我国优秀青少年田径运动员相对年龄分布特征及原因分析

目的:基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,观察我国优秀田径运动员中是否存在"相对年龄"优势的现象,进而对其产生的原因及调控措施进行探讨。方法:采用文献资料调查法,收集了2007年国家注册的田径运动员的出生日资料进行统计分析。依照国际田径竞赛规则,样本分为少年乙组(15岁、16岁)、少年组(17岁、18岁)和青年组(19岁、20岁)。计数资料采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果:各组男子田径运动员的相对年龄分布经卡方检验,差异均十分显著,并且各组出生月份分布明显偏向比赛赛程的开始月份(1月),尤其是出生在Q1时间段的运动员占所在年龄组人数的比例最大。在以每两岁为划分标准的同一比赛年龄组中,前一年出生的运动员的"相对年龄"优势现象更为显著。结论:我国男子和女子田径运动员各年龄组中均存在着"相对年龄"优势现象,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,随年龄的增长相对年龄影响有减小趋势。     

浙江地区妇女人乳头瘤病毒感染型别及年龄分布现状

目的调查浙江地区妇女人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染现状及型别分布情况,为该地区HPV防治提供流行病学依据。方法采用流式荧光杂交法对浙江地区8 630例妇科门诊妇女的宫颈细胞标本进行27种HPV亚型的基因分型检测,不同年龄组HPV感染率比较采用卡方检验。结果 8 630例受检者中,HPV感染2 125例,感染率为24.62%。27种HPV亚型中,感染率前3位为HPV-52、16、58。54岁和17~24岁年龄组HPV感染率最高,与其他年龄组比较差异有统计学意义。结论不同年龄段HPV感染率差异有统计学意义,54岁和17~24岁年龄组为感染的高危人群;不同年龄段的HPV优势感染型别具有一定的差异性。     

回归模型分析中卡方(X~2)检验的误用

1问题的提出近年来,回归（线性或非线性的）模型应用十分广泛,并取得了积极的应用效果。不过,在建立回归模型时,有的著（作）者在建立线性或非线性回归模型之后,为检验模型理论值和实际观测值的拟合情况,往往还应用卡方适合性测验方法进行理论值和观察值吻合程度的测验[1～3]。作者认为这些检验方法实为卡方检验的误用。为进一步说明、分析该问题,在此将卡方适合性测定方法描述如下。2卡方适合性检验方法及步骤［4］设总体X的分布函数为F（x）,且未知,X1,X2,…,Xn为其样本,我们的目的是要检验F（x）是否与预先给定的分布函…     

13933例妇科门诊患者人乳头瘤病毒感染状况分析

目的探讨河北医科大学第四医院妇科门诊患者人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染情况及型别分布情况,为预防HPV感染和宫颈癌防治提供依据。方法采用核酸分子快速导流杂交技术对13 933例妇科门诊患者的宫颈细胞标本进行21种HPV亚型的基因检测,不同年龄组HPV感染率比较采用卡方检验。结果 13933例受检者中,HPV感染5 979例,感染率为42.9%。共计检出21种亚型,9 023例次HPV感染,其中HPV高危型7 823例次占86.7%,感染前三位分别为HPV-16、HPV-52、HPV-58;HPV低危型1 200例次占13.3%,感染前三位分别为HPV-CP8304、HPV-11、HPV-6;17~25岁和≥56岁年龄组HPV感染率相对较高,与其他年龄组比较差异有统计学意义。结论妇科门诊患者HPV感染率较高,且以高危型HPV感染为主,其中最常见的感染亚型是HPV-16、HPV-52、HPV-58。不同年龄组HPV感染率差异有统计学意义,17~25岁和≥56岁年龄组HPV感染率相对较高。     

支气管激发试验对咳嗽变异性哮喘诊断和治疗的新思考

目的：通过分析我院经行支气管激发试验明确诊断的咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）的临床和肺功能特点,为诊断和治疗CVA提供一些有益的参考。方法：临床资料采用回顾性分析,共收集142例支气管激发试验阳性而经临床诊断明确为咳嗽变异型哮喘的病例,将其按年龄分为5组,分别对不同年龄组在分布例数、症状特点、肺通气功能、激发剂量进行对比分析。结果：在142例CVA患者中,〈30岁组病例42例（29.6%）,30~40岁组30例（21.1%）,40~50岁组28例（19.7%）,50~60岁组26例（18.3%）,〉60岁组16例（11.3%）。在症状方面,除均有慢性咳嗽（〉3周）外,随着年龄的增大,各组中出现胸闷、气促等症状的病例比例逐渐增多。在肺通气功能方面,〈30岁组的肺通气功能测定明显好于〉60岁组。而另外3组之间组与组之间无明显差异,但各组与〈30岁组及〉60岁组之间均有明显差异。结论：咳嗽变异型哮喘患者以中青年患者居多,老年患者较少,随着年龄的增长,其临床表现及肺通气功能越来越接近典型支气管哮喘,由此推想,若有条件的医院能广泛开展支气管激发试验,对咳嗽变异型哮喘患者进行早期诊断。     

山西崦山自然保护区侧柏群落优势种群种间关系分析

在样方调查的基础上,采用方差比率法、Fisher精确检验、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了山西阳城崦山自然保护区侧柏群落优势种群的种间关系。结果表明：（1）群落优势种总体呈正关联,但关联性较弱,种的分布具有相对独立性。（2）Fisher精确检验与Jaccard指数结合使用可以取得较好的研究结果。（3）Jaccard指数结果表明在乔、灌、草各层中占据明显优势地位的种群其种间联结程度较大。（4）根据研究结果把侧柏群落的优势种群划分为3个生态种组：白皮松生态种组、侧柏生态种组和白莲蒿生态种组。     

中老年女性血清铁蛋白（SF）水平与年龄和体质指数（BMI）之间的关系的 流行病学研究

目的：评估中老年女性血清铁蛋白（SF）水平与年龄和体质指数（BMI）之间的关系。方法：选自中国4046 名健康女性进行横 断面研究，受试者年龄均在45-70 岁并签署了知情同意书。所有受试者血清铁蛋白水平采用放射免疫分析法测定。采用Spearman 秩相关检验分析血清铁蛋白与各指标之间的相关性。不同组别SF 差异的显著性用Kruskal-Wallis 秩和检验来比较。结果： Spearman 相关性分析显示血清铁蛋白与年龄（r = 0.425；p < 0.05）和BMI（r = 0.238；p < 0.05）均呈正相关。Kruskal-Wallis 秩和检 验显示不同年龄组和不同BMI组的血清铁蛋白水平均有显著性差异（p < 0.05）。65-70 岁人群的血清铁蛋白平均水平比45-50 岁 人群高出近两倍。并且肥胖人群中血清铁蛋白水平要远远高于偏瘦人群。结论：中老年女性铁储存的增加与年龄的增长和体质指 数的增加呈现正相关关系。     

母亲年龄对中国双生子出生率的影响

选用全国人口普查时登报的 1 989年 1月 1日至 1 2月 31日期间中国育龄妇女 ( 1 5— 49岁 )的生产记录 ,用 Weinberg差别法进行双生子卵性分类 ,分析了中国总体、DZ和 MZ双生子出生率与母亲年龄之间的关系以及双生子的出生性别比。结果表明 ,中国总体、 DZ和 MZ双生子的出生率分别为 0 .787± 0 .0 0 2 % ,0 .573± 0 .0 0 2 %和 0 .2 1 4± 0 .0 0 1 % ,DZ双生子出生率在 33岁前随母亲年龄增高单调上升 ,随后下降 ,但在 46岁后又随龄上升 ,MZ双生子出生率在 34岁前相对恒定 ,随后随龄上升。中国双生子出生性别比显著性低于同期群体出生性别比 ,1 5— 1 9岁和 45— 49岁年龄组出生的双生子性别比低于其它年龄组出生的双生子性别比 ,1 5— 1 9岁和 45— 49岁年龄组出生的双生子性别比较低可能是较低的 MZ双生子出生性别比造成的。     

我国男子橄榄球运动员有氧能力的评定和比赛时能耗的初探*

目的:探究我国男子橄榄球运动员的有氧能力和比赛时的能量消耗,为精准化训练和比赛时营养策略的制定提供理论依据。方法:以18名男子橄榄球运动员(健将级)为研究对象,分别进行最大摄氧量(VO₂max),乳酸阈(LT)和conconi场地测试来评定其有氧能力,并比较前、后锋之间的供能差异,用wGT3X加速度计结合团队心率探究比赛时的能量消耗,所得数据进行独立样本t检验。结果:本次检测的橄榄球运动员相对最大摄氧量较差为(42.05±3.69) ml/min·kg^-1,前峰队员相对最大摄氧量为(38.83±3.52) ml/min·kg^-1、后锋队员相对最大摄氧量为(47.31±3.17)ml/min·kg^-1,二者之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血乳酸阈测定在7 min时出现血乳酸拐点,后锋的血乳酸阈值要高于前锋运动员;conconi场地测试与实验室VO₂max有较高的相关性(r=0.772)。比赛中平均能量消耗上半场约为(276.94±18.08) kcals,下半场约为(225.58±22.86) kcals,下半场的能耗小于上半场(P＜0.05)。结论:英式7人制橄榄球运动员有氧能力较弱,且前、后锋队员存在差异。     

拓扑差异物体的构型处理：一项脑电研究

根据陈霖的拓扑知觉理论,在视觉感知中,拓扑差异的检测要快于局部特征的检测.本研究组认为,这一现象可能是对有＂洞＂图形和无＂洞＂图形的感知差异所造成的.本文旨在检验这两类图形所存在的知觉差异究竟是什么.利用脑电（ERP）技术,测量＂洞＂和＂非洞＂图形所引起的视觉诱发电位（VEP）,探究＂洞＂和＂非洞＂的区别.两类图形引起的VEP区别体现在N170上,＂洞＂图形的反转使得N170的潜伏期显著变化,而＂非洞＂图形的反转不会引起N170潜伏期的变化.人脸与非人脸物体的反转引起的N170变化与本结果相似.本研究认为,对＂洞＂的感知更偏向于整体加工,而对于＂非洞＂则更偏向于特征加工.     

Influential Factors on the Relative Age Effect in Alpine Ski Racing

The relative age effect (RAE), which refers to an over-representation of selected athletes born early in the selection year, was proven to be present in alpine ski racing in all age categories at both national and international levels. However, the influential factors on, or the causal mechanisms of, the RAE are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine three possible influential factors on the relative age effect in alpine skiing: physical performance, anthropometric characteristics and biological maturational status. The study included the investigation of 282 elite Austrian youth ski racers and 413 non-athletes (comparison group) of the same age (10–13 years) and region. Six physical performance tests were performed, body mass and height were assessed, and the age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated. A significant RAE was present in the ski racers. No differences were shown in the physical performance characteristics or in the calculated APHV between the relative age quarters. These results suggest that ski racers born in the last quarter can counteract the relative age disadvantages if they already present the same level of physical performance and maturational status as those born at the beginning of the year. The height and weight of ski racers born at the beginning of the year were significantly higher compared to the non-athletes, and ski racers born in relative age quarter 1 were taller and heavier compared to the ski racers of the other quarters. This indicates that the anthropometric characteristics influence the selection process in alpine ski racing, and that relatively older athletes are more likely to be selected if they exhibit advanced anthropometric characteristics.     

Do skill-based conditioning games offer a specific training stimulus for junior elite volleyball players?

This study investigated the specificity of skill-based conditioning games and compared the effectiveness of skill-based conditioning games and instructional training for improving physical fitness and skill in junior elite volleyball players. Twenty-five junior volleyball players (mean age +/- SE, 15.6 +/- 0.1 years) participated in this study. Heart rate data were collected on all players during the Australian Junior Volleyball Championships. After the competition, players were randomly allocated into a skill-based conditioning games group (n = 12) or an instructional training group (n = 13). Each player participated in a 12-week training program that included 3 organized court training sessions per week. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected between competition and skill-based conditioning games for the percentage of time spent in low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity activities. Skill-based conditioning games induced improvements in vertical jump, spike jump, speed, agility, upper-body muscular power, and estimated maximal aerobic power, whereas technical instruction improved only spike jump and speed. Conversely, instructional training induced meaningful improvements in all measurements of skill, whereas improvements in technical skill after skill-based conditioning games were uncommon and typically small. The results of this study show that skill-based conditioning games offer a specific training stimulus to simulate the physiological demands of competition in junior elite volleyball players. Although the improvements in physical fitness after training were greater with skill-based conditioning games, instructional training resulted in greater improvements in technical skill in these athletes. These findings suggest that a combination of instructional training and skill-based conditioning games is likely to confer the greatest improvements in fitness and skill in junior elite volleyball players.     

Do force-time and power-time measures in a loaded jump squat differentiate between speed performance and playing level in elite and elite junior rugby union players?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the discriminative ability of rebound jump squat force-time and power-time measures in differentiating speed performance and competition level in elite and elite junior rugby union players. Forty professional rugby union players performed 3 rebound jump squats with an external load of 40 kg from which a number of force-time and power-time variables were acquired and analyzed. Additionally, players performed 3 sprints over 30 m with timing gates at 5, 10, and 30 m. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the fastest 20 and slowest 20 athletes, and elite (n = 25) and elite junior (n = 15) players in speed and force-time and power-time variables were determined using independent sample t-tests. The fastest and slowest sprinters over 10 m differed in peak power (PP) expressed relative to body weight. Over 30 m, there were significant differences in peak velocity and relative PP and rate of power development. There was no significant difference in speed over any distance between elite and elite junior rugby union players; however, a number of force and power variables including peak force, PP, force at 100 milliseconds from minimum force, and force and impulse 200 milliseconds from minimum force were significantly (p < 0.05) different between playing levels. Although only power values expressed relative to body weight were able to differentiate speed performance, both absolute and relative force and power values differentiated playing levels in professional rugby union players. For speed development in rugby union players, training strategies should aim to optimize the athlete's power to weight ratio, and lower body resistance training should focus on movement velocity. For player development to transition elite junior players to elite status, adding lean mass is likely to be most beneficial.     

Relative Age Effects in Athletic Sprinting and Corrective Adjustments as a Solution for Their Removal

Relative Age Effects (RAEs) refer to the selection and performance differentials between children and youth who are categorized in annual-age groups. In the context of Swiss 60m athletic sprinting, 7761 male athletes aged 8 – 15 years were analysed, with this study examining whether: (i) RAE prevalence changed across annual age groups and according to performance level (i.e., all athletes, Top 50%, 25% & 10%); (ii) whether the relationship between relative age and performance could be quantified, and corrective adjustments applied to test if RAEs could be removed. Part one identified that when all athletes were included, typical RAEs were evident, with smaller comparative effect sizes, and progressively reduced with older age groups. However, RAE effect sizes increased linearly according to performance level (i.e., all athletes – Top 10%) regardless of age group. In part two, all athletes born in each quartile, and within each annual age group, were entered into linear regression analyses. Results identified that an almost one year relative age difference resulted in mean expected performance differences of 10.1% at age 8, 8.4% at 9, 6.8% at 10, 6.4% at 11, 6.0% at 12, 6.3% at 13, 6.7% at 14, and 5.3% at 15. Correction adjustments were then calculated according to day, month, quarter, and year, and used to demonstrate that RAEs can be effectively removed from all performance levels, and from Swiss junior sprinting more broadly. Such procedures could hold significant implications for sport participation as well as for performance assessment, evaluation, and selection during athlete development.     

Seasonality of birth in the majors, 1880-1999

We examined two alternative explanations, one demographic, the other sociological, for the uneven distribution of birth months of Major League baseball (MLB) players active between 1880 and 1999. Beginning in 1900, players born between August and October were significantly overrepresented, and this uneven distribution was almost identical for the next five 20-year periods. During the last 20-year period (1980-1999), the disparity in birth months became even more pronounced. Ethnicity, handedness, player position, accomplishment (winning an award), and career length were not significantly related to birth month. Prior to 1980, the distribution of births for MLB players did not differ significantly from the distribution for the general population, but after 1980, it did. We concluded that up until 1980, the uneven distribution of birth months in MLB originated in the demographic seasonality-related excess number of births in August and September in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, this seasonality pattern was institutionally reinforced by the growing influence of Little League and related junior baseball leagues and their reliance on the August 1 birth date for age grouping.     

Birth dates vary with fixed and dynamic maternal features,offspring sex,and extreme climatic events in a high‐latitude marine mammal

Reproductive synchrony tends to be widespread in diverse species of plants and animals, especially at higher latitudes. However, for long‐lived mammals, birth dates for different individuals can vary by weeks within a population. A mother's birth timing can reveal useful information about her reproductive abilities and have important implications for the characteristics and survival of her offspring. Despite this, our current knowledge of factors associated with variation in birth dates is modest. We used long‐term data for known‐age Weddell seals in Antarctica and a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to study how birth dates varied with fixed and temporally varying features of mothers, whether sex allocation varied with birth timing, and annual variation in birth dates. Based on birth dates for 4465 pups born to 1117 mothers aged 4–31, we found that diverse features of mothers were associated with variation in birth dates. Maternal identity was the most important among these. Unlike most studies, which have reported that birth dates occur earlier as mothers age, we found that birth dates progressively occurred earlier in the year in the early part of a mother's reproductive life, reached a minimum at age 16, and then occurred later at later ages. Birth dates were positively related to a mother's age at primiparity and recent reproductive effort. The earliest birth dates were for pups born to prime‐age mothers who did not reproduce in the previous year but began reproduction early in life, suggesting that females in the best condition gave birth earlier than others. If so, our finding that male pups tended to be born earlier than females provides support for the Trivers–Willard sex‐allocation model. Average birth dates were quite consistent across years, except for 2 years that had notable delays and occurred during the period when massive icebergs were present and disrupted the ecosystem.     

215例出生缺陷围生儿临床分析

目的：探讨近几年出生缺陷发生率的变化,反思出生缺陷的发生与干预措施之间的关系。方法：收集1999年1月至2010年12月在我院分娩的围生儿7875例,回顾分析十二年我院检查及分娩的胎儿出生缺陷变化情况,分析其出生缺陷的种类及发生率的变化、结果：有出生缺陷的围产几215例,发生率为27．30‰。行产前诊断确诊后在孕妇知情同意下选择治疗性引产的88例,纠正足月活产婴儿的出生缺陷率为16．13‰,差异有显著意义（X2=22．16,P〈0．01）。结论：有效的产前诊断技术能及早作出出生缺陷的宫内诊断,对优生优育、提高人口素质及疾病控制有很大帮助。     

The yo-yo intermittent recovery test in junior basketball players according to performance level and age group

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) ability to discriminate between elite, subelite junior basketball players, and a group of nonathletic healthy male athletes at 3 different age groups (U-14 to U-17). In a cross-sectional design, 119 age-matched participants spread over 3 groups, elite (n = 46), subelite (n = 42) junior basketball players, and nonathletic healthy male athletes (n = 31), were evaluated over a 5-week period. The participants undertook 2 familiarization trials of the Yo-Yo test performance and 3 test sessions on an indoor basketball court. When controlling for the effect of the participants' body mass, the results showed that elite athletes had a significantly higher Yo-Yo performance compared with the subelite athletes (1,271 ± 385 vs. 861 ± 428 m; p < 0.0017; effect size [ES] 1.0 ± 0.35) and the nonathletic group (1,271 ± 385 vs. 738 ± 345 m; p < 0.0017; ES 1.45 ± 0.38). No statistical differences (p > 0.0017; ES from 0.02 to 0.39) were noted between participants' performance levels across age groups. Typical between-performance levels and -age groups differences in the Yo-Yo IR1 were observed. However, when controlling for the effect of the participants' body mass, this study demonstrates that the Yo-Yo test is accurate only to discriminate elite junior basketball players but cannot be used to differentiate the basketball-specific aerobic performance for age.     

巨大儿与足月适于胎龄儿2岁以内的体格及智能发育的对照研究

目的：了解出生体重对婴儿早期体格及智能发育的影响,为巨大儿的早期保健及健康教育提供理论依据。方法：在我院2007年1月～2009年12月出生的巨大儿及足月适于胎龄儿中,随机选取50例足月巨大儿作为观察组（除外生后低血糖、窒息、高胆红素血症者）,及50例与之匹配的足月适于胎龄儿作为对照组。两组孕周、生后评分、性别比例、父母收入、喂养方式比较差异无统计学意义。定期检查和记录两组的各体格及智能发育评估指标,了解两组婴儿体重指数及智能发育特点,采用Gesell发育诊断量表对两组进行评价。结果：观察组出生后3、6、9、12、18、24个月的超重发生率均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,观察组随年龄增长体重指数有下降趋势,6月龄时体重指数最高,24月时最低;观察组6月时大运动发育商数为（100.86±3.34）,对照组则为（104.58±3.19）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,12月时,观察组的发育商数已接近正常,两组大运动、精细运动、适应行为、语言和个人-社会性行为5个方面的的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：巨大儿在2岁以内的体重指数显著高于足月适于胎龄儿;较重的体重负荷可对其生后6月内的大运动造成不良影响。