞,以及K+、Na+和Cl-在其鞘细胞内分布均较高.在轻度盐化草甸芦苇的叶肉细胞内分布较多的Na+和Mg2+,而在鞘细胞内K+、Ca2+ 和Cl-的分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞为高.重度盐化草甸芦苇的泡状细胞内Na+和Mg2+的分布较多;同样,在叶肉细胞中K+、Ca2+和Cl-的分布也较多.最后,讨论了上述各种离子在不同生态型芦苇叶内分布的状况, 以及与其环境适应的生理意义.     

星形神经胶质细胞摄取谷氨酸与环境因子和离子运输的关系

本文以星形神经胶质细胞为对象,用同位素示踪技术较详细地研究了介质中Na、、K~+和CL~-、不同浓度的卡因酸以及几种抑制剂对L-谷氨酸摄取的影响;并观察了L-谷氨酸对星形神经胶质细胞膜运输Na~+、K~+、Cl~-和Ca~(2+)等的作用.结果表明:L-谷氨酸的摄取依赖于介质中是否存在Na~+ ,在缺Na~+介质中对Cl~-的依赖性也较明显,但在正常Na~+浓度下,含Cl~_和缺Cl~_没有明显差别.当增加介质中K~+浓度引起膜的去极化时,则能降低L~_谷氨酸的摄取.反过来,L-谷氨酸的摄取也对Na~+、K~+、Cl~-等的运输起刺激作用.此外,卡因酸及所用的几种抑制剂对谷氨酸的摄取办有明显抑制作用.     

Regulatory interaction of ATP Na+ and Cl- in the turnover cycle of the NaK2Cl cotransporter

To probe the mechanism by which intracellular ATP, Na+, and Cl- influence the activity of the NaK2Cl cotransporter, we measured bumetanide-sensitive (BS) 86Rb fluxes in the osteosarcoma cell line UMR- 106-01. Under physiological gradients of Na+, K+, and Cl-, depleting cellular ATP by incubation with deoxyglucose and antimycin A (DOG/AA) for 20 min at 37 degrees C reduced BS 86Rb uptake from 6 to 1 nmol/mg protein per min. Similar incubation with 0.5 mM ouabain to inhibit the Na+ pump had no effect on the uptake, excluding the possibility that DOG/AA inhibited the uptake by modifying the cellular Na+ and K+ gradients. Loading the cells with Na+ and depleting them of K+ by a 2-3- h incubation with ouabain or DOG/AA increased the rate of BS 86Rb uptake to approximately 12 nmol/mg protein per min. The unidirectional BS 86Rb influx into control cells was approximately 10 times faster than the unidirectional BS 86Rb efflux. On the other hand, at steady state the unidirectional BS 86Rb influx and efflux in ouabain-treated cells were similar, suggesting that most of the BS 86Rb uptake into the ouabain-treated cells is due to K+/K+ exchange. The entire BS 86Rb uptake into ouabain-treated cells was insensitive to depletion of cellular ATP. However, the influx could be converted to ATP-sensitive influx by reducing cellular Cl- and/or Na+ in ouabain-treated cells to impose conditions for net uptake of the ions. The BS 86Rb uptake in ouabain-treated cells required the presence of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the extracellular medium. Thus, loading the cells with Na+ induced rapid 86Rb (K+) influx and efflux which, unlike net uptake, were insensitive to cellular ATP. Therefore, we suggest that ATP regulates a step in the turnover cycle of the cotransporter that is required for net but not K+/K+ exchange fluxes. Depleting control cells of Cl- increased BS 86Rb uptake from medium-containing physiological Na+ and K+ concentrations from 6 to approximately 15 nmol/mg protein per min. The uptake was blocked by depletion of cellular ATP with DOG/AA and required the presence of all three ions in the external medium. Thus, intracellular Cl- appears to influence net uptake by the cotransporter. Depletion of intracellular Na+ was as effective as depletion of Cl- in stimulating BS 86Rb uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Volume-dependent regulation of ion carriers in human and rat erythrocytes: role of cytoskeleton and protein phosphorylation

This study examines the effect of heat-induced cytoskeleton transitions and phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitors on the activity of shrinkage-induced Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransport and Na+/H+ exchange in rat erythrocytes and swelling-induced K+, Cl- cotransport in human and rat blood cells. Preincubation of human and rat erythrocytes at 49 degrees C drastically activated K+, Cl- cotransport and completely (rat) or partly (human) abolished its volume-dependent regulation. The same procedure did not affect basal activity of Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransport but completely abolished its activation by shrinkage thus suggesting the involvement of a thermosensitive element of cytoskeleton network in the volume-dependent regulation of cotransporters. Both the shrinkage- and electrochemical proton gradient-induced Na+/H+ exchange was inhibited by the heat treatment to the same extent (50-70%), thus indicating the different signaling pathways involved in the activation of Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransport and Na+/H+ exchange by cell shrinkage. This suggestion is in accordance with data on the different kinetics of volume-dependent activation and inactivation of these carriers as well as on their sensitivity to medium osmolality. Both swelling- and heat-induced increments of K+, Cl- cotransport activity were diminished by inhibitors of phosphoprotein phosphatases (okadaic acid and calyculin). In rat erythrocytes these compounds potentiate shrinkage-induced Na+/H+ exchange. On the contrary, neither basal nor shrinkage-induced Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransport was affected by these compounds. Our results indicate a key role of cytoskeleton network in volume-dependent activation of K+, Cl- and Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransport and the involvement of protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle in regulation of the activity of K+, Cl- cotransport and Na+/H+ exchange.     

半根和全根干旱对嘎拉苹果组培苗渗透调节物质积累的影响

以1年生苹果组培苗为试验材料,用改良的Hoagland营养液加20％聚乙二醇6000进行半根渗透胁迫（HRS）处理,与全根渗透胁迫（WRS）和只加营养液的对照（CK）进行比较,研究了根系不均匀供水条件下植株的叶片水势、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸、町溶性糖、淀粉等几种有机溶质,以及Na^-、K^-、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-等无机离子的含量变化特点。结果表明,HRS与CK之问叶片的日出前水势不存在显著差异,但显著高于WRS。叶片的日出前水势与叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量之间呈负相关关系,与淀粉含量之问呈正相关关系,与Na^-、K^-、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-之间没有相关关系。表明干旱胁迫后苹果幼苗叶片中脯氨酸等有机溶质参与渗透调节作用,无机离子的作用较小。HRS叶片中有机溶质没有大量积累,表明HRS植株整体的水分供应状况良好。     

盐胁迫下柚和橘幼苗体内矿质元素变化的比较研究

采用沙培法,对盐胁迫下坪山柚和福橘幼苗体内矿质元素的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,坪山柚和福橘幼苗根部及地上部Na^＋、Cl-含量增加,且相同浓度下,福橘比坪山柚高。40mmol／L NaCI胁迫下,坪山柚和福橘幼苗地上部的K^＋、Fe含量,根部的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Zn含量显著下降,而根部Fe含量及地上部Zn含量显著增加。随NaCl浓度增大,坪山柚根部K^＋含量,地上部Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋含量变化不明显,而福橘根部、地上部上述离子含量在NaCl浓度≥160mmol／L时均显著下降。因此,根部K^＋含量,地上部Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋含量存在品种问差异,或许可作为耐盐性鉴定指标。NaCl胁迫降低坪山柚和福橘幼苗根部及地上部P、Mn含量,而Cu含量在较高浓度NaCl胁迫下显著增加。NaCl胁迫明显降低坪山柚和福橘幼苗地上部K^＋／Na^＋、Ca^2＋／Na^＋和Mg^2＋／Na^＋值,其中K^＋／Na^＋值的变化可考虑作为柑橘耐盐性鉴定的指标。     

Substrate and inhibitor binding and translocation by the platelet plasma membrane serotonin transporter

The Na+ and Cl- dependence of imipramine binding and dissociation were determined in platelet plasma membrane vesicles. Equilibrium imipramine binding affinity depends on Na+ binding to two non-interacting, low-affinity sites. Binding of a single Cl- ion also enhances imipramine affinity. Imipramine dissociation is inhibited by Na+ and Cl-, indicating that both ions can bind after imipramine. Of the two Na+ ions required for imipramine binding, only one is involved in slowing imipramine dissociation, indicating that imipramine binding makes the two Na+ ions non-equivalent. The initial rate of imipramine association is strongly Na(+)-dependent, suggesting that Na+ binds prior to imipramine. Cl-, however, affects imipramine dissociation but not association. Thus, while Na+ and Cl- can bind either before or after imipramine, kinetic considerations impose a most likely binding order of first Na+, then imipramine and finally Cl-. We have confirmed and extended these conclusions using serotonin exchange and efflux measurements. Efflux of radioactivity from vesicles preloaded with [3H]serotonin is stimulated by both external K+ and external unlabelled serotonin. K+ acts to accelerate a step that is rate-limiting for net efflux but that does not involve Na+, Cl- or serotonin translocation. Unlabelled serotonin accelerates radioactivity efflux by exchanging with intravesicular label. This serotonin exchange requires external Cl-, but not external Na+. These results suggest that first Na+, then serotonin and finally Cl- bind from the external medium. Although serotonin exchange requires external Cl-, internal Cl- is not required. These results suggest that translocation does not disturb the spatial order of bound substrates, which dissociate internally in a first-in-first-out order.     

Ion-sparing diuresis by 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol, a synthetic mammalian-lignan derivative.

Diuretic properties of a synthetic lignan, 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol (hattalin), and a naturally occurring arctigenin were examined in BALB/c male mice and Wistar male rats. Intra peritoneal administration of hattalin (50 mg/kg) in mice increased urine volume by 1.7-3.1 fold that of placebo-treated animals 40-260 min after administration (p less than 0.05 vs control). In contrast, 100 mg/kg of arctigenin had no effect on urine volume in mice. Hattalin (100 mg/kg), arctigenin (100 mg/kg), or furosemide (50 mg/kg) as a positive control was administered orally to rats, and accumulated urine volume was measured for up to 6-12 h. The urine volume of animals administered with hattalin showed 1.4-1.5 fold that of placebo-treated animals after 2-6 h of administration (P less than 0.05, n = 10). On the other hand, arctigenin showed no significant effect on urine volume for up to 12 h after administration (n = 8). The urine volume in animals administered with furosemide (n = 10) was 2.0-3.0 fold that of placebo-treated animals (P less than 0.01). Furosemide increased total Na+, K+, or Cl- excretion by 1.9, 1.8 or 2.2 fold, respectively, when compared with placebo-treated controls (P less than 0.01), whereas hattalin decreased Na+ excretion by 3.6 times (P less than 0.01), K+ excretion by 1.4 times (not significant), and Cl- excretion by 3.1 times (P less than 0.01). Serum Na+ and K+ levels did not change in both furosemide- and hattalin-administered rats, however, serum Cl- levels in these animals significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) when compared with controls. The results suggest that the diuretic property of hattalin is due to a novel mechanism which is different from that of furosemide or other diuretics modifying the ion-exchange at the uriniferous tubules.     

The effects of various anions and cations on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity from pig kidney cortex.

The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) purified from pig kidney cortex was found to be affected by various uni- and bi-valent ions. At a constant strength of 0.13 M at pH 7.8, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3- and HPO4(2-) had significant effects on the activity of PDC: Na+, K+ and HPO4(2-) stimulated, but HCO3- and Cl- inhibited. The stimulatory effect of Na+ was mediated by a change in the Vmax. of PDC only, whereas K+ produced an increase in Vmax. and a change in the Hill coefficient (h). The extent of stimulation produced by HPO4(2-)4 on the activity of PDC was dependent on the concentrations of K+ and Na+. Both cations at concentrations higher than 40 mM partially prevented the effect of HPO4(2-)4. Cl- and HCO3- anions decreased the Vmax. of the enzyme and increased the S0.5 for pyruvate. The effects of Na+, K+, Cl-, HPO4(2-) and HCO3- on the activity of PDC were additive. In the presence of 80 mM-K+, 20 mM-Na+, 10 mM-HPO4(2-), 20 mM-Cl- and 20 mM-HCO3- the activity of PDC was increased by 30%, the S0.5 for pyruvate was increased from 75 to 158 microM and h was decreased from 1.3 to 1.1. Under these conditions and at 1.0 mM-pyruvate, the activity of PDC was 80% of the maximal activity achieved in the presence of these ions and 4.5 mM-pyruvate. The present study suggests that PDC may operate under non-saturating concentrations for substrate in vivo.     

Osmoadaptation in representatives of haloalkaliphilic bacteria from soda lakes

The adaptation of microorganisms to life in brines allows two strategies: the accumulation of organic osmoregulators in the cell (as in many moderate halophiles, halomonads in particular) or the accumulation of inorganic ions at extremely high intracellular concentrations (as, for example, in haloanaerobes). To reveal the regularities of osmoregulation in haloalkaliphiles developing in soda lakes, Halomonas campisalis Z-7398-2 and Halomonas sp. AIR-2 were chosen as representatives of halomonads, and Natroniella acetigena, as a representative of haloanaerobes. It was established that, in alkaliphilic halomonads, the intracellular concentrations of inorganic ions are insufficient for counterbalancing the environmental osmotic pressure and balance is attained due to the accumulation of organic osmoregulators, such as ectoine and betaine. On the contrary, the alkaliphilic haloanaerobe N. acetigena employs K+, Na+, and Cl- ions for osmoregulation. High intracellular salt concentrations increasing with the content of Na+ in the medium were revealed in this organism. At a concentration of 1.91 M Na+ in the medium, N. acetigena accumulated 0.83 M K+, 0.91 M Na+, and 0.29 M Cl- in cells, and, with an increase in the Na+ content in the medium to 2.59 M, it accumulated 0.94 M K+, 1.98 M Na+, and 0.89 M Cl-, which counterbalanced the external osmotic pressure and provided for cell turgor. Thus, it was shown that alkaliphilic microorganisms use osmoregulation strategies similar to those of halophiles and these mechanisms are independent of the mechanism of pH homeostasis.     

猪精子体外获能前后离子成分变化

应用扫描电镜和镜射电镜能谱技术,为猪精子获能前后质膜表面和内部的离子成分进行了研究,结果表明,猪精子获能后质膜表面的Na~+和Al~(3+)升高,而Cl~-和Ca~(2+)降低;精子顶体内Na~+和Cl~-降低,Ca~(2+)、K~+和Fe~(2+)升高;中段线粒体内的Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)升高,而K~+和Cl~-降低。文章分析了精子获能后顶体内Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)变化的浓度比和摩尔比。     

Thermal sweat lactate in cystic fibrosis and in normal children

We attempt to determine whether the decrease in Na+ reabsorption and the increase in K+ secretion in sweat of cystic fibrosis patients (CF) were associated with changes in glandular anaerobic metabolism evaluated by forehead sweat lactate excretion rate. 6 CF and 11 normal (C) children, 5 months to 14 years old, were exposed to external thermal load (45 degrees C). The data showed that: 1) Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations in CF are constant at any flow rate (Qsw); 2) In both groups the excretion rates of Na+, K+ and Cl- increased linearly with Qsw but the slopes in CF were significantly higher than in C (p less than 0.001); 3) Lactate excretion rate increased with Qsw as in CF and C with the same slope. We suggest that an increase in energy expenditure of Na+ - K+ exchange and an active secretion of K+ by the duct could explain the normal energy metabolism that we observed in CF sweat glands.     

Vanadium-induced Cl(-)-secretion in rabbit descending colon is mediated by prostaglandins.

Vanadium in the 4+ (vanadyl-ion) and 5+ (vanadate-ion) oxidation state stimulates furosemide-sensitive electrogenic Cl- secretion in isolated epithelia of rabbit descending colon. This effect is associated with an increased release of prostaglandin E2 from the tissue. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 or cyclooxygenase abolish both vanadium-induced release of prostaglandin E2 and Cl- secretion. Neuronal mechanisms are not likely to be involved, as tetrodotoxin does not affect the vanadate induced Cl- secretion. Although vanadate is known to inhibit Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity, no inhibition of active Na+ transport was observed in intact colonic epithelia suggesting a rapid intracellular reduction of vanadate ions to vanadyl ions which have no inhibitory effect on the Na+,K(+)-ATPase. The present findings therefore indicate that vanadate stimulated colonic Cl- secretion involves intracellular conversion of vanadate to vanadyl and release of prostaglandin E2.     

Loop diuretics may fail to inhibit (Na+, K+, Cl−) ‘cotransport’ in human red cells

The inhibition of passive K+ influx into human red blood cells (RBC) by loop diuretics was found to be dependent on the external Na+ concentration. In the absence of external Na+, there was minimal inhibition but the influx remained dependent on Cl- ions. Thus, raising the external Na+ concentration increased the affinity of the putative (Na+, K+, Cl-) cotransport system in human RBC for loop diuretics.     

Ca2(+)-dependent glucose transport in chicken intestine

Transport of glucose was measured in the intestine of white leghorn layers in vivo using ligated upper small intestinal segment in the presence of Ca2+ and other ions either singly or in combination. Transport of glucose across the intestine was very significantly increased with Ca2+ than Na+, K+ and Po4(3-) individually, but when Ca2+ was combined with Na+, K+ and PO4(3-), the glucose absorption increased significantly over that achieved by Na+ ions alone. These data revealed that Ca2+ ions might be exerting the major influence on glucose transport processes of the chicken intestine.     

Na+, K+ and Cl- transport in isolated small intestinal cells from guinea pig. Evidences for the existence of a second Na+ pump

Isolated small intestinal epithelial cells, after incubation at 4 degrees C for 30 min, reach ion concentrations (36 mM K+, 113 mM Na+ and 110 mM Cl-) very similar to those of the incubation medium. Upon rewarming to 37 degrees C, cells are able to extrude Na+, Cl- and water and to gain K+. Na+ extrusion is performed by two active mechanisms. The first mechanism, transporting Na+ by exchanging it for K+, is inhibited by ouabain and is insensitive to ethacrynic acid. It is the classical Na+ pump. The second mechanism transports Na+ with Cl- and water, is insensitive to ouabain but is inhibited by ethacrynic acid. Both mechanisms are inhibited by dinitrophenol and anoxia. The second Na+ extruding mechanism could be the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport system. However, this possibility can be ruled out because the force driving cotransport would work inwards, and because Na+ extrusion with water loss continues after substitution of Cl- by NO3-. We propose that enterocytes have a second Na+ pump, similar to that proposed in proximal tubular cells.