基因工程抗体中噬茵体抗体库技术的应用

通过基因工程可以大规模地制备能与人相容的单克隆抗体或片段.其中,噬茵体抗体库技术可以模拟体内抗体产生和成熟过程,不经细胞杂交,甚至不经免疫制备针对任何抗原的单克隆抗体.就基因工程抗体及噬茵体抗体库技术的发展与应用作一概述.     

基因工程抗体

基因工程抗体是８０年代发展起来的研究领域,把基因工程技术与单克隆抗体技术结合起来,创造出自然界不存在的各种抗体,如人－鼠嵌合抗体、改形抗体、单链抗体等,大大地降低或消除鼠源单克隆抗体的免疫原性,从而可以发挥抗体在肿瘤和病毒病治疗中的潜力。在此基础上发展起来的抗体库技术使人们有可能不经免疫获得任何一种抗体,将对医学和生物学的发展起着深远的影响。本文将对这两方面的内容作一简要的介绍。     

噬菌体抗体库技术研究进展

抗体研究可分多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体和基因工程抗体三个阶段。特别是噬菌体抗体库 (ｐｈａｇｅａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙｌｉｂｒａｒｙ)技术[1 ]可达到不经免疫制备人源性小型化基因工程抗体。这一技术将抗体基因的克隆与表达融为一体 ,是一种新的基因操作技术 ;同时将识别抗原与再扩增能力结合在一起 ,是一种高效的表达和筛选抗体的新一代技术。1　噬菌体抗体库技术的基本原理[2 ,3 ]噬菌体抗体库技术是将抗体ＶＨ和ＶＬ基因与噬菌体的外壳蛋白Ⅲ (ｃｐⅢ )或Ⅷ (ｃｐⅧ )基因随机重组 ,继而感染大肠杆菌 ,经增殖并在噬菌体表面以抗体片段Ｆａｂ…     

抗体库技术

基因工程抗体可称为第三代抗体,其较前两代抗体有免疫原性低,用途多样等优点。其中抗体库技术又较另两种基因工程抗体（嵌合抗体,改型抗体）优越,可不经免疫制备抗体,又可实现完全人源化,理论上若构建出有足够库容量及多样性的抗体库,便可从中筛选任何抗原的单克隆抗体。该技术有可能取代杂交瘤技术,本文综述了抗体库技术的产生,发展,优点及应用前景等。     

基因工程抗体

通过基因工程可以大规模地制备能与人相容的单克隆抗体或其片段,用于诊断、治疗以及抗体结构与功能的研究。基因工程抗体的制备过程是通过PCR技术获得抗体或其片段的基因,再与适当的载体重组后引入不同的宿主系统,如哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞、大肠杆菌和植物中进行表达、装配。较详细地介绍了基因工程抗体的背景、现状和进展。     

基因工程抗体：单克隆抗体技术发展的新时代

基因工程抗体：单克隆抗体技术发展的新时代俞晓峰,黄策（军事医学科学院微生物与流行病研究所,北京１０００７１）关键词基因工程抗体,单克隆抗体Ｋｏｈｌｅｒ和Ｍｉｌｓｔｅｉｎ于１９７５年创立的用杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体（ＭＡｂ）的新方法标志着细胞工程抗体时...     

噬菌体抗体库技术与高通量筛选抗体

噬菌体抗体库技术是组合技术与基因工程抗体技术相结合的产物 ,为快速筛选特异性抗体提供了简便而高效的操作系统 ,随着蛋白质组学的飞速发展 ,对抗体的大规模制备的需求日益增加 ,迫切需要发展高质量的抗体库和与之相整合的高通量筛选技术。近年来 ,以上技术的发展和自动化设备的引入为大规模抗体制备的实现提供了条件 ,对这一领域的研究进展做一概述。     

噬菌体表面展示技术

噬菌体表面展示技术是将编码外源肽或抗体的可变区ＤＮＡ 片段插入噬菌体或噬菌粒的基因组中,以融合形式与噬菌体的表面蛋白共同表达于噬菌体表面,经过“吸附———洗脱———扩增”过程筛选并富集外源肽或 特异性抗体。其中噬菌体抗体库技术可以模拟体内抗体产生和成熟过程,不经细胞杂交,甚至不经免疫制备针对任何抗原的单克隆抗体     

抗体库的构建与特异性抗体的筛选

噬菌体抗体库技术和出现标志着抗体技术从多克隆抗体,单克隆抗休进入基因工程抗体的时代,这一技术具有省时,省力,筛选容量大,可直接接得到抗体,便于构建筑各种基因工程抗体及在原核系统中进行表达的特点。     

噬菌体抗体库技术及其在医学微生物学中应用

９０年代发展起来的噬菌体抗体库技术,可以不经过杂交瘤,甚至不经过免疫而直接用个体细胞从功能水平均建抗体库,并从同一库中筛选多种特异性抗体。这项技术在医学微生物学领域得到了应用,已在抗病毒等病原微生物人单克隆抗体的制备上表现出较大的优越性。     

Recent advances in the generation of human monoclonal antibody

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has now gained a niche as an epochal breakthrough in medicine. Engineered antibodies (Abs) currently account for over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials. Several methods to generate human mAbs have evolved, such as (1) immortalization of antigen-specific human B cell hybridoma technology, (2) generation of chimeric and humanized antibody (Ab) from mouse Ab by genetic engineering, (3) acquisition of antigen-specific human B cells by the phage display method, and (4) development of transgenic mice for producing human mAbs. Besides these technologies, we have independently developed a method to generate human mAbs by combining the method of in vitro immunization using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the phage display method. In this paper, we review the developments in these technologies for generating human mAbs.     

The biotechnology and applications of antibody engineering

The exquisite specificity of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) has long provided the potential for creating new reagents for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic drugs or toxins to defined cellular target sites or improved methods of diagnosis. However, many difficulties associated with their production, affinity, specificity, and use in vivo have largely confined their application to research or in vitro diagnostics. This situation is beginning to change with the recent developments in the applied molecular techniques that allow the engineering of the genes that encode antibodies rather than the manipulation of the intact antibodies themselves. Techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction, have provided essential methods with which to generate and modify the genetic constituents of antibodies, allow their conjugation to toxins or drugs, provide ways of humanizing murine antibodies, and allow discrete modular antigen binding components to be produced. More recent developments of in vitro expression systems and powerful phage surface display technologies will without doubt play a major role in future antibody engineering and in the successful development of new diagnostic and therapeutic antibody-based reagents.     

噬菌体抗体库技术在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展及应用北大核心CSCD

肿瘤是严重威胁人类健康的疾病。目前肿瘤治疗策略以手术切除、放化疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗为主。单克隆抗体药物因具备高效性和低毒性等特点,逐渐成为肿瘤临床治疗中不可或缺的药物类型。噬菌体抗体库技术(phage antibody library technology,PALT)是一种新型的单克隆抗体制备技术,其将免疫球蛋白可变区VH(variable region of heavy chain)/VL(variable region of light chain)基因重组后整合在噬菌体载体上,并以融合蛋白的形式将抗体表达到噬菌体表面,从而获得多样性抗体库。抗体库经过“吸附-洗脱-扩增”过程即可筛选获得到特异结合抗原的抗体分子及其基因序列。PALT具有抗体生产周期短、抗体结构可塑性强、抗体产量大、多样性高和可直接生产人源化抗体等优点,已应用于乳腺癌、胃癌、肺癌和肝癌等肿瘤标志物的筛选和抗体药物的制备等领域。文中综述了PALT在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展及应用。     

Phage antibody display libraries: a powerful antibody discovery platform for immunotherapy

Phage display technology (PDT), a combinatorial screening approach, provides a molecular diversity tool for creating libraries of peptides/proteins and discovery of new recombinant therapeutics. Expression of proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the surface of filamentous phage can permit the selection of high affinity and specificity therapeutic mAbs against virtually any target antigen. Using a number of diverse selection platforms (e.g. solid phase, solution phase, whole cell and in vivo biopannings), phage antibody libraries (PALs) from the start point provides great potential for the isolation of functional mAb fragments with diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Given the pivotal role of PDT in the discovery of novel therapeutic/diagnostic mAbs, in the current review, we provide an overview on PALs and discuss their impact in the advancement of engineered mAbs.     

Towards proteome-wide production of monoclonal antibody by phage display

Sequencing of the human genome reveals that there are approximately 30,000 genes that encode an even greater number of proteins which comprise the human proteome. Characterization of gene products at the genome-wide scale requires the development of high throughput methods to generate temporo-spatial information on each and every protein in the cell under normal and pathological conditions. Monoclonal antibodies are important reagents for these studies. We have developed a method to generate human monoclonal antibodies by selecting phage antibody libraries directly on antigen blotted onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes. Cellular proteins are first separated by two dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, Western blotted onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes, and used to select phage antibody libraries. Monoclonal antibodies can be generated against individual protein spots on a 2D gel. The antibodies are functional in Western blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Automation of this process should allow high throughput production of monoclonal phage antibodies against cellular proteins as well as proteins that are uniquely expressed under pathological conditions.     

再循环抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体因其与抗原结合具有高度特异性与强亲和力,已成为抗体药物研发的主要类型。但随着天然单克隆抗体的深入研究,它的诸多缺陷也浮出水面,如与抗原结合次数有限、带来非预期的抗体清除效应和抗原累积效应。人们不再局限于天然抗体的筛选,而是想通过改造提升抗体药物的药效。近年来,一类新型再循环抗体的问世,很好地解决了天然单克隆抗体发展的瓶颈。再循环抗体可以在胞外结合抗原,在细胞内与抗原解离,使抗体结合抗原次数最大化,减少抗原介导的抗体清除效应和抗体介导的抗原累积效应,并且再循环抗体可以通过进一步的Fc改造来加强与Fc受体的亲和力。文中综述了再循环抗体的研究进展,包括其特点、改造方法及展望。     

人源化抗体研究历程及发展趋势

单克隆抗体从问世到目前广泛应用于临床,经历了一段曲折的发展历程。其中人源化抗体是一个重要的里程碑,并伴随着一系列重大的技术革新,如PCR技术、抗体库技术、转基因动物等。人源化抗体的形式也从最初的嵌合抗体、改型抗体等逐步发展为今天的人抗体。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了更多利器。对单克隆抗体进行改造使之应用于临床治疗,不仅需要对抗体效应机制进行更细致深入的研究,同时还有赖于对人类免疫系统调控机制的全面精确认识。     

噬菌体抗体库技术的研究进展及应用

噬菌体抗体库技术是继噬菌体展示技术发展而来的一项基因抗体工程新技术。它可将含不同物种全部抗体可变区基因的基因库转化成展示在噬菌体表面的蛋白库,不仅使单克隆抗体的生产更方便、快速、高效地在体外进行,还开辟了单克隆抗体人源化的新途径,促进了人类单克隆抗体生产的发展。就近年来噬菌体抗体库技术的基因来源、发展关键及抗体应用的研究作一综述。     

Principles of antibody therapy.

The success of monoclonal antibodies in clinical practice is dependent on good design. Finding a suitable target is the most important part as other properties of the antibody can be altered by genetic engineering. Antibodies that target lymphocyte antigens offer less toxic immunosuppressive treatment than currently available drugs and the first monoclonal antibody approved for human use is an immunosuppressive agent for treating rejection of renal transplants. Human trails of monoclonal antibodies to treat septic shock have been done and antibodies are also being developed to target common pathogens such as herpes simplex virus. Although monoclonal antibodies against cancer have been much heralded, their success has been limited by the poor access to the inside of tumours. Treatment of blood cancers has been more successful and a human antibody against B cell malignancies is being clinically tested. As knowledge about natural immune responses and antibody engineering increases many more monoclonals are likely to feature in clinical practice.     

Stimulation of human B cells specific for Candida albicans for monoclonal antibody production

Abstract The stimulation and immortalisation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes specific for Candida albicans antigen were investigated. An in vitro immunisation system was employed which involved pretreatment of mononuclear cells with l -leucyl l -leucine methyl ester which removes the suppressive effects of CD8 + T cells, NK cells and monocytes. The remaining cells, CD4 + T cells, B cells and dendritic cells, were cultured with antigen and a mixture of cytokines. A mixture of IL-2, −4 and −6 was found to be optimal for antibody production as determined by an Elispot assay. Transformation of the activated B cells by Epstein Barr virus was found to be optimal after 2 days and lines secreting anti- Candida antibodies were established. These lines could form the basis for specific monoclonal antibody production by generating hybridomas, or by a newly described technique whereby cDNA encoding antibody Fab regions is transferred into phage display libraries. The overall strategy might be generally applicable for the generation of human monoclonal antibodies to infectious agents.