六种葱属植物核型研究

葱属粗根组和根茎组6种11个居群的染色体数目和核型的研究结果如下:A．cyathophorum: 2n=2x=16=12m+4sm(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum:西藏察雅和四川理县居群分别为2n=4x=32 =28m+4st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)。A． polyrhizum :2n=2x=20m+8sm+ 4t(2SAT)。A．mongolicum:2n=2x=16=14m+2st(2SAT)。A.senescens:朝鲜郁陵岛和中国内蒙古 科尔沁左翼后旗居群分别为2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=24m+4sm+4st (2SAT)。A．tuberosum:所研究的四个居群中,山西永济居群为二倍体,2n=2x=16=14m=2st (2SAT),另三个分别来自四川的理县、汶川玉龙和成都三瓦窑的居群均为四倍体,2n=4x=32=28m +4st(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum,A．polyrhizum and A. mongolicum的核型为首次报道;并首次 在中国发现了A．tuberosum的野生二倍体居群。此外,还讨论了栽培韭的起源以及A．cyathophorum,A．przewalskianum和A. senescens种内居群间的核型分化问题。     

宽叶韭居群间核型研究

对宽叶韭 1 0个居群的核型进行了研究 ,结果如下 :四川武隆居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm+6st;四川大飞水居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm +4st+2 t(2 SAT) ;四川南川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+4st+2 t;四川宝兴居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t;四川青神居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+6sm+1 0 st+4t;四川沐川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+2 st+4t;四川屏山居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =3 m+2 1 sm+9st;云南西双版纳居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t(2 SAT) ;广东乳源居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT) ;广西龙胜居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT)。研究表明 ,除四川屏山居群、广东乳源居群、广西龙胜居群是三倍体外 ,其余均为二倍体。它们都属于 Stebbins的 3 A型。此外 ,宽叶韭的不同居群间还存在随体染色体和核型组成的多态性。本文最后讨论了宽叶韭种内居群间核型分化的原因。     

六种犁头尖属植物(天南星科)的核型研究

报道了 6种 8个居群犁头尖属 ( Typhonium Schott)植物的核型 ,其结果如下 :( 1 )独角莲 ( T.gigan-teum)北京居群 2 n=4 x=5 2 =4 4m+ 7sm+ 1 st;( 2 )鞭檐犁头尖 ( T.flagelliforme)金平居群 2 n=3x=2 4 =3m+ 9sm( 4 SAT) + 1 2 st,河内居群 2 n=4 x=32 =7m+ 2 0 st+ 4sm+ 1 t;( 3)单籽犁头尖 ( T. calcicolum)西畴居群2 n=4 x=5 2 =2 1 sm+ 2 3m( 5 SAT) + 8st;( 4 )犁头尖 ( T.blumei)重庆居群 2 n=4 x=5 2 =4 0 m( 1 SAT) + 1 2 sm( 3SAT) ;( 5 )马蹄犁头尖 ( T.trilobatum)西双版纳居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=4 sm( 2 SAT) + 1 2 m+ 2 st,河内居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=2 st+ 9m+ 7sm;( 6 )金慈菇 ( T. roxburgii)个旧居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=8sm+ 1 0 m( 2 SAT)。其中鞭檐犁头尖 2 n=2 4、32 ,金慈菇 2 n=1 8均为首次报道 ,同时分析讨论了本属植物染色体基数和倍性的多样性及其可能的原始基数     

云南淡黄花百合10居群核型研究

对云南淡黄花百合 10个居群核型进行了研究 ,结果如下 :普洱居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m(4SAT ) 8st (1SAT ) 12t;大湾居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 4sm (1SAT ) 6st 10t ;宝山居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 4st (1SAT ) 16t ;元阳居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 8st(1SAT ) 12t;玉屏山居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 4sm (1SAT ) 12st 4t;易门居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 2sm 14st (1SAT ) 4t ;峨山居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 2sm 14st(1SAT ) 4t;老鹰地居群 2n =2x =4m (4SAT ) 2sm 14st (1SAT ) 4t;双柏居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 12st (1SAT ) 8t;牟定居群 2n =2x =2 4 =4m (4SAT ) 8st (1SAT ) 12t。研究表明各居群的核型都属于Stebbins的 3B型 ,不同居群间存在染色体类型和随体染色体的多型性 ,同时还发现了B染色体和 4倍体染色体数目变异 ,本文最后讨论了云南淡黄花百合种内居群间核型分化的原因。     

青海青甘韭9个居群的核型

本文研究了青海葱属青甘韭 9个居群的染色体数目和核型。其中分布于湟源、西宁和共和海拔相对较低的地区的居群为 2倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =2x =16 =14m 2st (2SAT) (湟源居群和西宁居群 ) ,2n =2x =16 =12m 2sm 2st (2SAT) (共和居群 ) ;分布于玛沁、玉树、囊谦等高海拔地区的居群为 4倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =4x =32 =2 8m 4st (2SAT) (玉树居群 1和囊谦居群 1) ,2n =4x =32 =2 4m 4sm 4st (玛沁居群和玉树居群 3)和 2n =4x =32 =2 6m 2sm 4st (玉树居群 2 ) ;囊谦一个生长在林下的居群为 8倍体 ,2n =8x =6 4 =54m 2sm 8st。讨论了居群间的核型分化和倍性与分布的关系。     

六种犁头属植物（天南星科）的核型研究

报道了6种8个居群犁头尖属（Typhonium Schott）植物的核型,其结果如下：（1）独角莲（T.gigan-teum）北京居群2n＝4x=52=44m 7sm 1st;（2）鞭檐犁头（T.flagelliforme）金平居群2n=3x=24=3m 9sm(4SAT) 12st,河内居群2n＝4x=32=7m 20st 4sm 1t;（3）单籽犁头（T.calcicolum)西畴居群2n=4x=52=21sm 23m(5SAT) 8st;（4）犁头尖（T.blumei）重庆居群2n=4x=52=40m(1SAT) 12sm(3SAT);(5)马蹄犁头（T.roxburgii）个旧居群2n＝2x=18=8sm 10m(2SAT)。其中鞭檐犁头尖2n=24、32,金慈菇2n＝28均为首次报道,同时分析讨论了本属植物染色体基数和倍性的多样性及其可能的原始基数。     

国产磨芋属的染色体核型报道(Ⅱ)

本文报道了磨芋属(Amorphophallus Blume)三个种(其中包括两个最近发现的新种)的染色体数目和核型,其核型公式分别是: 1.结节磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=20m(2SAT)+6sm; 2.疣柄磨芋 K(2n)=2x=28=2M+16m+8sm+2st; 3.矮磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=20m+4sm+2st; 本文还在报道磨芋(A.konjac)两个居群的核型的基础上,提出不同居群磨芋的核型存在一定异;并比较了矮磨芋和磨芋两个居群的核型,从核型上分析了它们之间可能的关系。     

东北地区小麦族11种植物的核型报道

本文对中国东北地区小麦族11种植物的核型进行了研究。 结果如下：冰草2n=4x=28=20m +8sm;偃麦草2n=6x=42=34m(2SAT)+8sm;短芒大麦草2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(4SAT);吉林 鹅观草2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(4SAT);大芒鹅观草2n=4x=28=20m(2SAT)+8sm(2SAT);老芒 麦2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(4SAT); 披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(6SAT); 肥披碱草 2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(6SAT);羊草2n=4x=28=20m(4SAT)+8sm;纤毛鹅观草2n=4x=28= 22m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT);鹅观草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(4SAT);其中前5种的核型为首次报道。     

我国11种披碱草的核型研究

本文报道了中国产的11种披碱草属植物的核型,其中9种为首次报道。结果如下:老芒麦2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT);青紫披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(4SAT);垂穗披碱草2n=6x=42=34m+8sm(2SAT);圆柱披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(2SAT);短芒披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(4SAT);黑紫披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(6SAT)_1+6sm;毛披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(6SAT);紫芒披碱草2n=6x=42=22m=12sm(2SAT)+8st(4SAT);肥披碱草2n=6x=42=34m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT)+2st;麦(?)草2n=6x=42=30m(4SAT)+12sm(2SAT)。     

辽宁地区产6种乌头(Aconitum)的细胞分类学研究

对我国辽宁地区毛莨科(Ranunculaceae)乌头属(Aconitum) 6个种的染色体的数目和形态进行了研究,并进行了核型分析。其染色体基数为X=8,核型公式为:两色乌头:2n=2x=2m+10sm+4st;蛇岛乌头为:2n=4x=10m+20sm(SAT)+2st+2B;黄花乌头为:2n=4x=4m+12sm(SAT)+8st+1B;北乌头三倍体为:2n=3x=2M+4m+18sm;北乌头4倍体为2n=4x=4m+28sm。同时,对乌头属下某些种的分类学问题进行了探讨。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

节肢动物内共生细菌研究进展

节肢动物门是动物界最大的门,占整个动物种数的80%,全世界约有120万现存种。节肢动物在生长发育过程中会感染多种微生物,这些微生物会与其形成协同进化和互利共生的关系。内共生细菌是一类广泛分布于节肢动物体内的共生微生物,能够进行垂直传播和水平传播,对宿主的生长发育、生殖代谢、适应性、免疫功能和进化等诸多方面均具有重要的作用。目前,随着现代分子生物学理论和技术的发展,节肢动物内共生细菌相关研究主要集中在对其宿主的生殖调控功能、与其宿主、宿主寄主植物以及其宿主体内微生物和宿主天敌间互作关系等方面。因此,利用内共生细菌对昆虫种群动态的生殖调控功能,阻断热带蚊虫带来的疾病或植物病害的传播并对宿主昆虫进行种群压制或种群替换,可达到防控害虫的目的。本文从节肢动物内共生细菌的传播方式、对其宿主生物学效应以及内共生细菌与其宿主、宿主寄主植物、宿主天敌和宿主体内微生物互作关系等多方面进行概述,并对内共生细菌今后研究方向进行展望,以期为生物进化、物种形成和种群压制提供参考。