钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路参与前列腺素F2α诱导的心肌肥厚

利用野百合碱（monocrotaline,MCT）诱导大鼠右心室肥厚模型和培养乳鼠心肌细胞,研究前列腺素F2α（prostaglandin F2α,PGF2α）在心肌肥厚中的作用及钙调神经磷酸酶（calcineurin,CaN）信号通路征其中的作用。在雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠中,用MCT（60mg／kg）单次i．p．诱导右心室肥厚,同时用塞来旨布（20mg／kg）预防／治疗给药2周。用病理检测、电镜观察等方法观察心肌肥厚时组织病理改变;EIA试剂盒检测心肌组织PGF2α含量;RT-PCR检测心房钠尿肽（atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP）和CaNmRNA的表达;用蛋白免疫印迹法检测CaN及其下游因了NFAT3和GATA4蛋门质的表达。以心肌细胞直径、蛋白含量和ANP mRNA表达的变化为0．1μmol／L PGF2α诱导心肌细胞肥大的指标。以CaN mRNA表达作为该信号通路的主要指标,并观察CaN抑制剂环孢素A对PGF2α所致心肌细胞肥人和CaN mRNA表达的影响。结果显示：MCT注射2周（M2W组）,右心室肥厚指数（RVHI）、右心室／体重比及肺重／体重比分别增加了47％、53％和118％;注射后4周（M4W组）增加了64％、94％及156％。电镜观察发现右心室组织损伤。同时,右心室组织PGF2α含量在M2W和M4W组分别增加了44％和51％,与RVHI、ANP和CaN的mRNA表达,及CaN／NFAT3／GATA4的蛋白质表达均呈正相关。环氧酶抑制剂塞来昔布预防和治疗给药均明显改善MCT诱导的组织病理学改变。在高体细胞培养中,PGF2α（0．1μmol／L）明显使心肌细胞增大,蛋白质含量增加,ANP和CaN mRNA表达增强：同时,CaN抑制剂环孢素A明显抑制PGF2α诱导的心肌细胞肥大和CaN mRNA表达。上述结果提示：心肌组织局部PGF2α参与了MCT诱导的心肌肥厚过程,CaN信号通路是其细胞内信号转导通路之一。     

EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的作用

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG）是绿茶提取物EGCG的生物活性成分,为了探讨其对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响,以不同浓度EGCG处理猪前体脂肪细胞,MTT法测定EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞生长的影响;油红O染色检测猪前体脂肪细胞的形态学变化;油红O染色提取法定量分析脂肪细胞充脂量的变化;半定量RT-PCR检测分化转录因子过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体佗（PPARγ2）和CCAAT／增强子结合蛋白α（C／EBPα）mRNA表达水平变化。结果显示：EGCG随着浓度的递增显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖（P〈0．01）;低浓度的EGCG（5μmol／L）不影响脂肪细胞分化,而高浓度EGCG（200μmol／L）显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化,同时下调PPARγ2和C／EBPαmRNA表达,本研究结果表明EGCG可抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖和分化。     

杜香不同提取部位的镇痛抗炎作用研究

采用小鼠醋酸扭体法和角叉菜胶致小鼠足掌肿胀模型筛选杜香三种提取部位镇痛抗炎作用.结果显示,甲醇提取物(10.0、1.0 mg/kg)和水提物(10.0 mg/kg)能显著抑制醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应和角叉菜胶引起的小鼠足趾水肿.水提物(10.0 mg/kg)在致炎后2～4 h内效果接近吲哚美辛.高效液相色谱结果提示甲醇提取物的镇痛抗炎效果可能通过其所含黄酮类化合物实现.     

蒲公英提取物黄酮类物质成分及其抗氧化活性的初步研究

蒲公英全草干粉经乙醇回流提取,聚酰胺柱层析（poyamide pole)得到的黄酮类提取物（total flavonoid)的纯度为67．4％,用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定其中的芦丁（Rutin)占5．49％,槲皮素占1．22％,另外还有其他黄酮类物质,经NBT法测定的结果表明,萍公英黄酮类提取物和其中的芦丁均有较强的体清全超氧阴离子(O^－2）的能力。     

山野木层孔菌子实体中抑制H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的活性成分研究

采用梯度提取法对山野木层孔菌子实体进行提取,得到石油醚层、甲醇层及水层3 种提取物及石油醚层中获得化合物4,6,8(14),22(23)-四烯-3-酮-麦角甾烷,并采用H22 荷瘤小鼠进行体内抗肿瘤活性研究,以抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子为指标检测抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,石油醚高剂量组（100mg/kg）、单体化合物中剂量组（7.5mg/kg）抑制率分别为62.21%、57.67%;脾指数、胸腺指数均高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组,白介素-2（IL-2）的含量明显高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组（P＜0.01）;肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）。因此认为上述石油醚提取物和单体化合物对H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤有抑制作用,并且均能改善小鼠的免疫功能。     

熊果酸对糖尿病小鼠肾病的保护作用及机制研究

目的：观察熊果酸（UA）对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠肾病的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：昆明种小鼠一次性尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶（70mg／kg）,72h后将血糖高于13．9mmol／L者视为糖尿病模型。随机分为对照组、模型组和uA组（35mg/kg,i．g．）,连续给药8周。测定血糖,肾脏脏器系数,肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,丙二醛（MDA）,肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）;HE染色观察肾组织病理变化。结果：模型组血糖、脏器指数升高;肾组织中SOD活力降低,MDA含量明显升高;TNE-α,IL-6表达增多;病理学显示模型组肾脏细胞萎缩,排列不整齐,可见炎症细胞浸润和间质增生,UA组明显改善上述变化。结论：熊果酸对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠肾脏损伤有明显的改善作用,其机制可能与降血糖,抗氧化作用和抑制炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6有关。     

NAA对蜜环菌生长及CAT,SOD活性影响的研究

低浓度（低于30mg／L）的α－萘乙酸（NAA）能刺激密环菌的生长,其生长量可提高0～47．1％;并促进密环菌中SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性提高,随NAA处理浓度的增加及时间的延长（0～12d）2酶活性随之增强。过高浓度则2酶活性提高率下降,但仍高于对照。10mg／LNAA处理12dSOD活性提高61．1％,处理16dCAT活性提高54．7％。10mg／LNAA处理时可提高密环菌中可溶性蛋白质含量13．0％～17．4％。     

TNF—α对哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖及ERK1／2活性的影响

目的探讨TNF—α对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMCs）增殖及对ASMCs上ERK1／2mRNA、p-ERK1／2表达水平的影响。方法通过对哮喘模型大鼠ASMCs培养,分别以0．2μg／L、1．0μg/L、20μg/L TNF-α干预ASMCs生长。采用流式细胞仪、MTT法检测ASMCs增殖情况,观察不同浓度TNF—α对ASMCs增殖的影响。RT-PCR检测ASMCs上ERK1／2mRNA表达,免疫细胞化学染色法检测磷酸化ERK1／2蛋白的表达及定位。结果哮喘组ASMCsS期比例、A值、ERK1／2mRNA、p-ERK1／2蛋白的表达量分别为（34．45±2．08）％、（0．550±0．010）、（0．995±0．118）、（130．77±4．16）,与对照组（11．17±0．96）％、（0．292±0．008）、（0．576±0．098）、（163．82±1．38）比较均显著增高（均P〈0．01）。各TNF—α干预组ASMCs的S期比例、A值、ERK1／2mRNA和p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量与哮喘组比较均显著降低（均P〈0．01）,0．2μg/L和1．0μg／LTN-α组p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量高于对照组（P〈0．01）,20μg／L TNF-α组p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量与对照组比较无差异（P〉0．05）。结论与正常鼠相比,慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖明显,处于S期的细胞比例明显增高。经TNF—α干预后,慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞处于S期的细胞比例减少,增殖减弱,TNF-α可能抑制慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖。TNF—α可下调慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞上ERK1／2mRNA及p-ERK1／2表达,TNF-α可能通过抑制ERK信号转导通道的活性对气道平滑肌细胞的增殖进行调控。     

表达ST1-LTB-α-β融合蛋白基因工程菌株的构建及其免疫原性分析

采用分子生物学技术构建了含有ST1-LTB-α-β融合基因的重组菌株BL21（DE3）（pETST3LTBαβ）,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析表明ST1-LTB-α-β融合基因在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,融合蛋白分子量约为110kD;20L发酵罐培养得到的最佳诱导条件为：重组菌株以1％接种量、5L／min通气量培养3h后加终浓度为0．03mol／L的乳糖诱导,通气量升至12．5L／min继续培养6h,表达量占菌体总蛋白的38．53％;表达的ST1-LTB-α-β融合蛋白无毒性但具有免疫原性。可以抵抗大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的感染;构建的重组菌株BL21（DE3）（pETST3LTBαβ）有望作为预防仔猪腹泻基因工程疫苗的候选生产菌株。     

光活化α-三噻吩诱发稗草愈伤组织保护酶系的反应

用α-三噻吩(α-T)处理稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)愈伤组织,经近紫外光照射后,形成细胞内的氧化胁迫环境。发现经0．1、1和10mg／L浓度α-T处理,所测谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化物酶(POD)的光照诱导活性程度明显高于非光照的活性,其中1mg／L浓度处理,光照所提高活性分别为26.78％、217．66％和124．72％。但随着处理浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性呈下降趋势,以1mg／L和10mg／L的浓度处理,所测SOD抑制率分别为19．95％和55．44％。     

Cysteinyl leukotrienes do not mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs

Inhalation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by guinea pigs caused bronchial hyperreactivity to acetylcholine with a peak at 2 hr after exposure. Exposure to 0.01% LPS for 30 min resulted in an elevation of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) which was obtained 1 hr after LPS exposure. The cys-LTs antagonist, ONO-1078 (10 mg/kg, p.o.), significantly inhibited LPS-induced bronchial hyperreactivity, but ICI-204,219 (10 mg/kg, p.o.), another cys-LT antagonist, did not. Each dose employed in the present study was sufficient to inhibit LTD₄ induced broncho-constriction in guinea pigs. In order to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of ONO-1078, the effect on the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was examined. The amount of TNF in BALF increased significantly 2 hr after exposure to LPS. The inhalation of murine recombinant TNF-α (5 × 10⁴ u/ml) resulted in bronchial hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. ONO-1078 (10mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the increase of LPS-induced TNF in BALF, but ICI-204,219 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) had no effect. These results suggest that TNF plays an important role in the onset of LPS-induced bronchial hyper-reactivity, and that ONO-1078 inhibits the LPS-induced airway hyperreactivity probably due to the inhibition of TNF production.     

The immunoregulatory effects of edeine analogues in mice

The edeines analogs were tested in several in vitro and in vivo assays using the mouse model, with edeine B (peptide W1) and cyclosporine A as reference compounds. The peptides displayed moderate, stimulatory effects on concanavalin A-induced (ConA-induced) splenocyte proliferation, whereas their effects on pokeweed mitogen-induced (PWM-induced) splenocyte proliferation were inhibitory. The peptides inhibited lipopolysacharide-induced (LPS-induced) tumor necrosis factor alpha production but had little effect on interleukin 6 production. In the model of the humoral immune response in vitro to sheep red blood cells, peptide 1 was distinctly stimulatory in the investigated concentrations (1-100 μg/ml), whereas peptides 3 and 4 only stimulated the number of antibody-forming cells at the highest concentration (100 μg/ml). In the model of the delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo to ovalbumin, the peptides were moderately suppressive (3 being the most active). The reference peptide W1 stimulated ConA-induced cell proliferation at 1–10 μg/ml but was inhibitory at 100 μg/ml. It also inhibited PWM-induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide had no effect on the humoral immune response in vitro or on cytokine production, but inhibited DTH reaction in vivo. The relationship between structure and activity, and a possible mode of action of the peptides, is discussed in this paper.     

连翘酯苷对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞体外增殖与分泌功能的影响

目的分析连翘酯苷（FS）对小鼠脾脏T和B淋巴细胞增殖、分泌NO和TNF-α的影响,初步探讨其免疫调节作用机制。方法无菌操作分离小鼠脾脏,制备脾脏细胞并用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养,在培养液中分别加入刺激剂刀豆蛋白（ConA）和脂多糖（LPS）以及不同浓度40、80、160μg/mL的FS共培养不同时间,采用MTT法检测T和B淋巴细胞的吸光度变化,ELISA和Griess法分别检测细胞分泌TNF-α和NO的水平。结果低浓度和中浓度FS对ConA诱导T淋巴细胞24 h和48 h后细胞增殖和存活率明显提高,诱导时间延长至72 h后FS明显抑制细胞转化;低浓度FS对LPS诱导脾脏B淋巴细胞24 h后细胞增殖和生存率显著提高;FS促进小鼠脾脏T和B淋巴细胞分泌NO;FS促进B淋巴细胞分泌TNF-α,中浓度FS促进T淋巴细胞分泌TNF-α而高浓度反而抑制其分泌。此外,FS对环磷酰胺（CY）处理小鼠的脾脏淋巴细胞体外增殖有明显影响,对细胞NO分泌影响不显著。结论结果提示FS可能通过影响小淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌而调节免疫细胞功能。     

Design,synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs as anti-inflammatory agents

Two novel series of oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs possessing an indole nucleus were synthesized for their potential anti-inflammatory activity. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral (IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and MS) analysis. Most of the test compounds demonstrated appreciable anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of oxadiazoles at doses of 100?mg/kg was shown by their ability to provide 27–66%, 14–32%, and 20-51%. protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory properties of oxadiazolines at doses of 100?mg/kg were reflected by their ability to provide 20-56%, 11–26%, and 25–47% protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. The ulcerogenic potential of the compounds was determined. Structure–activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.     

L-精氨酸对脂多糖诱导大鼠肺损伤的保护作用及其机制的研究

目的：观察一氧化氮供体L-精氨酸（L-Arg）对脂多糖诱导大鼠肺损伤炎症反应和核因子-κB（NF-κB）信号通路的影响,探讨L-Arg对肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠采用舌下静脉注射脂多糖（LPS）复制肺损伤模型,分别于给予LPS3h和6h后给予生理盐水（对照组及LPS组,ip）和L-Arg（500mg/kgip）（L-Arg治疗组）,治疗3h。每组8只动物。免疫组化染色分析肺组织中NF-κB的核移位;逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肺组织细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）基因表达;放射免疫法分别测定肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白介素6（IL-6）的含量;光镜观察肺组织病理变化。结果：与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后NF-κB活化,明显从细胞浆移位于细胞核,表达量也显著增加;ICAM-1基因表达上调;肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高。肺损伤3h用L-Arg治疗3h后,NF-κB从细胞浆向细胞核的移位被明显限制,NF-κB的表达量、肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显低于相应的LPS组,肺组织病理改变减轻;肺损伤6h用L-Arg治疗3h对LPS引起的以上变化没有明显影响。结论：LPS3h后给予L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,抑制核因子的活化,在一定程度上阻断NF-κB相关信号通路的传导,减轻炎症反应是其机制之一。     

Anti-inflammatory effects of anethole in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Aims

Anethole, the major component of the essential oil of star anise, has been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of anethole in a mouse model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Main methods

BALB/C mice were intraperitoneally administered anethole (62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg) 1 h before intratracheal treatment with LPS (1.5 mg/kg) and sacrificed after 4 h. The anti-inflammatory effects of anethole were assessed by measuring total protein and cell levels and inflammatory mediator production and by histological evaluation and Western blot analysis.

Key findings

LPS significantly increased total protein levels; numbers of total cells, including macrophages and neutrophils; and the production of inflammatory mediators such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anethole (250 mg/kg) decreased total protein concentrations; numbers of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and macrophages; and the inflammatory mediators MMP-9, TNF-α and NO. In addition, pretreatment with anethole decreased LPS-induced histopathological changes. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of anethole in LPS-induced acute lung injury was assessed by investigating the effects of anethole on NF-κB activation. Anethole suppressed the activation of NF-κB by blocking IκB-α degradation.

Significance

These results, showing that anethole prevents LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in mice, suggest that anethole may be therapeutically effective in inflammatory conditions in humans.     

实验性急性肝衰竭大鼠血清中TNF-α的来源及水平变化

目的研究D-氨基半乳糖／内毒素所致大鼠急性肝衰竭模型中血清内TNF-α的来源及不同时间点的水平变化。方法取30只Wistar大鼠腹腔内注射D-氨基半乳糖／内毒素诱导大鼠急性肝衰竭模型（AHF组,n=30）,于建模3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h各取5只动物检测其血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）与肝组织的病理形态学变化;采用ELISA检测不同时间点动物血清中TNF-α水平的变化;通过免疫组化法检测不同时间点动物肝、肺组织内TNF-α的表达。另取30只Wistar大鼠腹腔内注射等量生理盐水为正常对照（N组,n=30）。结果AHF组各时间点血清ALT的增高与N组相比有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,肝脏内炎细胞浸润、坏死明显;AHF组与N组相比血清内TNF-α的增高在3h（P〈0．01）、6h（P〈0．05）有统计学差异;AHF组肺组织与N组相比TNF-α的表达在3h、6h、12h（均为P〈0．01）有统计学差异。结论本实验成功建立了大鼠AHF模型;TNF-α在此模型的早期阶段起重要作用;肺脏可能是血清内TNF-α的主要来源之一。     

c-Jun N-terminal kinase attenuates TNFα signaling by reducing Nox1-dependent endosomal ROS production in vascular smooth muscle cells

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine, causes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration and promotes inflammatory vascular lesions. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation by TNFα requires endosomal superoxide production by Nox1. In endothelial cells, TNFα stimulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which inhibits NF-κB signaling. The mechanism by which JNK negatively regulates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation has not been defined. We hypothesized that JNK modulates NF-κB activation in VSMC, and does so via a Nox1-dependent mechanism. TNFα-induced NF-κB activation was TNFR1- and endocytosis-dependent. Inhibition of endocytosis with dominant-negative dynamin (DynK44A) potentiated TNFα-induced JNK activation, but decreased ERK activation, while p38 kinase phosphorylation was not altered. DynK44A attenuated intracellular, endosomal superoxide production in wild-type (WT) VSMC, but not in NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) knockout (KO) cells. siRNA targeting JNK1 or JNK2 potentiated, while a JNK activator (anisomycin) inhibited, TNFα-induced NF-κB activation in WT, but not in Nox1 KO cells. TNFα-stimulated superoxide generation was enhanced by JNK1 inhibition in WT, but not in Nox1 KO VSMC. These data suggest that JNK suppresses the inflammatory response to TNFα by reducing Nox1-dependent endosomal ROS production. JNK and endosomal superoxide may represent novel targets for pharmacologic modulation of TNFα signaling and vascular inflammation.