第10届国际生物奥林匹克竞赛(1999)理论试题答案

1.B　2.C　3a.A　3b.C　3c.A　4.B　5.C　6.B　7.A　8.D　9.B　10.B　11a.E　11b.B　12.B　13.B　14.D　15.C　16.E　17.B　18.D　19.删除　20a.B　20b.D　20c.C　20d.A　21.B　22.删除　23.B　24a.B　24b.A　25.D　26.C　27.C　28a.B　28b.D　28c.C　29.C　30.A　31.A　32.删除　33.C　34.B　35a.D　35b.B　35c.C　36a.A　36b.A　36c.C　37.删除　38.删除　39.B　40.B　41.A　42.B　43.B　44.C　45.D　46.B　47.B　48.B,C,E　49.B　50.A,B　51.B,E　52.A,B,E　53.B　54.删除　55.删除　56a.A　56b.A　56c.C　5…     

芽孢杆菌属产生的胞外多糖的研究

不同芽孢杆菌能产生不同的胞外多糖,根据多糖中的中性糖组成,可以把产生多糖的芽孢杆菌划分为三大类：第一类为中性糖由甘露糖和葡萄糖组成的菌株,计有B. subtils, B. pu-milus, B alvei B. cereus, B. sphaerieus, B. lichniformis, B. laterosporus, B．Pulvifaciens,B.brevis,B．Mycoides,B．Polymyxa,B．Popilliae,B．Macerans,B. fitmus 和 B. megaterium; 第二类为中性糖由甘露糖,葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的菌株,计有 B.polymyxa,B. larvae, B. thermop-hilus 和 B．Mycoides;第三类为中性糖由四种以上单糖组成的菌株,计有B. megatetium, B.coagulans 和 B．Circulans B．Polymyxa 和 B．Larvae产生的胞外多糖是一种类琼脂型的多糖,它们的水溶液(1％)具有加热熔化,冷却后凝固的特征,这种多糖是酸性多糖,它由甘露糖、葡萄糖,半乳糖和糖醛酸组成。     

2003年国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛理论试题答案

细胞生物学B1.B2.B3.B4.1.A,B,C2.A,D,GB5.B6.5'UACGCCGAC-3'B7.B8.B9.B10.植物解剖和生理学B11.B12.与内质网结合的核糖体1),2),3),6),7),9)细胞质核糖体4),5),8),10),11),12)线粒体酶染色体谷胱甘肽还原酶11苹果酸脱氢酶15半乳糖激酶7ABC -D-E F pH净电荷迁移方向1 1A50C9-1B12-2BABCDEF711391.42.12G1H5.10I1.6J9K8.11种系基因型缺少乳糖有乳糖1I-OCZ Y-誘誘2I OCZ-/I O Z 誘3I-P OCZ Y /I P-O Z Y-誘誘4ISP O Z Y-/I-P OCZ-Y 12345678910B E K D F I J A C G12345678910- - --- B13.B14.B15.…     

中国明亮熊蜂复合种的分子鉴定及分布特性

【目的】为了探明中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种Bombus lucorum complex的物种组成及其分布特性。【方法】利用DNA条形码技术对来源于中国境内的明亮熊蜂复合种的223个标本进行了鉴定, 并根据鉴定结果分析了各物种的分布特性。【结果】中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种包括地熊蜂B. terrestris、 隐熊蜂B. cryptarum、 明亮熊蜂B. lucorum和长翅熊蜂B. longipennis。4种熊蜂共获得160条DNA条形码序列, 包含36个单倍型, 其中B. longipennis单倍型最多, 为14个; B. terrestris最少, 为3个。B. terrestris和B. lucorum亲缘关系最远, 其遗传距离为0.077; B. lucorum和B. longipennis亲缘关系最近, 其遗传距离为0.034。系统进化分析（贝叶斯法和最大似然法）表明, 4种熊蜂的分化先后顺序为B. terrestris, B. longipennis, B. lucorum和B. cryptarum。4种熊蜂的分布格局不同, 平均分布海拔高度由高到低的顺序依次为B. longipennis, B. cryptarum, B. lucorum和B. terrestris。B. longipennis发现于高海拔的青藏高原东部及南部地区, 而B. terrestris仅发现于低海拔的新疆西北部边界地带。【结论】本研究探明了中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种的分类地位及其分布特性, 为深入研究该类群的资源保护和农业授粉利用奠定了基础。     

查谟地区Balclutha属叶蝉

Genus Balclutha Kirk. is represented by six species in India and 5 speciesout of these viz., B. rubrostriata, B. ocellatus, B. indica, B. incisa and B.micropterons have been observed to be widely distributed in the forest areasof Jammu where they have been found infesting a variety of forest vegetationparticularly grasses.     

Invasive mechanism and management strategy of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B: Progress report of 973 Program on invasive alien species in China

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, called a “superbug”, is one of the most harmful biotypes of this species complex worldwide. In this report, the invasive mechanism and management of B. tabaci bio-type B, based on our 5-year studies, are presented. Six B. tabaci biotypes, B, Q, ZHJ1, ZHJ2, ZHJ3 and FJ1, have been identified in China. Biotype B dominates the other biotypes in many regions of the country. Genetic diversity in biotype B might be induced by host plant, geographical conditions, and/or insecticidal application. The activities of CarE (carboxylesterase) and GSTs (glutathione-S-transferase) in biotype B reared on cucumber and squash were greater than on other host plants, which might have increased its resistance to insecticides. The higher activities of detoxification enzymes in biotype B might be induced by the secondary metabolites in host plants. Higher adaptive ability of biotype B adults to adverse conditions might be linked to the expression of heat shock protein genes. The in-digenous B. tabaci biotypes were displaced by the biotype B within 225 d. The asymmetric mating in-teractions and mutualism between biotype B and begomoviruses via its host plants speed up wide-spread invasion and displacement of other biotypes. B. tabaci biotype B displaced Trialeurodes vapo-rariorum (Westwood) after 4－7 generations under glasshouse conditions. Greater adaptive ability of the biotype B to adverse conditions and its rapid population increase might be the reasons of its suc-cessful displacement of T. vaporariorum. Greater ability of the biotype B to switch to different host plants may enrich its host plants, which might enable it to better compete with T. vaporariorum. Native predatory natural enemies possess greater ability to suppress B. tabaci under field conditions. The kairomones in the 3rd and 4th instars of biotype B may provide an important stimulus in host searching and location by its parasitoids. The present results provide useful information in explaining the mechanisms of genetic diversity, evolution and molecular eco-adaptation of biotype B. Furthermore, it provides a base for sustainable management of B. tabaci using biological and ecological measures.     

世界秋海棠属侧膜组植物新资料

记述了秋海棠属侧膜组11新种,即星果草叶秋海棠(BegoniaasteropyrifoliaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、耳托秋海棠(B.auritistipulaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、桂南秋海棠(B.austroguangxiensisY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、水晶秋海棠(B.crystallinaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、须苞秋海棠(B.fimbribracteataY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、巨叶秋海棠(B.gigaphyllaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、黄氏秋海棠(B.huangiiY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、长柱秋海棠(B.longistylaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、扁果秋海棠(B.platycarpaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、喙果秋海棠(B.rhynchocarpaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、多变秋海棠(B.variifoliaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen);并报道了3新变种及1新名称,即疏毛越南秋海棠(B.boniiGagnep.var.remotisetulosaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、密毛龙州秋海棠(B.morseiIrmsch.var.myriotrichaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、簇毛伞叶秋海棠(B.umbr-aculifoliaY.WanetB.N.Changvar.flocculosaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)及彩纹秋海棠(B.variegataY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)。     

短小芽孢杆菌作为芽孢杆菌属基因工程受体菌的研究

以质粒pUB110 DNA转化B. pumilus 289原生质体,转化频率为10~(-3)—10~(-9)与B.tubtilis 168系统相当;但B.pumilus 289原生质体的再生频率(0.3—12.0％)略低于B.subtilis 168(1.53—24.16％);在无选择压力条件下质粒pUB110在B.pumilus 289中经过45个世代周期,自发丢失率小于3％,同于B.subtilis 168系统。外源基因在B.pumilus 289中经25个世代周期丢失率低于5％,而在B.subtilis 168系统中则高达24％;外源基因的表达水平亦高于B.subtilis 168系统。因此,B.pumilus 289是一个值得进一步开发的基因工程受体系统。     

中国琵甲属八新种（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：琵甲族）

记述中国琵甲属8新种：甘孜琵甲Blaps garzica,sp,nov,叉尾琵甲B.furcala,sp.nov。,太原琵甲B.taiyuanica,Sp,nov.,尖角琵甲B.acutangula,sp.nov., 周氏琵甲B.choui,sp.nov.,多毛琵甲Bpilosa,sp.,nov.,短体琵甲B.brevis,sp.nov和圆形琵甲B.ratalaria,sp,nov。模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

New Karyological and Morphometric Data on Poorly Known Bufo surdus and Bufo luristanicus in Comparison with Data of Diploid Green Toads of the Bufo viridis Complex from South of Iran

Previous studies on the Bufo viridis complex, which is distributed broadly across Iran, are incomplete and restricted to a few regions or a few samples. In this paper a new detailed study on the B. viridis complex in southern of Iran （from West to East） is presented. The analysis of 18 morphometric characters with univariate and multivariate methods reveals significant differences between three members of the B. viridis complex namely B. variabilis, B. luristanicus, and B. surdus distributed in southern part of Iran. Our result help to resolve an old taxonomic problem about B. surdus subgroup （taxa closely related to B. surdus） confirming that B. luristanicus and B. surdus are distinct species. Moreover, for the first time we report and describe karyotype details of B. luristanicus and B. surdus which confirmed that they are diploid. Karyological studies demonstrate that all toads from three mentioned species have 2n = 22 chromosomes. These chromosomes are arranged into two groups. First group has six large chromosomes and the second group is composed of five small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. The number of submetacentric chromosomes is different in three mentioned species of B. viridis complex. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.     

第22届国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛试题 理论B-2·动物科学和行为学

<正>理论B整套试题总分:120分,时间:150 min每个问题可以有1个或1个以上的正确答案(每题3分)动物解剖学和生理学B16~B18是一组问题B16.下图为鱼鳃的结构,水流方向如图,回答下列说法哪个正确?A.血管A携带多氧血B.血管B携带少氧血C.血管A是小动脉D.血管B是小静脉E.血管A和B是开口的血管B17.在进化过程中,鳃中的气体交换变得更为有     

IκBL：IκB家族的成员之一？

IκB家族是一组能够与转录因子NF-κB直接结合并调节NF-κB活力的蛋白.IκB蛋白结构上的普遍特点是拥有负责与NF-κB结合的多个锚蛋白(ankyrin)重复序列.IκBL包含ankyrin的重复序列并且能够抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB激活.然而,IκBL与NF-κB能否直接结合仍不确定.本文综述了IκB家族成员结构和功能上的特点,并分析了IκBL是否应被视为IκB家族成员之一.     

沙门氏菌滤过型的研究

根据 B.(1954)的报道,细菌滤遇型早在1907年巳被发现。其后有很多学者进行了这方面的工作。(F.B.Cooper 和 S.A.Petroff,1928;Phillip Hadley 等,1931;H.1925;B.B.CyKaen,B.1937;H.H.1954;B.1954;E.Klieneberger-Nobel,1951;I.Nasz 和 B.Lovas,1956)。近年来滤过型存在的重要性更引起了医学家与生物学家的普遍注意;但是这种形态在生物学上与免疫学上的意义,直到现在,还不够清楚。我们于1955年开始沙门氏菌中的伤寒桿菌及乙型伤寒桿菌滤过型问题的研究。     

芽孢杆菌基本特征、16S rRNA对比分析及特异性基因挖掘

为了研究10种芽孢杆菌的基本特性,下载到70条芽孢杆菌属细菌的16S r RNA序列,通过对比芽孢杆菌的基本特征和16S r RNA序列种内和种间相似性,发现基本特征很难区分这10种菌株。16S r RNA序列种内相似性最高为100%,最低的是B.amyloliquefaciens,种内分化较明显,最低值为90.85%,种间相似性最高的2个菌株是B.subtilis strain 168和B.amyloliquefaciens strain BCRC 11601,最高值为99.66%,最低为92.01%。B.subtilis、B.amyloliquefaciens、B.anthracis、B.cereus、B.methylotrophicus、B.atrophaeus之间某些菌株的16S r RNA相似性极高,通过16S r RNA序列很难区分,B.coagulans的16S r RNA特异性最好。同时本研究提供了gyr A、gyr B、rpo A、yya R、yya O等多个能够准确鉴定的特异性基因,为快速鉴定菌种提供了便利。     

基于ITS序列的苎麻属大叶苎麻组的系统发育研究

大叶苎麻组(Sect.Duretia)是荨麻科苎麻属(Boehmeria)的一个种类比较多的组,目前对该组植物的系统发育还不清楚.本研究测定了其中9种4变种的核糖体DNA的ITS序列.ITS平均长度约687 bp.选取冷水花属作为外类群,根据ITS序列的差异计算出种间遗传距离.分别采用最简约法和邻接法进行系统发育分析.细野麻(Boehmeria gracilis)、赤麻(B.silvestrii)、野线麻(B.japonica)和疏毛水苎麻(B.pilosiuacula)、束序苎麻(B.siamensis)亲缘关系较近聚成一支,自展支持率为76%(MP)和89%(NJ);密球苎麻(B.densiglomerata)、长序苎麻(B.dolichostachya)、灰绿水苎麻(B.macrophylla var.canescens)、糙叶水苎麻(B.macrophylla var.scabrella)、圆叶水苎麻(B.macrophylla vat.rotundifolia)和海岛苎麻(B. formosana)、福州苎麻(B.formosana var.stricta)则聚为另一支,自展支持率为74%(MP)和94%(NJ);歧序苎麻(B.polystachya)单独为一支,与大叶苎麻组的其他种在一级分支中就分开,和其他种亲缘关系较远.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫同胞物种复合类群分类的研究进展

褶皱臂尾轮虫包含复杂的同胞物种,对其分类研究经过了一个长期发展的过程。综述了轮虫分类手段的发展进程,介绍和分析了轮虫特别是褶皱臂尾轮虫同胞物种复合类群分类的研究进展。褶皱臂尾轮虫的L-型和S-型属于B.plicatilis和B.rotundiformis两个物种。这个复合类群中还包括更多的种类,如B.plicatilis sensu stricto、B.ibericus和B.rotundiformis,其中B.plicatilis sensu stricto属于L型,B.ibericus属于SM-型,B.rotundiformis属于SS-型。此类研究丰富了轮虫系统分类学,提高了水域生态调查的准确性。     

ATP1B3 Restricts Hepatitis B Virus Replication Via Reducing the Expression of the Envelope Proteins

Our recent study reported that ATP1B3 inhibits hepatitis B virus(HBV) replication via inducing NF-κB activation.However, ATP1B3 mutants which were defective in NF-κB activation still maintained the moderate degree of suppression on HBV replication, suggesting that another uncharacterized mechanism is also responsible for ATP1B3-mediated HBV suppression. Here, we demonstrated that ATP1B3 reduced the expression of HBV envelope proteins LHBs, MHBs and SHBs, but had no effect on intracellular HBV DNA, RNA levels as well as HBV promoter activities. Further investigation showed that proteasome inhibitor MG132 rescued ATP1B3-mediated envelope proteins degradation, demonstrating that proteasome-dependent pathway is involved in ATP1B3-induced degradation of envelope proteins. Co-IP showed that ATP1B3 interacts with LHBs and MHBs and induces LHBs and MHBs polyubiquitination. Immunofluorescence colocalization analysis confirmed LHBs and MHBs colocalized with ATP1B3 together. Our work provides important information for targeting ATP1B3 as a potential therapeutic molecule for HBV infection.     

假地枫皮的订正

作者查阅了全国42个标本馆所收藏的403号假地枫皮Illicium jiadifengpi B.N.Chang标本, 确认该种植物为中国特有, 分布于安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、广东和广西。将百山祖八角I.jiadifengpi B.N.Changvar.baishanense B.N.Chang et S.H.Ou归并到假地枫皮;将闽皖八角I.minwanense B.N.Changet S.D.Zheng作为假地枫皮的一个变型--紫花八角I.jiadifengpi B.N.Changf.minwanense(B.N.ChangetS.D.Zhang)Q.Lin, 将武夷八角I.wuyishanum Q.Lin归并到紫花八角中。     

云南八种秋海棠属植物的染色体数目

对 8种 (变种 )中国秋海棠属 (BegoniaL .)植物的体细胞染色体数目进行了报道 ,分别为 :盾叶秋海棠BegoniacavalerieiL啨ｖｌ. 2n =30 ;角果秋海棠B ceratocarpaS .H .HuangetShui 2n =2 0 ;掌叶秋海棠B hemsleyanaJ .D .Hooker 2n =2 0 ;长果秋海棠B longicarpaK .Y .GuanetD .K .Tian 2n =2 0 ;红孩儿B palmatavar .browingiana (Champ .exBenth .)J .GoldingetC .Kareg .2n =2 2 ;大王秋海棠B rexPutz.2n =2 2 + 1B ;勐养秋海棠B mengyangensissub sp .mengyangensisM .C .TebbittetK .Y .Guan 2n =2 2 ;变色秋海棠B versicolorIrmsch . 2n =2 2。除掌叶秋海棠、大王秋海棠和变色秋海棠外 ,其余染色体数目均为首次报道。