共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
From possessive suffix to affective demonstrative suffix in Hungarian: a grammaticalization analysis
Tamás Halm 《Morphology》2018,28(4):359-396
The non-possessive uses of possessive morphology in Uralic languages have been a topic of intense debate (Fraurud 2001; Nikolaeva 2003; Gerland 2014; Janda 2015; É. Kiss and Tánczos to appear). In this paper, I focus on a special use of the poss.3sg suffix in Hungarian constructions such as a hülyéje (the stupid-poss.3sg): lit. ‘its stupid’, meaning ‘that total idiot’. My main claim is that this suffix is an affective demonstrative suffix (Lakoff 1974; Liberman 2008; Potts and Schwarz 2010), and that it has developed as a result of grammaticalization from a full-fledged possessive construction of the form a világ hülyéje (the world stupid-poss.3sg): lit. ‘the world’s stupid’, meaning: ‘the biggest idiot in the world’. I will show that this gradual process can be reconstructed fairly accurately using historical and contemporary corpora. I also claim that this grammaticalization pathway is very natural as it is based on a set-element relationship which is often expressed by possessive constructions cross-linguistically. I also identify two parameters which facilitate this grammaticalization process: the availability of (silent) pro possessors and the lack of gender agreement on the possessive suffix. Since Uralic languages in general have these parameters, I will argue that this grammaticalization pathway should at least be considered as one of the possible sources of the demonstrative (and definiteness marking) uses of poss.3sg suffixes in Uralic languages. Finally, my results are also an important contribution to the debate on whether demonstratives can be derived from other functional elements through grammaticalization (Plank 1979; Traugott 1982; Himmelmann 1997). 相似文献
2.
Yu Cheng Tang Marilyn Thoman Phyllis-Jean Linton Albert Deisseroth 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2009,58(12):1949-1957
Multiple investigators have reported thepresence of defects in the immune response of the elderly [Castle In: Clin Infect Dis 31:578, 2000; Ortqvist et al. In: Eur Respir J 30:414–422, 2007; Saurwein-Teissl et al. In: J Immunol 168:5893, 2002; Haynes et al. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15053–15058, 2003]. These defects reduce the magnitude of the immune response to infection and to vaccination. In individuals greater than 55 years of age, the probability of developing a fully protective neutralizing antibody response to the yearly multivalent particle inactivated influenza vaccine is less than 20% [Jefferson et al. In: Lancet 264:1165–1174, 2005; Goodwin et al. In: Vaccine 24:1159–1169, 2006; Jackson et al. In: Lancet 372:398–405, 2008; Simonsen and Taylor In: Lancet 7:658–666, 2007]. The defects in the aged immune system that are responsible for this limited response to vaccination in the older age groups include functional defects of the antigen presenting cells, functional defects in CD4 helper CD4 T cells and monocytes, and an altered microenvironment [Eaton et al. In: J Exp Med 200:1613–1622, 2004; Dong et al. In: J Gen Virol 84:1623–1628, 2003; Deng et al. In: Immunology 172:3437–3446, 2004; Cella et al. In: J Exp Med 184:747–752, 1996]. Starting at puberty, the involution of the thymus and the consequent reduction of the export of naïve T cells specific to neo-antigens leads to the reduction of the ratio of antigen naïve to memory cells as chronological age advances [Prelog In: AutoimmunRev 5:136–139, 2006; McElhaney et al. In: J Immunology 176:6333–6339, 2006]. Changes in glycosylation of T cells and target antigens acquired during the aging process and the antibodies to these new glycopeptides and glycoproteins may also contribute to a reduction in the functioning of the adaptive immune response [Ishii et al. In: J Clin Neurosci 14:110–115, 2007; Shirai et al. In: Clin Exp Immunol 12:455–464, 1972; Adkins and Riley In: Mech AgeingDev 103:147–164, 1998; Ben-Yehuda and Weksler In: Cancer Investigation 10:525–531, 1992]. One of the more interesting examples of the functional defects in the cells of the adaptive immune response is a reduced level of expression in the surface cytoadhesion and activation receptor molecules on CD4 helper T cells undergoing activation during vaccination. Upon infection or vaccination, CD40L is typically increased on the surface of CD4 helper T cells during activation, and this increased expression is absolutely essential to the CD40L promotion of expansion of antigen-specific B cells and CD 8 effector T cells in response to infection or vaccination [Singh et al. In: Protein Sci 7:1124–1135, 1998; Grewal and Flavell In: Immunol Res 16: 59–70, 1997; Kornbluth In: J Hematother Stem Cell Res 11:787–801, 2002; Garcia de Vinuesa et al. In: Eur J Immunol 29:3216–3224, 1999]. In aged human beings and mice, the reduced levels of expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in activated CD4 helper T cells is dramatically reduced [Eaton et al. In: J Exp Med 200:1613–1622, 2004; Dong et al. In: J Gen Virol 84:1623–1628, 2003]. To circumvent the reduction in CD40L expression and the subsequent reduction in immune response in the elderly, we have developed a chimeric vaccine comprised of the CD40L linked to the target antigen, in a replication incompetent adenoviral vector and in booster protein. This review will discuss the implementation the potential use of this approach for the vaccination of the older populations for cancer and infection. 相似文献
3.
Pavel Štichauer 《Morphology》2018,28(1):1-23
This paper addresses the phenomenon of mixed paradigms, i.e. mixed perfective auxiliation systems, attested in a wide range of Italo-Romance varieties (cf. Loporcaro 2001, 2007a, 2014; Manzini and Savoia 2005, among others). In these varieties, two auxiliary verbs, esse and habere, alternate within one and the same (sub)paradigm, displaying various patterns which can range from morphosyntactically motivated to apparently unmotivated distributions (here termed ‘morphomic’). I propose that, in these varieties, auxiliary selection is no longer a syntactically driven phenomenon, but becomes morphologized. I draw on the notion of ‘lexical split’ (cf. Corbett 2013, 2015, 2016) and describe the attested splits induced by intraparadigmatic auxiliary alternation. Following Bonami (2015), I put forward a typology of such splits. It is shown that, apart from motivated distributions, some morphomic patterns can also be found. The typology becomes more complex insofar as patterns with free variation between both auxiliaries are taken into account, as well as patently morphomic patterns which also seem to display external syntactic relevance (cf. Corbett 2013: 174–176). The phenomena reviewed and discussed in this paper are of major interest because they demonstrate the existence of competing exponence strategies within periphrasis, thus enriching the notion of ‘possible lexeme’ (cf. Corbett 2015: 146). 相似文献
4.
A better understanding of the molecular pathways regulating the bone remodeling process should help in the development of new antiresorptive regulators and anabolic regulators, that is, regulators of bone resorption and of bone formation. Understanding the mechanisms by which parathyroid hormone (PTH) influences bone formation and how it switches from anabolic to catabolic action is important for treating osteoporosis (Poole and Reeve in Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:612–617, 2005). In this paper we describe a mathematical model of bone remodeling that incorporates, extends, and integrates several models of particular aspects of this biochemical system (Cabal et al. in J Bone Miner Res 28(8):1830–1836, 2013; Lemaire et al. in J Theor Biol 229:293–309, 2004; Peterson and Riggs in Bone 46:49–63, 2010; Raposo et al. in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(9):4330–4340, 2002; Ross et al. in J Disc Cont Dyn Sys Series B 17(6):2185–2200, 2012). We plan to use this model as a bone homeostasis platform to develop anabolic and antiresorptive compounds. The model will allow us to test hypotheses about the dynamics of compounds and to test the potential benefits of combination therapies. At the core of the model is the idealized account of osteoclast and osteoblast signaling given by Lemaire et al. (J Theor Biol 229:293–309, 2004). We have relaxed some of their assumptions about the roles of osteoprotegerin, transforming growth factor \(\upbeta \), and receptor activator of nuclear factor \(\upkappa \)B ligand; we have devised more detailed models of the interactions of these species. We have incorporated a model of the effect of calcium sensing receptor antagonists on remodeling (Cabal et al. in J Bone Miner Res 28(8):1830–1836, 2013). We have also incorporated a basic model of the effects of vitamin D on calcium homeostasis. We have included a simple model of the mechanism proposed by Bellido et al. (2003), Ross et al. (J Disc Cont Dyn Sys Series B 17(6):2185–2200, 2012), of the influence of PTH on osteoblast apoptosis, a mechanism that accounts for the anabolic response to pulsatile PTH administration. Finally, we have devised a simple model of the administration and effects of bisphosphonates. The biomarkers in the model are procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide and C-terminal telopeptide. Bone mineral density is the model’s principal endpoint. 相似文献
5.
First-principle investigation on growth patterns and properties of cobalt-doped lithium nanoclusters
Zhenjun Song 《Journal of molecular modeling》2016,22(6):133
A systematic theoretical investigation on cobalt lithium clusters LinCo [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] was performed with a DFT approach. The location of global minima and structural evolution were carried out using the partical swarm optimization method. Li6Co is the transition structure in going from low-coordinated structures to three-dimensional torispherical structures with a cobalt atom enclosed by lithium atoms. Maxima of ?2 E and E b for LinCo were found at n?=?3, 6, 8, 10, indicating that these clusters possess higher relative stability than their neighbors. In comparison with small clusters, n?=?1–6, the greater electron transfer from Li-2s to Co-3d within cage-like clusters LinCo (n?=?7–12) strengthens the bonding effect between Lin and Co, which is reflected in the Wiberg bond index of Co and atomic binding energy analysis. AdNDP analysis verified the presence of both Lewis bonding elements (1c–2e objects) and delocalized bonding elements (6c–2e, 9c–2e and 10c–2e bonds). It is hoped that this theoretical work will provide favorable information to help understand the influence of dopant transition metal atoms on the properties of lithium-based materials. 相似文献
6.
Recent studies of noncrystalline HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) assemblies by our laboratory and by Polenova and coworkers (Protein Sci 19:716–730, 2010; J Mol Biol 426:1109–1127, 2014; J Biol Chem 291:13098–13112, 2016; J Am Chem Soc 138:8538–8546, 2016; J Am Chem Soc 138:12029–12032, 2016; J Am Chem Soc 134:6455–6466, 2012; J Am Chem Soc 132:1976–1987, 2010; J Am Chem Soc 135:17793–17803, 2013; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:14617–14622, 2015; J Am Chem Soc 138:14066–14075, 2016) have established the capability of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements to provide site-specific structural and dynamical information that is not available from other types of measurements. Nonetheless, the relatively high molecular weight of HIV-1 CA leads to congestion of solid state NMR spectra of fully isotopically labeled assemblies that has been an impediment to further progress. Here we describe an efficient protocol for production of segmentally labeled HIV-1 CA samples in which either the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the C-terminal domain (CTD) is uniformly 15N,13C-labeled. Segmental labeling is achieved by trans-splicing, using the DnaE split intein. Comparisons of two-dimensional solid state NMR spectra of fully labeled and segmentally labeled tubular CA assemblies show substantial improvements in spectral resolution. The molecular structure of HIV-1 assemblies is not significantly perturbed by the single Ser-to-Cys substitution that we introduce between NTD and CTD segments, as required for trans-splicing. 相似文献
7.
Ernst Meiss Philipp Werner Clara John Ludger Scheja Nadja Herbach Jörg Heeren Markus Fischer 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2016,12(3):52
Biomarker studies for metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus (DM) are an important approach towards a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases (Roberts and Gerszten in Cell Metab 18:43–50, 2013; Wilson et al. in Proteome Res 4:591–598, 2005). Furthermore, screening of potential metabolic biomarkers opens the opportunity of early diagnosis as well as therapy and drug monitoring of metabolic disorders (Rhee et al. in J Clin Invest 10:1–10, 2011; Wang et al. in Nat Med 17:448–458, 2011; Wenk in Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:594–610, 2005). The aim of the present study was to develop methods for the quantitative determination of 74 potential metabolite biomarkers for DM and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in serum. Several studies have shown that the concentrations of many polar metabolites like amino or organic acids are changed in subjects suffering from diabetes (Wang et al. in Nat Med 17:448–458, 2011; Yuan et al. in J Chromatogr B 813:53–58, 2007). Analyzing polar analytes presents a challenge in liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ESI–MS/MS (Gika et al. in J Sep Sci 31:1598–1608, 2008; Spagou et al. in J Sep Sci 33:716–727, 2010). Considering those reasons we decided to develop a specific HILIC–ESI–QqQ–MS/MS-method for quantitative determination of these polar metabolites. A subsequent method validation was carried out for both HILIC and RP chromatography with respect to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA in Food and Drug Administration: Guidance for industry, bioanalytical method validation, 2001). The HILIC and RP LC–MS methods were successfully validated. Furthermore, the HILIC method presented here was applied to serum samples of GIPRdn transgenic mice, a diabetic strain developing DN, and non transgenic littermate controls. Significant, diabetes-associated changes were observed for the concentrations of 21 out of 62 metabolites. The new methods described here accurately quantify 74 metabolites known to be regulated in diabetes, allowing for direct comparison between studies and laboratories. Thus, these methods may be highly adoptable in clinical research, providing a starting point for early diagnosis and metabolic screening. 相似文献
8.
An increasing number of observations suggest an evolutionary switch of centromere position on monocentric eukaryotic chromosomes which otherwise display a conserved sequence of genes and markers. Such observations are particularly frequent for primates and equidae (for review see Heredity 108:59–67, 2012) but occur also in marsupials (J Hered 96:217–224, 2005) and in plants (Chromosome Res 25:299–311, 2017 and references therein). The actual mechanism(s) behind remained unclear in many cases (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6542–6547, 2004; Trends Genet 30:66–74, 2014). The same is true for de novo centromere formation on chromosomes lacking an active centromere. This article focuses on recent reports on centromere repositioning and possible mechanisms behind and addresses open questions. 相似文献
9.
Elena Fimmel Christian J. Michel Lutz Strüngmann 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》2017,79(8):1796-1819
Comma-free codes constitute a class of circular codes, which has been widely studied, in particular by Golomb et al. (Biologiske Meddelelser, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 23:1–34, 1958a, Can J Math 10:202–209, 1958b), Michel et al. (Comput Math Appl 55:989–996, 2008a, Theor Comput Sci 401:17–26, 2008b, Inf Comput 212:55–63, 2012), Michel and Pirillo (Int J Comb 2011:659567, 2011), and Fimmel and Strüngmann (J Theor Biol 389:206–213, 2016). Based on a recent approach using graph theory to study circular codes Fimmel et al. (Philos Trans R Soc 374:20150058, 2016), a new class of circular codes, called strong comma-free codes, is identified. These codes detect a frameshift during the translation process immediately after a reading window of at most two nucleotides. We describe several combinatorial properties of strong comma-free codes: enumeration, maximality, self-complementarity and \(CF^3\)-property (comma-free property in all the three possible frames). These combinatorial results also highlight some new properties of the genetic code and its evolution. Each amino acid in the standard genetic code is coded by at least one strong comma-free code of size 1. There are 9 amino acids \(S=\{Asn,Asp,Gln,Gly,Lys,Met,Phe,Pro,Trp\}\) among 20 such that for each amino acid from S, its synonymous trinucleotide set (excluding the necessary periodic trinucleotides \(\{AAA,CCC,GGG,TTT\}\)) is a strong comma-free code. The primeval comma-free RNY code of Eigen and Schuster (Naturwissenschaften 65:341–369, 1978) is a self-complementary \(CF^3\)-code of size 16. Furthermore, it is the union of two strong comma-free codes of size 8 which are complementary to each other. 相似文献
10.
Ellen Clarke 《Biology & philosophy》2012,27(3):321-361
The problem of plant individuality is something which has vexed botanists throughout the ages, with fashion swinging back and forth from treating plants as communities of individuals (Darwin 1800; Braun and Stone 1853; Münch 1938) to treating them as organisms in their own right, and although the latter view has dominated mainstream thought most recently (Harper 1977; Cook 1985; Ariew and Lewontin 2004), a lively debate conducted mostly in Scandinavian journals proves that the issues are far from being resolved (Tuomi and Vuorisalo 1989b; Fagerström 1992; Pan and Price 2001). In this paper I settle the matter once and for all, by showing which elements of each side are correct. 相似文献
11.
Research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other types of dementia describes a behaviour called ‘wandering’, a term that denotes movement through space lacking intention or exact destination, as when a person is disoriented or not self-aware. In the U.S., ‘wandering’ in both ASD and AD has been examined mostly from a management and prevention perspective. It prioritizes safety while primarily overlooking personal experiences of those who ‘wander’ and their families, thus limiting the range of potentially effective strategies to address this issue. Communicative challenges faced by many people diagnosed with ASD and AD further obscure the experiential, existential aspects of ‘wandering’. This article reflects an increasing concern of social science scholars interested in whether and how the conceptual and practical strategies to address ‘wandering’ are informed by the situated experiences of people with cognitive and developmental disabilities and their families. We examine ‘wandering’ at the intersections of personal experience, family life, clinical practice, public health policy, and legislation, as a conceptually rich site where notions of personhood, subjectivity, intentionality, and quality of life powerfully and consequentially converge to impact the lives of many people with ASD and AD, and their families. We draw upon critical autism studies describing how attributions of personhood, subjectivity, intentionality, rational agency, and moral autonomy of people with ASD have been contingent upon the norms and conventions governing movement of the human body through space (Hilton, Afr Am Rev 50(2):221–235, 2017). When this movement is deemed aberrant, the person may be construed as irrational, a danger to self because of a lack of self-awareness, and a danger to others because of a lack of empathy. These attributions put the person at risk of being excluded from the considerations and, more importantly, the obligations of the ‘moral community’ to ensure that he or she has a ‘good human life’ (Barnbaum, The Ethics of Autism: Among Them but not of Them. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2008; Silvers and Francis, Metaphilosophy 40(3/4):475–498, 2009). Using ethnographic, narrative phenomenological (Mattingly, The Paradox of Hope: Journeys through a Clinical Borderland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), and medical humanities (Charon, JAMA 286:1897–1902, 2001; Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) approaches, we examine multiple perspectives on ‘wandering’ in ASD and AD across narrative discourse genres, institutional contexts, and media of representation. We argue for an extension of the prevention and management view to focus not only on safety but also on what phenomenologist Merleau-Ponty (1962) called “having a world” (p. 146). The analysis is intended to inform clinical practice, policy and public health efforts to enhance understanding of first and second person perspectives on ‘wandering’ in order to improve the participation and quality of life of people with ASD and AD who ‘wander’, and their families. 相似文献
12.
Jana Švorcová 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2012,131(1):31-42
The concept of the phylotypic stage has been strongly integrated into developmental biology, thanks mostly to drawings presented by Haeckel (Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen, 1874). They are printed in every textbook as proof of the existence of the phylotypic stage and the fact of its conservation, albeit many times criticized as misleading and simplifying (Richardson in Develop Biol 172:412–421, 1995, Richardson et al. in Anat Embryo 196:91–106, 1997; Bininda-Emons et al. in Proc R Soc Lond 270:341–346, 2003). Although generally accepted by modern biology, doubt still exists concerning the very existence or the usefulness of the concept. What kind of evolutionary and developmental horizons does it open indeed? This article begins with the history of the concept, discusses its validity and draws this into connotation with the idea of a memory activated throughout the development. Barbieri (The organic codes. An introduction to semantic biology, 2003) considers the phylotypic stage to be a crucial boundary when the genetic program ceases to suffice for further development of the embryo, and supracellular memory of the body plan is activated. This moment clearly coincides with the commencing of the modular development of the embryo. In this article the nature of such putative memory will be discussed. 相似文献
13.
Eva Wollrab Sabrina Scherer Frédéric Aubriet Vincent Carré Teresa Carlomagno Luca Codutti Albrecht Ott 《Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere》2016,46(2-3):149-169
In a famous experiment Stanley Miller showed that a large number of organic substances can emerge from sparking a mixture of methane, ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of water (Miller, Science 117:528–529, 1953). Among these substances Miller identified different amino acids, and he concluded that prebiotic events may well have produced many of Life’s molecular building blocks. There have been many variants of the original experiment since, including different gas mixtures (Miller, J Am Chem Soc 77:2351–2361, 1955; Oró Nature 197:862–867, 1963; Schlesinger and Miller, J Mol Evol 19:376–382, 1983; Miyakawa et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:14,628–14,631, 2002). Recently some of Miller’s remaining original samples were analyzed with modern equipment (Johnson et al. Science 322:404–404, 2008; Parker et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:5526–5531, 2011) and a total of 23 racemic amino acids were identified. To give an overview of the chemical variety of a possible prebiotic broth, here we analyze a “Miller type” experiment using state of the art mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. We identify substances of a wide range of saturation, which can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic or amphiphilic in nature. Often the molecules contain heteroatoms, with amines and amides being prominent classes of molecule. In some samples we detect ethylene glycol based polymers. Their formation in water requires the presence of a catalyst. Contrary to expectations, we cannot identify any preferred reaction product. The capacity to spontaneously produce this extremely high degree of molecular variety in a very simple experiment is a remarkable feature of organic chemistry and possibly prerequisite for Life to emerge. It remains a future task to uncover how dedicated, organized chemical reaction pathways may have arisen from this degree of complexity. 相似文献
14.
Makmiller Pedroso 《Biology & philosophy》2017,32(1):127-131
Doolittle (Biol Philos 28(2):351–378, 2013) and Ereshefsky and Pedroso (Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:10126–10132, 2013) argue that selection can act at the level of biofilms and other microbial communities. Clarke (Biol Philos 191–212, 2016) is skeptical and argues that selection acts on microbial cells rather than microbial communities. Her main criticism is that biofilms lack one of the ingredients required for selection to operate: heritability. This paper replies to her concern by elaborating how biofilm-level traits can be inheritable 相似文献
15.
Frédéric Grognard Pierre Masci Eric Benoît Olivier Bernard 《Journal of mathematical biology》2015,70(5):959-1006
Resource-based competition between microorganisms species in continuous culture has been studied extensively both experimentally and theoretically, mostly for bacteria through Monod and Contois “constant yield” models, or for phytoplankton through the Droop “variable yield” models. For homogeneous populations of N bacterial species (Monod) or N phytoplanktonic species (Droop), with one limiting substrate and under constant controls, the theoretical studies indicated that competitive exclusion occurs: only one species wins the competition and displaces all the others (Armstrong and McGehee in Am Nat 115:151, 1980; Hsu and Hsu in SIAM J Appl Math 68:1600–1617, 2008). The winning species expected from theory is the one with the lowest “substrate subsistence concentration” \(s^{\star }\), such that its corresponding equilibrium growth rate is equal to the dilution rate \(D\). This theoretical result was validated experimentally with phytoplankton (Tilman and Sterner in Oecologia 61(2):197–200, 1984) and bacteria (Hansen and Hubell in Science 207(4438):1491–1493, 1980), and observed in a lake with microalgae (Tilman in Ecology 58(22):338–348, 1977). On the contrary for aggregating bacterial species described by a Contois model, theory predicts coexistence between several species (Grognard et al. in Discrete Contin Dyn Syst Ser B 8(1):73–93, 2007). In this paper we present a generalization of these results by studying a competition between three different types of microorganisms: planktonic (or free) bacteria (represented by a generalized Monod model), aggregating bacteria (represented by a Contois model) and free phytoplankton (represented by a Droop model). We prove that the outcome of the competition is a coexistence between several aggregating bacterial species with a free species of bacteria or phytoplankton, all the other free species being washed out. This demonstration is based mainly on the study of the substrate concentration’s evolution caused by competition; it converges towards the lowest subsistence concentration \(s^{\star }\), leading to three different types of competition outcomes: (1) the best free bacteria or phytoplankton competitor excludes all other species; (2) only some aggregating bacterial species coexist in the chemostat; (3) A coexistence between the single best free species, with one or several aggregating species. 相似文献
16.
Pavel Štichauer 《Morphology》2016,26(2):109-131
Verb-noun compounds are typically considered to be one of the most important innovations in the domain of Romance word-formation (cf. Bauer 2011, among many others). This morphological innovation can also be seen as part of a general tendency in Romance languages to prefer head-initial structures across different levels of the language system (cf., e.g., Ledgeway 2012: 225). However, the question of the productivity of VN compounds arises immediately as there is evidence that the pattern has become extremely productive only recently. This paper investigates the question of the productivity of the VN compounds starting out with a distinction between availability of a word-formation pattern and its profitability (cf., e.g., Bauer 2001). This article shows that the structural presence—availability—of VN compounding seems to be diachronically constant, but that the quantitative exploitation of the pattern—its profitability—turns out to be a recent phenomenon. Following recent research on compounding in Spanish (Moyna 2011) and French (Rosenberg 2007, 2008, 2011), this paper takes one concrete example of the Italian VN compounds and proceeds to show its diachronic evolution from the 16th to the 19th century on the basis of data drawn from diachronic corpora as well as from major historical dictionaries. It demonstrates that the “dramatic increase” alluded to by Bauer (2011: 543) is not to be taken as a sign of a new structural innovation, but rather as a fortuitous exploitation of a well-settled word-formation pattern. 相似文献
17.
Louise Berg Johan Rönnelid Carani B Sanjeevi Jon Lampa Lars Klareskog 《Arthritis research & therapy》1999,2(1):75
18.
Jun Zhou Yu Lin Vaibhav Rajan William Hoskins Bing Feng Jijun Tang 《Algorithms for molecular biology : AMB》2016,11(1):26
Backgound
Evolution of cancer cells is characterized by large scale and rapid changes in the chromosomal landscape. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique provides a way to measure the copy numbers of preselected genes in a group of cells and has been found to be a reliable source of data to model the evolution of tumor cells. Chowdhury et al. (Bioinformatics 29(13):189–98, 23; PLoS Comput Biol 10(7):1003740, 24) recently develop a computational model for tumor progression driven by gains and losses in cell count patterns obtained by FISH probes. Their model aims to find the rectilinear Steiner minimum tree (RSMT) (Chowdhury et al. in Bioinformatics 29(13):189–98, 23) and the duplication Steiner minimum tree (DSMT) (Chowdhury et al. in PLoS Comput Biol 10(7):1003740, 24) that describe the progression of FISH cell count patterns over its branches in a parsimonious manner. Both the RSMT and DSMT problems are NP-hard and heuristics are required to solve the problems efficiently.Methods
In this paper we propose two approaches to solve the RSMT problem, one inspired by iterative methods to address the “small phylogeny” problem (Sankoff et al. in J Mol Evol 7(2):133–49, 27; Blanchette et al. in Genome Inform 8:25–34, 28), and the other based on maximum parsimony phylogeny inference. We further show how to extend these heuristics to obtain solutions to the DSMT problem, that models large scale duplication events.Results
Experimental results from both simulated and real tumor data show that our methods outperform previous heuristics (Chowdhury et al. in Bioinformatics 29(13):189–98, 23; Chowdhury et al. in PLoS Comput Biol 10(7):1003740, 24) in obtaining solutions to both RSMT and DSMT problems.Conclusion
The methods introduced here are able to provide more parsimony phylogenies compared to earlier ones which are consider better choices.19.
Cambrian bivalves from the Middle East are reported here for the first time. They come from early “Middle Cambrian” and latest “Early Cambrian” limestones of the lower Çal Tepe Formation at the type locality (near Seydi?ehir, western Taurides). The majority of the new findings consists of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980, but a few specimens of Fordilla sp. represent the first report of this genus from “Middle Cambrian” strata. Based on a compilation of the hitherto reported, but mostly revised Cambrian bivalves, the today widely accepted taxa are discussed. The genera Pojetaia Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 are critically evaluated, and three valid species are included in Pojetaia: P. runnegari Jell, 1980, P. sarhroensis Geyer and Streng, 1998, and—with limitations—P. ostseensis Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995. Fordilla also includes three species: F. troyensis Barrande, 1881, F. sibirica Krasilova, 1977, and F. germanica Elicki, 1994. The Cambrian genera Tuarangia MacKinnon, 1982, Camya Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995, and Arhouriella Geyer and Streng, 1998 most probably belong to the class Bivalvia. Palaeoecologically, the Cambrian bivalves of the Western Perigondwanan shelf seem to occur in a relatively small window of low-energy, subtidal, open-marine, warm-water conditions on a muddy carbonate ramp or platform with reduced sedimentation rate. The frequently interpreted infaunal mode of life of Pojetaia and Fordilla is questioned by observations of similarly organized modern bivalves. The palaeogeographical distribution of Pojetaia and Fordilla is discussed with respect to their early ontogeny and to differences in the recent state of knowledge on shelly fossils from Cambrian carbonate successions of Perigondwana. 相似文献
20.
Noam Faust 《Morphology》2016,26(3-4):379-397
Paster (2014) has argued that grammar does not distinguish between weak and strong suppletion. This claim is countered in this paper, in an analysis of allomorphic effects in several Semitic languages. What has been traditionally called “root” is broken down into three levels: the formless index (Harley 2014), the phonological index (Borer 2005, 2009, 2013) and its underlying representation. The distinction between the first two leads to a principled structural difference between weak and strong suppletion. Several test cases are presented that require a distinction between the latter two. Two general conclusions are drawn: (1) allomorphy at the different levels has different functions, and (2) in the Semitic root-and-pattern system, weakly suppletive allomorphy never targets the root as a whole; there is no root allomorphy in Semitic. 相似文献