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1.
Eleven polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci have been developed for forensic use in the protection of California elk. Based on a reference sample of elk taken from three races throughout California, the loci consist of 4–9 alleles (average 6.125). Probabilities of identity ( Paetkau et al. 1995 ) range from 0.079 to 0.288, with an overall probability of identity of 1.3 × 10 ?9 (one in 7.8 × 10 8). 相似文献
2.
A set of 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers has been developed and characterized for the critically endangered species Pieris amamioshimensis. Fifty‐nine individuals of an ex‐situ population were used to identify these markers. The total number of alleles for each locus ranged from 3 to 9, with an average of 5.4. The expected heterozygosities ( HS) and observed heterozygosities ( HO) ranged from 0.47 to 0.77 and 0.22 to 0.88, respectively. In total, four loci exhibited significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium: two loci showed significant heterozygosity excess and the other two loci showed significant heterozygosity deficit. The polymorphism information content (0.43 ≤ PIC ≤ 0.73), the probability of exclusions (PE 1 = 0.9565, PE 2 = 0.9969 and PE 3 = 0.9999) and probabilities for identity (PI = 3.78 × 10 ?9 and PI‐Sib = 2.35 × 10 ?4) suggest that these markers are useful for estimating not only genetic diversity but also parentage, for the ex‐situ conservation management of populations. 相似文献
3.
Here we describe 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee), isolated using a polymerase chain reaction‐based technique. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from two to four (mean = 2.5) in specimens from southwest ( n = 58) and northeast ( n = 58) Florida. Expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.11 to 0.67 (mean = 0.35) and from 0.02 to 0.78 (mean = 0.34), respectively. Departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium occurred at two loci. There was no evidence of genotypic disequilibrium for any pair of loci. For individual identification, mean random‐mating and θ‐corrected match probabilities were 9.36 × 10 ?7 and 1.95 × 10 ?6, respectively. 相似文献
4.
We developed 29 forensic quality tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the identification of individual black bear ( Ursus americanus). Allele number averaged 5.35 and ranged from 3 to 11. The eight markers selected for forensic use permit the identification
and exclusion of individual bear with a probability of identity of approximately 8.1 × 10 −8 (approximately one per 12 million). 相似文献
5.
Loss of habitat and poaching have led to a drastic reduction in numbers of the Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). To aid in the conservation management of this species, we isolated and optimized 10 polymorphic Sumatran rhinoceros microsatellite loci. A survey of six individuals yielded a mean number of alleles of 3.7, mean expected heterozygosity of 0.551 and probability of identity of 3.46 × 10 ?8. Although this estimate is similar to estimates of microsatellite variability in the Black, Indian and White rhinoceroses, such a conclusion is premature as locus purity, sample size and number of loci surveyed vary significantly among studies. 相似文献
6.
We describe 10 primers for amplification of microsatellite loci for the mangrove, Avicennia germinans. Eight loci were isolated from a DNA sample from the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico and two loci were isolated from a DNA sample from the Atlantic coast of Bermuda. Polymorphism was investigated in a population from the Mexican Pacific coast ( n = 15) and in four samples scattered throughout the range of the species. Total number of alleles for the species ranged from two to 10. Observed heterozygosity in the Mexican Pacific coast population ranged from 0.27 to 0.60, with two loci having fixed alleles. 相似文献
7.
Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in the tropical plant Vasconcellea × heilbornii and used to estimate allelic diversity in two populations of southern Ecuador. Allelic richness ranged from two to five alleles, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.150 to 0.947 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.186 to 0.701. Most of these markers also amplified microsatellite loci in two other Vasconcellea species ( Vasconcellea stipulata and Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis). Hence, these markers will be useful for population genetic analysis and the evaluation of genetic diversity and gene flow in these species. 相似文献
8.
Five primer pairs were developed that amplify microsatellite loci in three agronomically important Echinochloa (L.) Beauv. species: E. colona (L.) Link, E. crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and E. crus‐pavonis (Kunth) Schultes. The microsatellites were tested on 24 individuals representing three species collected in rice fields from different geographical regions and revealed 3–7 alleles per microsatellite. Gene diversity [1 ? Σ pij2] for four polymorphic loci within E. crus‐galli ranged from 0.12 to 0.61. Alleles at a fifth locus were useful in discriminating the species. The microsatellites should provide useful markers for intraspecific diversity studies and aid classification of species within this complex genus. 相似文献
9.
The mud crab Scylla paramamosain plays a significant role in fishery resources in China. In this study, we developed 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers
in this important crab by 5′ anchored PCR technique. A total of 125 alleles were detected in a single population of 32 individuals
of S. paramamosain. The number of alleles per locus ranged from five to nine, with the allele size ranging from 166 to 316 bp. The polymorphism
information content (PIC), observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.39 to 0.88, from 0.33 to 0.92 and from 0.42
to 0.86, respectively. Three loci (Scypa13, Scypa14 and Scypa15) deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE)
after Bonferroni correction ( P < 0.0028), and no linkage disequilibrium was found between loci pairs. These polymorphic microsatellite markers will be useful
for the study of population genetic structure, construction of genetic linkage maps and mapping of economically quantitative
trait loci (QTL) in S. paramamosain. 相似文献
10.
Rhizophora stylosa is an ecologically important mangrove tree species that is found in tropical and subtropical regions. We isolated five polymorphic microsatellite loci from R. stylosa using a dual‐suppression‐polymerase chain reaction technique. These loci provided microsatellite markers with polymorphism of four alleles in each locus for overall population. The mean expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.113 to 0.473. 相似文献
11.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for three trinucleotide and three tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were developed for red king crab ( Paralithodes camtschaticus) to aid in studies of genetic population structure in Alaskan waters. Number of alleles ranged from six to 18 alleles ( N = 562), and locus heterozygosities ranged from 0.505 to 0.839. Six primers were cross amplified with golden king crab ( Lithodes aequispinus); five primers with blue king crab ( P. platypus); and one primer with the splendid hermit crab ( Labidochirus splendescens), the ‘missing link’ between pagurid and lithodid crabs. No cross amplification occurred with Tanner crab ( Chionoecetes bairdi) or Aleutian hermit crab ( Pagurus aleuticus). 相似文献
12.
Twenty‐six microsatellite loci have been isolated from a dugong ( Dugong dugon). The average heterozygosity was 0.52 with two to 10 alleles per locus surveyed from 50 individuals. The markers are suitable for genetic mark–recapture ( PID = 5 × 10 ?16) in dugongs and they could also be used to quantify physical tag loss, estimate relatedness, assign paternity, elucidate population structure and identify migrants. The loci also amplified in Florida manatees (22/26) and Asian elephants (6/26). 相似文献
13.
A conspicuous bioluminescence during nighttime was reported in an aquaculture farm in the Cochin estuary due to Gonyaulax spinifera bloom on March 20, 2020. In situ measurements on bioluminescence was carried out during nighttime to quantify the response of G. spinifera to various mechanical stimuli. The bioluminescence intensity (BI) was measured using Glowtracka, an advanced single channel sensor, attached to a Conductivity–Temperature–Depth Profiler. In steady environment, without any external stimuli, the bioluminescence generated due to the movement of fishes and shrimps in the water column was not detected by the sensor. However, stimuli such as a hand splash, oar and swimming movements, and a mixer could generate measurable bioluminescence responses. An abundance of?~?2.7?×?106 cells L?1 of G. spinifera with exceptionally high chlorophyll a of 25 mg m?3 was recorded. The BI in response to hand splash was recorded as high as 1.6?×?1011 photons cm?2 s?1. Similarly, BI of?~?1–6?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1 with a cumulative bioluminescence of?~?2.51?×?1012 photons cm?2 (for 35 s) was recorded when there is a mixer with a constant force of 494 N/800 rpm min?1. The response of G. spinifera was spontaneous with no time lapse between application of stimuli and the bioluminescence response. Interestingly, in natural environment, application of stimulus for longer time periods (10 min) does not lower the bioluminescence intensity due to the replenishment of water thrusted in by the mixer from surrounding areas. We also demonstrated that the bioluminescence intensity decreases with increase in distance from the source of stimuli (mixer) (av. 1.84?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1 at 0.2 m to av. 0.05?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1 at 1 m). The BI was highest in the periphery of the turbulent wake generated by the stimuli (av. 3.1?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1) compared to the center (av. 1.8?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1). When the stimuli was applied vertically down, the BI decreased from 0.2 m (0.3?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1) to 0.5 m (0.10?×?1010 photons cm?2 s?1). Our study demonstrates that the BI of G. spinifera increases with increase in mechanical stimuli and decreases with increase in distance from the stimuli. 相似文献
14.
A new racemic pyrazoline derivative was synthesized and resolved to its enantiomers using analytic and semipreparative high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The absolute configuration of both fractions was established using vibrational circular dichroism. The in vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory profiles were evaluated for the racemate and both enantiomers separately for the two isoforms of the enzyme. The racemic compound and both enantiomers were found to inhibit hMAO‐A selectively and competitively. In particular, the R enantiomer was detected as an exceptionally potent and a selective MAO‐A inhibitor ( Ki = 0.85 × 10 ?3 ± 0.05 × 10 ?3 μM and SI: 2.35 × 10 ?5), whereas S was determined as poorer compound than R in terms of Ki and SI (0.184 ± 0.007 and 0.001). The selectivity of the enantiomers was explained by molecular modeling docking studies based on the PDB enzymatic models of MAO isoforms. 相似文献
15.
The polyphenol oxidase (LsPPO) from a wild edible mushroom Lactarius salmonicolor was purified using a Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine- p-amino benzoic acid affinity column. At the optimum pH and temperature, the K M and V Max values of LsPPO towards catechol, 4-methylcatechol and pyrogallol were determined as 0.025 M & 0.748 EU/mL, 1.809 × 10 ? 3 M & 0.723 EU/mL and 9.465 × 10 ? 3 M & 0.722 EU/mL, respectively.Optimum pH and temperature values of LsPPO for the three substrates above ranged between the pH 4.5–11.0 and 5–50°C. Enzyme activity decreased due to heat denaturation with increasing temperature. Effects of a variety of classical PPO inhibitors were investigated opon the activity of LsPPO using catechol as the substrate. IC 50 values for glutathione, p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, L-cysteine, L-tyrosine, oxalic acid, β-mercaptoethanol and syringic acid were determined as 9.1 × 10 ? 4, 2.3 × 10 ? 4 M, 1.5 × 10 ? 4 M, 3.8 × 10 ? 7 M, 1.2 × 10 ? 4 M, 4.9 × 10 ? 4 M, and 4 × 10 ? 4 M respectively. Thus L-tyrosine was by far the most effective inhibitor. Interestingly, sulfosalicylic acid behaved as an activator of LsPPO in this study. 相似文献
16.
A novel, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTCH) is described in this paper. The presented method was based on the fact that OTCH could immensely enhance the CL of the reaction of cerium sulfate and tris(2,2‐bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) in acidic medium. Under optimal experimental conditions, CL intensity was favorably linear for OTCH in the range 5.0 × 10 ?7 to 5.0 × 10 ?5 g/ml, with a detection limit of 1.5 × 10 ?7 g/ml ( S/ N = 3). The relative standard detection was 4.76% for 5.0 × 10 ?6 g/ml ( n = 11). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of OTCH in milk and egg white samples. According to the results of the kinetic curves for OTCH in the Ru(bipy) 32+–Ce(SO 4) 2 CL system, together with CL and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectra, the possible mechanism of the CL reaction is discussed briefly. 相似文献
17.
Here we report development and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Sebastes schlegel. Polymorphism at these loci revealed from 3 to 23 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.34 to 1.00, and the
expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.31 to 0.95. No linkage disequibrium was found. Two loci were significantly deviated
from HWE ( P < 0.01). The 14 loci were also surveyed in four other Sebastes species and 12 loci successfully amplified, where allelic diversity ranged from highly polymorphic to monomorphic. These
results demonstrate these microsatellite markers can be used for the study of intra- and inter-specific genetic diversity. 相似文献
18.
In long‐lived clonal plants, the overall size of a clone is often used to estimate clone age. The size of a clone, however, might be largely determined by physical or biotic interactions, obscuring the relationship between clone size and age. Here, we use the accumulation of mutations at 14 microsatellite loci to estimate clone age in trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides) from southwestern Canada. We show that the observed patterns of genetic divergence are consistent with a model of increasing ramet population size, allowing us to use pairwise genetic divergence as an estimator of clone age. In the populations studied, clone size did not exhibit a significant relationship with microsatellite divergence, indicating that clone size is not a good proxy for clone age. In P. tremuloides, the per‐locus per‐year neutral somatic mutation rate across 14 microsatellite loci was estimated to lie between 6 × 10 ?7 (lower bound) and 4 × 10 ?5 (upper bound). 相似文献
19.
A partial genomic library of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, enriched for microsatellite sequences was screened to identify marker loci. Eight polymorphic loci suitable for population genetic studies were identified by screening 192 field‐collected insects. The observed number of alleles ranged from four to 21 with an average of 12.25 (SE ± 1.94) while the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.23 to 11.05 with an average of 4.49 (SE ± 1.15). No linkage disequilibria or significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected at any of the loci. Seven of the eight L. lineolaris microsatellite loci were transferable to Lygus hesperus. 相似文献
20.
CpG‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms (CGS) have the potential to perturb DNA methylation; however, their effects on Alzheimer disease (AD) risk have not been evaluated systematically. We conducted a genome‐wide association study using a sliding‐window approach to measure the combined effects of CGSes on AD risk in a discovery sample of 24 European ancestry cohorts (12,181 cases, 12,601 controls) from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) and replication sample of seven European ancestry cohorts (7,554 cases, 27,382 controls) from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP). The potential functional relevance of significant associations was evaluated by analysis of methylation and expression levels in brain tissue of the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP), and in whole blood of Framingham Heart Study participants (FHS). Genome‐wide significant ( p < 5 × 10 ?8) associations were identified with 171 1.0 kb‐length windows spanning 932 kb in the APOE region (top p < 2.2 × 10 ?308), five windows at BIN1 (top p = 1.3 × 10 ?13), two windows at MS4A6A (top p = 2.7 × 10 ?10), two windows near MS4A4A (top p = 6.4 × 10 ?10), and one window at PICALM ( p = 6.3 × 10 ‐9). The total number of CGS‐derived CpG dinucleotides in the window near MS4A4A was associated with AD risk ( p = 2.67 × 10 ?10), brain DNA methylation ( p = 2.15 × 10 ?10), and gene expression in brain ( p = 0.03) and blood ( p = 2.53 × 10 ?4). Pathway analysis of the genes responsive to changes in the methylation quantitative trait locus signal at MS4A4A (cg14750746) showed an enrichment of methyltransferase functions. We confirm the importance of CGS in AD and the potential for creating a functional CpG dosage‐derived genetic score to predict AD risk. 相似文献
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