黄土高原半干旱区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)树干液流动态及其影响因子

应用热脉冲技术在黄土高原神木县六道沟小流域于2006年6月13至25日测定了两种不同密度柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落的树干液流动态.同时测量了土壤水分、太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、风速、水汽压亏缺和作物参考蒸散等环境因子,并根据植物蒸腾的P-M公式,反推计算冠层导度.结果表明,除风速外,柠条树木液流与太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、水汽压亏缺、作物参考蒸散均显著相关,且可用太阳辐射的线性表达式来估测.不同密度群落的日蒸腾量随叶面积指数增大而增加,叶面积指数为2.3的群落平均日蒸腾为3.83mm d-1m-2,而叶面积指数为1.1的林分平均日蒸腾1.64mm d-1m-2.冠层导度与气象因子关系复杂,当土壤水分不存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子显著相关,与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子无相关性;当土壤水分存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子无相关关系,而与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子显著相关.     

Stomatal control of transpiration in the canopy of a clonal Eucalyptus grandis plantation

 Predawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and microclimatic variables were measured on 13 sampling days from November 1995 through August 1996 to determine how environmental and physiological factors affect water use at the canopy scale in a plantation of mature clonal Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden hybrids in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The simple ”big leaf” Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate canopy transpiration. During the study period the predawn leaf water potential varied from –0.4 to –1.3 MPa, with the minimum values observed in the winter months (June and August 1996), while the average estimated values for canopy conductance and canopy transpiration fell from 17.3 to 5.8 mm s^–1 and from 0.54 to 0.18 mm h^–1, respectively. On the basis of all measurements, the average value of the decoupling coefficient was 0.25. During continuous soil water shortage a proportional reduction was observed in predawn leaf water potential and in daily maximum values of stomatal conductance, canopy transpiration and decoupling coefficient. The results showed that water vapour exchange in this canopy is strongly dominated by the regional vapour pressure deficit and that canopy transpiration is controlled mainly by stomatal conductance. On a seasonal basis, stomatal conductance and canopy transpiration were mainly related to predawn leaf water potential and, thus, to soil moisture and rainfall. Good results were obtained with a multiplicative empirical model that uses values of photosynthetically active radiation, vapour pressure deficit and predawn leaf water potential to estimate stomatal conductance. Received: 10 June 1998 / Accepted: 20 July 1998     

Transpiration of trees and forest stands: short and long-term monitoring using sapflow methods

We show that sapflow is a useful tool for studies of water fluxes in forest ecosystems, because (i) it gives access to the spatial variability within a forest stand, (ii) it can be used even on steep slopes, and (iii) when combined with eddy correlation measurements over forests, it allows separation of individual tree transpiration from the total water loss of the stand. Moreover, sapflow techniques are quite easy to implement. Four sapflow techniques currently coexist, all based on heat diffusion in the xylem. We found a good agreement between three of these techniques. Most results presented here were obtained using the radial flow meter (Granier 1985). Tree sapflow is computed as sap flux density times sapwood area. To scale up from trees to a stand, measurements have to be made on a representative sample of trees. Thus, a number of trees in each circumference class is selected according to the fraction of sapwood they represent in the total sapwood area of the stand. The variability of sap flux density among trees is usually low (CV. 10–15%) in close stands of temperate coniferous or deciduous forests, but is much higher (35–50%) in a tropical rain forest. It also increases after thinning or during a dry spell. A set of 5–10 sapflow sensors usually provides an accurate estimate of stand transpiration. Transpiration measured on two dense spruce stands in the Vosges mountains (France) and one Scot's pine plantation in the Rhine valley (Germany) showed that maximum rate was related to stand LAI and to local climate. Preliminary results comparing the sapflow of a stand of Pinus banksiana to the transpiration of large branches, as part of the BOREAS programme in Saskachewan, Canada showed a similar trend. For modelling purposes, tree canopy conductance (g_c) was calculated from Penman-Monteith equation. In most experiments, calculated canopy conductance was dependent on global radiation (positive effect) and on vapour pressure deficit (negative effect) in the absence of other limiting factors. A comparison of the vapour pressure deficit response curves of g_c for several tree species and sites showed only small differences among spruce, oak and pine forests when including understorey. Tropical rainforests exhibited a similar behaviour.     

南方现代化温室黄瓜冬季蒸腾测量与模拟研究

 温室作物蒸腾直接影响到温室内空气温湿度,是进行温室温度和湿度优化调控所必需的信息。通过冬季温室小气候和蒸腾速率与气孔阻力的实验观测,分析了冬季南方温室黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)蒸腾速率的变化特征及其与温室小气候要素之间的定量关系,确定了南方现代温室冬季黄瓜冠层阻力rc和边界层动力学阻力ra的特征值和作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例,并采用Penman-Monteith方法模拟计算了冬季温室内黄瓜作物蒸腾速率。结果表明,冬季温室内作物蒸腾速率的日变化趋势与净辐射的日变化基本一致,在正午达一天中的最大值。而空气饱和水汽压差（VPD）的日最大值则基本出现在午后1～2 h。在我国南方温室冬季高湿的环境下（VPD<2 kPa）,作物蒸腾速率日变化主要取决于太阳辐射日变化。冠层上方的净辐射和VPD及作物冠层蒸腾速率日最大值分别在350 W·m－2、2.0 kPa和200 W·m－2以下。冬季温室作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例为46%。冬季黄瓜作物的rc和ra特征值分别为100 s·m-1和600 s·m-1。采用实际变化的rc与ra值和rc与ra的特征值计算的作物蒸腾速率和累积蒸腾量均与实测值基本一致。作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例及rc和ra特征值的确定为研制基于作物蒸腾模型的温室环境和肥水灌溉的优化控制系统奠定了基础。但研究所确定的这些特征值在其它地区和其它类型温室是否适用,尚需进一步的实验资料来证明。     

Water-use efficiency as a means of modelling net assimilation in boreal forests

Although the processes governing photosynthesis are well understood, scaling from shoot to canopy in coniferous forests is complex. Development of different sap-flow techniques has made it possible to measure transpiration of whole trees and thereby also of whole canopies. There is a strong link between photosynthesis and transpiration, for which reason it would be interesting to test whether measurements of canopy transpiration could also be used to estimate canopy photosynthesis. As a first step towards this, water-use efficiency (WUE) was studied at branch and canopy scales on the basis of branch gas-exchange measurements, with half-hourly and daily temporal resolution. Half-hourly and daily WUE at both branch and canopy scales showed a strong dependency on vapour-pressure deficit ('e). Branch photosynthesis modelled from branch transpiration and 'e mimicked well measured branch photosynthesis. Also, modelled photosynthesis, scaled to canopy and compared to net forest CO₂ exchange measured by the eddy-covariance technique, occasionally showed good agreement. In spite of these seemingly promising results, there was a difference in the response to 'e between branches and between years, which needs to be better understood.     

Branch transpiration of pine and spruce scaled to tree and canopy using needle biomass distributions

Branch water exchange and total tree water uptake were measured in a mixed Norway spruce and Scots pine stand in central Sweden during the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons. Branch transpiration was scaled to canopy level on the basis of a branch conductance model, using vertical needle-area distributions obtained by destructive sampling. Comparison with total tree water uptake scaled to canopy level showed agreement within 10%, for periods when the canopy was not affected by climatically induced stress. Comparison of scaled fluxes on individual trees showed that measurements of transpiration at branch level provide information on the direct response of transpiration to variations in weather, and furthermore that the time-lag between transpiration and tree water uptake was as much as 3 h. The vertical needle-area distribution of Scots pine was similar to that found by other authors. Needle-area distribution on Norway spruce, which has not been described before, showed that it has its largest needle area at the top of the crown. Specific needle area varied considerably both within trees and between trees. For spruce, mean specific needle area (±SD) varied from 2.4±0.5 mm² mg^–1 at the top of the crown to 7.1±1.9 mm² mg^–1 at the base. Corresponding figures for Scots pine were 3.4±2.0 and 9.1±2.1. Received: 5 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 March 2000     

Transpiration from a mature Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Portugal during a spring-summer period of progressively higher water deficit

The rates of transpiration from a mature Eucalyptus globulus Labill. stand in Portugal were evaluated during a drying period of the spring-summer 1994. Transpiration was measured by the Granier sap flow method and estimated by the Penman-Monteith model. During the experimental period daily transpiration varied between 3.64 and 0.50 mm day⁻¹. For high-transpiration days, a good agreement was observed between Penman-Monteith estimates and sap flow measurements, both on a daily and on an hourly basis. However, for low-transpiration days, the Penman-Monteith model overestimated transpiration in comparison with the sap flow method. The diurnal variation of sap flow was then smoother and lagged behind the estimates of the Penman-Monteith model. E. globulus showed an efficient control of transpiration losses during dry periods through a progressive stomatal closure. As soil moisture deficit increased, the daily maximum stomatal conductance decreased from 0.46 to 0.14 cm s⁻¹. The results also show that, on a seasonal basis, stomatal conductance and daily transpiration were mainly related to predawn leaf water potential and, thus, to soil moisture content. Received: 26 January 1996 / Accepted: 20 October 1996     

Modelling the surface conductance of a broad-leaf canopy: effects of partial decoupling from the atmosphere

The transpiration of a mature beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) forest was measured over a whole season by the heat pulse velocity technique and the results analysed in terms of a new analytical canopy conductance model, which takes into account the effects of partial decoupling from the atmosphere on the local humidity environment experienced by the canopy. Stand daily transpiration ranged from 0·62 to 2·97 mm d^–1, with a seasonal mean value of 1·97 mm d^–1. Maximum canopy conductance was 18·5 mm s^–1, with a mean estimated value of 5·0 mm s^–1; computed values were little affected by the assumption of neutral atmospheric conditions. The decoupling coefficient Ω varied greatly on a daily and seasonal basis, with an average value of 0·28. As a result of partial decoupling, the estimated vapour pressure deficit at the notional canopy surface exceeded the values measured above the canopy by 380 Pa on average. When correctly expressed in terms of humidity at the canopy surface, the model explained 80% of the variance in half-hourly transpiration measurements. Upon cross-validation it still explained 72% of the variance, as compared to only 40% when correction for partial decoupling was not introduced. A baseline canopy conductance of 0·7 mm s^–1, not modulated by the environment, was estimated. The implications of the model are discussed for the representation of canopy conductance and transpiration of broad-leaf forests.     

Rock-eating mycorrhizas: their role in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles

Rates of water uptake by individual trees in a native Australian forest were measured on the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, using sapflow sensors. These rates were up-scaled to stand transpiration rate (expressed per unit ground area) using sapwood area as the scalar, and these estimates were compared with modelled stand transpiration. A modified Jarvis-Stewart modelling approach (Jarvis 1976), previously used to calculate canopy conductance, was used to calculate stand transpiration rate. Three environmental variables, namely solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture content, plus leaf area index, were used to calculate stand transpiration, using measured rates of tree water use to parameterise the model. Functional forms for the model were derived by use of a weighted non-linear least squares fitting procedure. The model was able to give comparable estimates of stand transpiration to those derived from a second set of sapflow measurements. It is suggested that short-term, intensive field campaigns where sapflow, weather and soil water content variables are measured could be used to estimate annual patterns of stand transpiration using daily variation in these three environmental variables. Such a methodology will find application in the forestry, mining and water resource management industries where long-term intensive data sets are frequently unavailable.     

Evaluation of the transpiration rate of lotus using the stem heat-balance method

To reveal the mechanism of transpiration by hydrophytes in the field, it is necessary to evaluate the transpiration rate without the effect of the evaporation from the water surface. In order to test the suitability for evaluating the transpiration rate of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves in the field, stem heat-balance method was applied and the obtained sap-flow rate was compared with the transpiration rate measured by weighing and with the overall canopy evapotranspiration rate by means of the eddy covariance technique. The transpiration rate estimated with the sap-flow measurements showed good agreement with that obtained from the weighing method. Lotus has many air canals in its petiole to carry oxygen-rich air to the rhizome and methane- and carbon dioxide-rich air back to the atmosphere, but there was little effect of the mass flow of air through these canals on the sap-flow rates. In the field observations, the canopy evapotranspiration rate (0.28 mm h⁻¹ at maximum) was nearly equal to the sum of the transpiration rate from all sunlit leaves (0.30 mm h⁻¹), and the contribution of the transpiration from shaded leaves and evaporation from the water surface was considered to be minor in the seasons when the leaves were fully developed. Evaluation of bulk leaf conductance revealed that the conductance in the leaf boundary layer of lotus could be low (ca. 0.23 mol m⁻² s⁻¹) because of its large leaf area. The low conductance in the leaf boundary layer would increase leaf temperature, which, in turn, would generate air circulation within the plant's ventilation system. Because there was a linear relationship between transpiration rate and the leaf-to-air vapor-pressure deficit, with no apparent maximum, high vapor-pressure deficits (3.4 kPa at maximum) did not appear to cause significant stomatal closure in lotus plants. The stomata of lotus leaves play a role as air inlets to carry oxygen-rich air to the rhizome, so their low sensitivity would help to increase air intake.     

桃树冠层蒸腾动态的数学模拟

将气孔导度公式、Penman—Monteith公式和土壤水分限制模型相结合,可以模拟出不同环境因子对植物蒸腾进程的影响。通过对盆栽桃树（Prunus persica var．nectadna Maxim．）数值模拟发现：影响桃树蒸腾速率的主要气象因子是太阳辐射、大气温度和湿度。植物通过气孔导度的改变来响应气象因子的变化,蒸腾的日变化主要是由气象因子的日变化引起的。土壤的水分状况也对气孔导度有显著的影响,进而影响植物的蒸腾大小。通过数值模拟还发现植物的蒸腾量并不总是随叶面积的增大而增大,对于桃树而言叶面积指数为4左右时日蒸腾量达到最大值。通过对气孔导度和蒸腾速率的模拟值和实测值进行检验发现,两者基本吻合,说明利用数学模拟的方法可以求出不同环境条件和不同叶面积桃树冠层的蒸腾速率。     

六盘山辽东栎、少脉椴天然次生林夏季蒸散研究

2004年8～9月份,利用热扩散技术,结合微型蒸渗仪和水文学方法,研究了辽东栎、少脉椴次生林蒸散组成及其与林分结构的关系.结果表明,辽东栎和少脉椴树干的液流密度在"相对静止期"内比较稳定和微弱,其值在0.05μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;在"活跃期"内树干液流密度上升较快,并呈单峰、双峰或多峰曲线,其值在0.25μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;两树种单株蒸腾量有明显的种间差异,前者晴天和阴雨天单株蒸腾量分别为5.31和2.48 L·d^-1,为后者的2.3倍和3.75倍.林下灰_栒子和黄刺玫蒸腾速率日均值接近,分别为0.331和0.321 g·g^-1·h^-1.次生林日均蒸散量1.4 mm·d^-1,其中蒸腾量0.72 mm·d^-1、土壤蒸发量0.19 mm·d^-1、林冠截留量0.4 mm·d^-1,各占总量的49.6%、13.3%和37.1%.乔、灌木树种组成对次生林蒸腾量影响的表现不同,前者表现为个体蒸腾量的种间差异,而后者取决于单位林地面积上各树种的叶量.乔木层、灌木层和草本层(含土壤层)日均蒸散量分别为0.96、0.30和0.19 mm·d^-1,各占总量的65.8%、20.9%和13.3%,说明乔木层对林分日蒸散量大小起主要作用,灌木层次之,草本和土壤蒸发量的贡献最小.     

基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程

青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计（TDP）进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有：（1）生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月（79.68%） > 8月（72.71%） > 6月（72.53%） > 5月（67.08%） > 9月（66.48%） > 10月（64.29%）;（2）树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;（3）不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与空气相对湿度（RH）呈正相关关系,与大气温度（T）、饱和水汽压差（VPD）呈负相关关系;（4）应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。     

基于热扩散技术的梭梭树干液流特征研究

利用TDP热扩散式茎流计,结合自动气象站,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭的树干液流及环境因子进行连续监测,分析了梭梭树干液流对环境要素的响应,建立了生长季梭梭树干液流与环境因子的关系,估算出梭梭群落的日、季耗水量。结果表明:(1)液流速率日变化主要为单峰曲线,夏季偶有出现双峰曲线,不同季节间的液流速率大小差异显著,夏季树干液流启动早,峰值出现早,夜间持续有微弱的液流;(2)梭梭树干瞬时液流速率与风速、净辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压亏缺值等因素呈显著正相关,与实际水汽压和空气湿度呈极显著负相关,影响梭梭树干瞬时液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射和饱和水汽压亏缺值是导致树干液流速率瞬时变化的关键因子;(3)梭梭树干日均液流速率与净辐射、空气温度、实际水汽压、土壤含水率和土壤温度等呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度等呈极显著负相关,与风速相关性不显著,影响梭梭日均液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射、饱和水汽压亏缺和空气温度。     

黄土高原油松冠层气孔导度和蒸腾变化特征与模拟

油松是黄土高原重要的造林树种,模拟其冠层气孔导度和蒸腾对区域水量平衡计算和人工林可持续经营具有重要意义。基于2015—2018年TDP(Thermal dissipation probes)方法所测得液流数据,分析了黄土高原地区油松冠层平均气孔导度(g_c)与冠层蒸腾(Tr)的变化特征与影响因素,并采用Penman-Monteith公式和Jarvis型气孔导度模型模拟了其g_c和Tr的变化过程,结果表明：(1)该地区油松g_c和Tr日内变化均呈现单峰型,日均蒸腾耗水量为(1.25±0.57) mm/d,生长季(4—10月)总蒸腾耗水量均值为195.47 mm。(2)g_c的日内变化受太阳辐射(Rad)驱动(偏相关系数为0.65),当Rad高于300 W/m²时,驱动作用减弱;g_c的日内变化受水汽压亏缺(VPD)控制(偏相关系数为-0.41),随VPD的增加而降低;g_c的日际变化受土壤水分限制(偏相关系数为0.46),当根区相对有效含水率(RE...     

Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus: an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements

Summary Tree transpiration was determined by xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements in a temperate broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus in New Zealand (tree height: up to 36 m, one-sided leaf area index: 7). Measurements were carried out on a plot which had similar stem circumference and basal area per ground area as the stand. Plot sap flux density agreed with tree canopy transpiration rate determined by the difference between above-canopy eddy correlation and forest floor lysimeter evaporation measurements. Daily sap flux varied by an order of magnitude among trees (2 to 87 kg day^–1 tree^–1). Over 50% of plot sap flux density originated from 3 of 14 trees which emerged 2 to 5 m above the canopy. Maximum tree transpiration rate was significantly correlated with tree height, stem sapwood area, and stem circumference. Use of water stored in the trees was minimal. It is estimated that during growth and crown development, Nothofagus allocates about 0.06 m of circumference of main tree trunk or 0.01 m² of sapwood per kg of water transpired over one hour.Maximum total conductance for water vapour transfer (including canopy and aerodynamic conductance) of emergent trees, calculated from sap flux density and humidity measurements, was 9.5 mm s^–1 that is equivalent to 112 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the scale of the leaf. Artificially illuminated shoots measured in the stand with gas exchange chambers had maximum stomatal conductances of 280 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the top and 150 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the bottom of the canopy. The difference between canopy and leaf-level measurements is discussed with respect to effects of transpiration on humidity within the canopy. Maximum total conductance was significantly correlated with leaf nitrogen content. Mean carbon isotope ratio was –27.76±0.27 (average ±s.e.) indicating a moist environment. The effects of interactions between the canopy and the atmosphere on forest water use dynamics are shown by a fourfold variation in coupling of the tree canopy air saturation deficit to that of the overhead atmosphere on a typical fine day due to changes in stomatal conductance.This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. O.L. Lange on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Time constant for water transport in loblolly pine trees estimated from time series of evaporative demand and stem sapflow

 The use of stem sap flow data to estimate diurnal whole-tree transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance depends critically upon knowledge of the time lag between transpiration and water flux through the stem. In this study, the time constant for water movement in stems of 12-year-old Pinus taeda L. individuals was estimated from analysis of time series data of stem water flux and canopy transpiration computed from mean daytime canopy conductance, and diurnal vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation measurements. Water uptake through stems was measured using a constant-heat sapflow probe. Canopy transpiration was correlated to stem uptake using a resistance-capacitance equation that incorporates a time constant parameter. A least-squares auto-regression determined the parameters of the resistance-capacitance equation. The time constants for ten loblolly pine trees averaged 48.0 (SE = 2.0) min and the time lag for the diurnal frequency averaged 47.0 (SE = 2.0) min. A direct-cross correlation analysis between canopy transpiration and sap flow time series showed maximum correlation at an approximately 30 min lag. Residuals (model-predicted minus actual stem flow data) increased with increasing soil moisture depletion. While the time constants did not vary significantly within the range of tree sizes studied, hydraulic resistance and capacitance terms were individually dependent on stem cross-sectional area: capacitance increased and resistance decreased with stem volume. This result may indicate an inverse adjustment of resistance and capacitance to maintain a similar time constant over the range of tree sizes studied.     

Transpiration of Pinus rotundata on a wooded peat bog in central Europe

Transpiration of a central European endemic tree species, Pinus rotundata Link, growing on a wooded peat bog in the Třeboň Basin, Czech Republic, was studied in 1999–2000. Transpiration was measured by sap flow techniques (heat field deformation method) on individual trees and scaled up to stand level. The radial patterns of sap flow density showed narrow peaks in the outer part of the xylem, sapwood accounted for 47–60% of the xylem radius and 72–84% of the xylem basal area. Adult trees tolerated well both short-term flooding during the growing season and drawdown of the water table to a depth of 60 cm below ground level. The maximum and mean daily transpiration rates were 3.0 and 1.8 mm per day, and were thus similar to published data for Scots pine. The seasonal total transpiration (25 April–20 October 2000, 180 days) amounted to 322 mm, or 62% of the potential evapotranspiration over this period. This canopy transpiration was compensated by 319 mm of precipitation. The difference between the accumulated precipitation and the accumulated transpiration (derived from seasonal sap flow measurements) closely mimicked the seasonal course of the water table.     

基于树干液流测定值进行尺度扩展的马占相思林段蒸腾和冠层气孔导度

应用Granier热消散探针,长期监测华南丘陵地马占相思(Acacia mangium)林14棵样树的树干液流(Sap flow),由此计算整树和林段的蒸腾速率,结合同步记录的环境因子,求算冠层平均气孔导度(G_c)。Granier探针的灵敏度较高,能精确测定即使是微弱的液流活动。观测结果显示,树木个体之间的液流密度(J_s)和整树蒸腾(E_t)受树形特征影响较大。马占相思林径级大的树木个体数较少,但占据林段边材总面积和林段蒸腾的比例较大。J_s和E_t的日变化主要受光合有效辐射(Q_o)和空气水蒸气压亏缺(D)的控制,土壤含水量(θ)对较大胸径树木E_t的影响大于胸径较小的树木,个体之间J_s和E_t的差异随θ的下降而缩小。一年中,林段蒸腾(E)在光照和水热条件较好的7月最高,9~12月,由于土壤水分供应的减少致使E值降低,E对D的敏感性下降。G_c与主要环境因子的关系与E相似,如果θ长期偏低,G_c会明显下降,是造成E降低的主要原因。成熟马占相思林在光照充足、水热条件较好的情况下的蒸腾活动旺盛,但对土壤水分胁迫的忍受力较低。     

Estimating transpiration from 6-year-old Eucalyptus grandis trees: development of a canopy conductance model and comparison with independent sap flux measurements

Daily patterns of stomatal conductance (g_s), xylem pressure potential (P) and canopy microclimatic variables were recorded on 11 sample days as part of a one-year study of the water use of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Measured g_s was found to be largely controlled by quantum flux density (Q) and ambient vapour pressure deficit (D). Canopy conductance (g_c) was determined for hourly intervals using g_s measurements and leaf areas in four different canopy levels. A simple model was constructed to allow the prediction of g_c and transpiration from Q, D and season of year. The model was used to estimate transpiration rates from 10 trees in a later study of similarly-aged E. grandis trees, in which sap flow in each tree was measured using the heat pulse velocity (HPV) technique. Five of the trees were monitored on a summer day and five on a winter day. Correspondence between HPV sap flow and modelled transpiration was good for the summertime comparisons, but measured winter-time sap flow rates were underestimated by the model, especially under conditions of high sap flow. The discrepancy is believed to result from having insufficient data from the conductance study to describe the response of g_s to relatively high D in winter. Marked variation in transpiration per unit leaf area indicates that a relatively large number of trees must be sampled for the HPV technique to be used to obtain a mean rate for an entire stand in winter.