大黄素对HT-29 细胞MAPKs 信号通路活化及IL-8 分泌的影响

目的:研究大黄素对IFN-和LPS刺激的人结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞的ERK、JNK和p38 MARK和IL-8表达的影响。方法:人结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞与40 ng/mL的IFN-共培养12 h,再加入100 ng/mL LPS刺激15 min,用大黄素预处理进行干预。ELISA检测HT-29细胞内的ERK、JNK和p38 MARK含量和细胞上清IL-8含量。结果:IFN-γ和LPS刺激后HT-29细胞的ERK、JNK和p38 MARK磷酸化水平和IL-8分泌明显升高。大黄素对p38和JNK磷酸化有明显的抑制作用,而对ERK磷酸化则没有明显抑制作用;大黄素能显著降低IFN-γ+LPS所引起的HT-29细胞IL-8的大量产生,并且呈明显的剂量依赖关系。结论:大黄素能有效抑制IFN-γ+LPS所引起的HT-29细胞p38和JNK的磷酸化,并显著降低IL-8分泌。     

白介素17对脂多糖诱导人支气管上皮细胞炎症损伤的影响

目的:探讨白介素17A(interleukin-17A, IL-17A)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的人支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)炎症损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A进行干预,分为空白对照组、LPS组、IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa)测定细胞培养液上清中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子的水平,蛋白印迹法(Western Blot, WB)检测细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPKs)信号通路相关蛋白:细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、P38蛋白激酶(P38)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的表达及其相应磷酸化蛋白(P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK)的表达。体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A以及ERK1/2抑制剂(U0126)、p38抑制剂(SB203580)和JNK抑制剂(SP600125),分为空白对照组、LPS+IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS+UO126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组、IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定细胞培养液上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子水平。结果:与空白对照组比较,LPS、IL-17A组,细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8的表达明显升高(P0.01),IL-4的表达降低(空白组vs LPS组P0.01,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.05),细胞内磷酸化ERK、P38、JNK蛋白的表达明显增加(空白组vs LPS组P0.05,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.01)。IL-17A+LPS组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平及细胞内P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK的表达较LPS、IL-17A组更高(P0.05)。添加ERK、P38和JNK抑制剂后,与LPS+IL-17A组对比,IL-17A+LPS+U0126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组和IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平下降(P0.05)。结论:IL-17A可能通过上调IL-6、IL-8的表达加重LPS诱导的16-HBE细胞炎症损伤,MAPKs可能是这一过程中的重要信号转导通路。     

TAK1基因沉默对TNF-a诱导的滑膜细胞IL-6、IL-8表达的影响

目的：观察转化生长因子β激活激酶1（TAK1）基因沉默对肿瘤坏死因子a （TNF-a）诱导的滑膜细胞中促炎介质白介素-6（IL-6）和白介素-8（IL-8）表达的影响,以探讨TAK1在类风湿关节炎（RA）发病中的作用。方法：采取脂质体转染方法将TAK1特异性的小干扰RNA （siRNA）和阴性对照RNA （scRNA）导入类风湿关节炎的滑膜成纤维细胞株MH7A细胞,然后分别用20 ng/ml TNF-a刺激后,检测细胞内IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的表达和培养上清中IL-6和IL-8分泌情况以及p38、ERK、JNK、p65磷酸化的水平和抑制性蛋白IκBα的变化情况。结果：siRNA-TAK1转染72 h后滑膜细胞中TAK mRNA和蛋白表达的平均抑制率分别为75%和55%。siRNA-TAK1转染下调TNF-a诱导状态下IL-6和IL-8的表达,并能抑制p38、JNK、p65磷酸化和增加IκBα水平。结论：TAK1基因沉默能抑制TNF-a诱导的滑膜细胞IL-6、IL-8表达,可能与其抑制JNK和p38MAPK的活化及NF-κB的活化有关。     

滋养细胞胞内双链DNA感受器通过MAPK/IκB信号介导炎性细胞因子分泌

目的:探究滋养细胞能否感受胞内双链DNA刺激及其对炎性因子分泌的影响,揭示胎盘的免疫识别和免疫屏障功能,探讨妊娠期感染所致不良妊娠结局的发病机制。方法:利用人工合成的双链DNA模拟物poly (dA:dT)转染人滋养细胞系HTR-8/SVneo,Real-Time PCR方法检测滋养细胞胞内双链DNA识别受体的表达水平;Western Blot检测滋养细胞MAPK和IκB信号的活化情况;ELISA检测HTR-8/SVneo细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、CXCL10的分泌水平。结果:Real-Time PCR结果表明,HTR-8/SVneo能够感受胞内双链DNA刺激并上调包括IFI16、AIM2、DHX36、DHX9、LRRFIP1、KU70、ZBP1/DAI和DDX41在内的多种双链DNA感受器的m RNA表达水平;Western Blot实验结果表明,滋养细胞识别双链DNA后能够促进MAPK和IκB信号通路活化,转染90分钟后ERK、JNK、p38和IκBα的磷酸化水平最高,其后随着时间逐渐减弱;加入IκB、p38和JNK特异性抑制剂能够抑制poly(dA:dT)介导的IL-8、IL-6和CXCL10分泌,但其分泌不受ERK抑制剂的影响;MCP-1的分泌能够被p38和JNK抑制剂阻断,但p38和ERK抑制剂不影响其分泌。结论:人滋养细胞存在功能性胞内双链DNA识别机制,活化的DNA识别信号能够激活MAPK和IκB信号通路,并通过IκB、p38或JNK信号介导IL-8、IL-6、MCP-1及CXCL10等细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌。     

TLR2和TLR4对新生儿免疫细胞中Th1/Th2细胞因子的影响

为了探讨TLR2和TLR4对新生儿免疫细胞中Th1/Th2细胞因子的影响,本研究采用LPS和PGN刺激新生儿脐带血单个核细胞、成人外周血单个核细胞和人肥大细胞,并用特异性信号分子抑制剂PD98059处理单核细胞和肥大细胞,测定不同处理组ERK的磷酸化强度、IL-6、IL-12、IL-13和RANTES细胞因子水平以及HMC-1细胞脱颗粒情况。研究显示,经过LPS或PGN刺激后,单核细胞和肥大细胞中ERK的磷酸化强度与对照组相比均显著升高(p0.05);通过LPS和PGN共同刺激后,脐带血单个核细胞中ERK的磷酸化高于单个配体刺激。在添加了ERK特异性抑制剂PD98059后,LPS和PGN共刺激的脐带血单个核细胞中IL-6、IL-12和IL-13浓度显著下降,而RANTES未显示明显抑制。经PGN刺激后HMC-1细胞的β-hexosaminidase释放率高于LPS,并且LPS+PGN共刺激的β-hexosaminidase释放率高于单一配体刺激。本研究表明,TLR2/TLR4与LPS/PGN结合后,通过激活ERK信号通路来调节新生儿免疫细胞中Th1/Th2细胞因子,LPS和PGN共刺激对调节新生儿免疫细胞中IL-6、IL-12和IL-13细胞因子具有协同作用。     

绿脓菌素激活MAPKs、NF-KB信号通路诱导呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8表达

采用绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素刺激人呼吸道上皮细胞株A549和SPC-A-1,用ELISA方法检测细胞IL-8分泌水平,并使用免疫印迹(Western blot)方法观察绿脓菌素对细胞内重要的炎症信号传导途径NF—κB及丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的激活作用。实验发现,绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素可诱导呼吸道上皮细胞株IL-8分泌增加,且具有剂量依赖效应。绿脓菌素刺激细胞可使细胞内IκB—α发生降解,同时使MAPK家族蛋白分子(ERK1／2、p38、JNK)发生磷酸化。MEK1／2(ERK1／2激酶)抑制剂U0126(10μmol／L)和p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580(10μmol／L)可降低绿脓菌素诱导A549细胞IL-8的合成。以上结果显示绿脓菌素通过MAPK信号传导通路增强呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8的表达;NF-κB通路也参与了绿脓菌素调控细胞IL-8表达的过程。     

白细胞介素21对SHIV感染的恒河猴外周血CD8~＋ T细胞分泌γ干扰素的影响

目的研究白细胞介素21（interleukin 21,IL-21）对SHIV感染CD8＋T细胞分泌干扰素γ（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）的影响。方法从SHIV/恒河猴模型外周血中分选出CD8＋T细胞,加入IL-21诱导培养,应用ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ浓度,RT-PCR方法检测细胞中IFN-γmRNA的表达水平,流式细胞术检测分泌IFN-γ的CD8＋T细胞所占的百分比。结果 10 ng/mL IL-21明显促进CD8＋T细胞分泌IFN-γ（P〈0.05）,IFN-γmRNA的表达明显升高,4 h为刺激CD8＋T细胞胞内IFN-γ合成的最佳时间。结论 IL-21对CD8＋T细胞分泌IFN-γ有促进作用。     

功能蛋白的O-糖基化和p38磷酸化共同参与调控单核细胞对血管内皮的粘附和侵袭

探讨单核细胞在炎症因子刺激下通过功能蛋白O-糖基化和p38 MAPK磷酸化、调控其对血管内皮的粘附和侵袭的分子机制。将IFN-γ与LPS体外共刺激后的THP-1细胞加至单层血管内皮细胞EA.hy926共培养,观察单核细胞对血管内皮的粘附和侵袭;并通过测量电阻变化来反应血管内皮通透性的改变。采用Western blot方法检测单核细胞THP-1中p38 MAPK磷酸化的变化,O-GLcNAc糖基转移酶（OGT）和O-GLcNAc糖基化蛋白表达量的变化。分析验证p38 MAPK抑制剂对IFN-γ与LPS诱导的单核细胞对血管内皮粘附和迁移的影响,同时检测OGT、O-GLcNAc糖基化蛋白差异表达的影响。结果显示,IFN-γ与LPS可以共作用促进THP-1对血管内皮的粘附和侵袭,降低血管内皮通透性。同时激活p38 MAPK,此过程与OGT及O-GLcNAc糖基化蛋白表达降低相关。采用p38抑制剂预处理,可逆转上述IFN-γ与LPS诱导的生物学变化。综上,在炎症反应中,单核细胞对血管内皮的粘附和侵袭力的变化受功能蛋白糖基化和磷酸化的双向调控。     

大黄多糖抑制脂多糖引起的TLR-4/ NF-kB通路活化

目的:探讨唐古特大黄多糖(Rheum tanguticum Polysaccharid,RTP)对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激上调人结肠癌细胞HT-29中TLR-4/NF-κB通路活性的影响及其机制。方法:将HT-29细胞分为对照组,LPS处理组(1μg/mL,作用30 min,1 h),RTP(1mg/mL,提前LPS 30 min给予)+LPS处理组(1μg/mL,分别作用30 min,1 h),采用免疫荧光法观察NF-κB的细胞分布情况;Western Blot法检测HT-29细胞中IκB-α,磷酸化IκB-α的蛋白变化,以及细胞膜上TLR-4的水平。结果:RTP可抑制LPS刺激引起的HT-29细胞的NF-κB核转位;可有效抑制IκB-α降解及IκB-α的磷酸化;可下调细胞膜上TLR-4的表达。结论:RTP可能通过抑制LPS刺激引起的TLR-4向细胞膜分布,从而抑制了NF-κB信号通路的活化。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对人结肠癌HT-29细胞G1期的阻滞作用

目的:研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallaocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG)时人结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖的影响.方法:实验分为EGCG不同浓度处理组和阴性对照组.采用MTT比色法检测EGCG(30μg/mL、40μg/mL、50μg/mL、60μg/mL、70μg/mL)对HT-29细胞的生长影响;应用流式细胞术分析EGCG对HT-29细胞周期分布的影响;免疫印迹观测EGCG对HT-29细胞p38MAPK、cyclinD1蛋白表达的影响.结果:MTT比色结果显示.不同浓度EGCG(30μg/ml、40μg/ml、50μg/ml、60μg/ml)对HT-29细胞具有明显的生长抑制作用,并呈剂量-效应依赖关系(P<0.05);流式细胞术分析显示,EGCG诱导人结肠癌细胞G1期阻滞,且随着处理时间的延长,其诱导周期阻滞的效应越明显(P<0.05);蛋白免疫印迹显示.总的p38MAPK不随处理时间和浓度的改变而改变,但是磷酸化的p38MAPK蛋白的表达随处理时间和处理浓度的增加而明显增加,而CyclinD1蛋白的表达随处理浓度的增加而明显减少.结论:EGCG诱导HT-29细胞G1期阻滞,抑制细胞增殖,可能与活化p38MAPK,下调CyclinD1蛋白表达有关.     

Adenosine is a negative regulator of NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells

Previous studies suggest that adenosine possesses anti-inflammatory properties, however, the mechanisms by which adenosine affects immune function remain unclear, particularly in the intestine. In this study, we hypothesized that adenosine directly affects pro-inflammatory gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of NF-kappaB signaling. HT-29 cells were treated with adenosine prior to incubation with various stimuli and pro-inflammatory gene expression and signal transduction analyzed. Adenosine pretreatment resulted in a reduction in IL-8 expression and secretion in response to TNF-alpha, IL-1, LPS, and PMA. This effect was paralleled by inhibition of kappaB-driven luciferase expression and a reduction in recruitment of NF-kappaB to the IL-8 promoter. Pretreatment of HT-29 cells also resulted in reduced ERK, p38, and JNK MAPK phosphorylation, following TNF-alpha treatment. The observed effects in this study occurred independently of known surface adenosine receptors. This study identifies adenosine as a potent negative regulator of pro-inflammatory signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.     

Butein blocks tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 7 production by inhibiting p38 kinase and osteopontin mediated signaling events in HT-29 cells

In this study, we evaluated whether butein can inhibit the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), an inflammatory mediator, in intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells. Butein significantly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and mRNA expression. Moreover, butein suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) mRNA and extracellular pro-MMP-7 secretion. The signal transduction study revealed that butein significantly attenuates p38 phosphorylation and inhibits osteopontin (OPN) mediated inhibitory factor kappaBalpha (I-kappaBalpha) phosphorylation in TNF-alpha-stimulated HT-29 cells. Using specific kinase inhibitors, we also found that blocking the p38 pathway is critical for, and blocking of OPN-mediated I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation pathway is at least for, the inhibitory effect by butein on TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and MMP-7 expression. Furthermore, using an MMP inhibitor, we showed that IL-8 lies upstream of MMP-7 in the TNF-alpha-induced signaling process in HT-29 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that butein may be an effective agent for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.     

LPS/IFN-γ-Induced RAW 264.7 Apoptosis is Regulated by Both Nitric Oxide–Dependent and –Independent Pathways Involving JNK and the Bcl-2 Family

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulate macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and activate stress signaling cascades including the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. These events trigger an apoptotic cascade that ultimately results in death. Since JNK regulates pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, the role of NO in LPS/IFN-γ-induced activation of JNK and its effects on the Bcl-2 family was examined in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. Inhibition of JNK by siRNA verified a role for JNK in LPS/IFN-γ-induced apoptosis. Suppression of NO production by a pharmacologic agent, i.e. iNOS inhibitor L-NIL, altered the kinetics of JNK activation by LPS/IFN-γ. Examination of mitochondrial and nuclear compartments of RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated NO-dependent activation of mitochondrial JNK by LPS/IFN-γ, but NO-independent, cytokine-induced phosphorylation of Bim. NO did not affect phosphorylation, but did inhibit Bax phosphorylation. These results suggest a novel mechanism of LPS/IFN-γ-induced apoptosis in macrophages involving NO-independent phosphorylation of Bim and NO-dependent dephosphorylation of Bax.     

CBR2激活与小胶质细胞的活化和损伤的关系

目的：探讨大麻素CBR2受体激动剂AM1241预处理对脂多糖（LPS）和γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）所致炎症反应对小胶质细胞活化和损伤的影响。方法：联用LPS和IFN-γ作为小胶质细胞损伤模型,将细胞分为Control组、AM1241组、LPS/IFN-γ组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组;AM1241组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组经AM1241预处理2h,LPS/IFN-γ组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组用含LPS和IFN-γ的培养基培养24h。采用MTT法检测细胞代谢率,硝酸还原酶法检测细胞培养液中一氧化氮（NO）释放量,酶联免疫吸附剂测定细胞培养基中炎症因子释放量,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态。结果：与LPS/IFN-γ组相比,AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组细胞代谢率明显升高（P〈0.05）,NO、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10释放量明显减少（P〈0.05）,活化和损伤程度明显减轻。结论：大麻素CBR2受体激动剂AM1241预处理可减轻LPS和IFN-γ对小胶质细胞的活化和损伤。     

同种异基因骨髓移植GVHD动物模型的建立及其病理生理学机制初探

目的：建立稳定的异基因骨髓移植GVHD（移植物抗宿主病）动物模型,并初步了解其病理生理学机制。方法：以BALB／c（H-2^d）雌性小鼠为受者,接受8Gy致死剂量的。Co全身照射后,输注雄性C57BL／6（H-2^b）供鼠的脾细胞和骨髓细胞,观察受鼠的体征、造血功能恢复及生存时间的变化,并进行病理学、嵌合体和T细胞亚群及相关细胞因子的检查。结果：模型组小鼠在移植后出现了典型的GVHD症状;肠、肝、脾、皮肤的病理学分析均属于Ⅳ度GVHD;嵌合体植入成功;以7、14和21d为检测时间点,发现模型组鼠体内T细胞亚群移植后较移植前CD3^＋CD4^＋T细胞数量减少,CD3＋CD8＋T细胞显著升高,CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞比例严重倒置,随着时间变化比值会逐渐升高,但仍然处于较显著的倒置水平;血清中IFN-γ、TNF-α在移植后＋7d表达显著增高,尤其是IFN-γ的表达在＋7d达峰值;IL-4和IL-10的水平在移植前后几乎没有变化。结论：建立了稳定的GVHD动物模型;此模型发病过程中,CD8^＋T细胞介导的CTL细胞毒性作用可能要大于CD4＋Th介导的细胞因子效应;IFN-γ、TNF-α炎症因子在GVHD的早期发挥重要作用;IL-4、IL-10的低水平分泌与急性GVHD的高发病率有关。     

Cellular differentiation-induced attenuation of LPS response in HT-29 cells is related to the down-regulation of TLR4 expression

Intestinal epithelial cells not only present a physical barrier to bacteria but also participate actively in immune and inflammatory responses. The migration of epithelial cells from the crypt base to the surface is accompanied by a cellular differentiation that leads to important morphological and functional changes. It has been reported that the differentiation of colonic epithelial cells is associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-8 responses to IL-1beta. Although toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been previously identified to be an important component of mucosal immunity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the colon, little is known about the regulation of TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells during cellular differentiation. We investigated the effects of differentiation on LPS-induced IL-8 secretion and on the expression of TLR4. Differentiation was induced in colon cancer cell line HT-29 cells by butyrate treatment or by post-confluence culture and assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. IL-8 secretion was measured by ELISA, and TLR4 protein and mRNA expressions were followed by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. HT-29 cells were found to be dose-dependently responsive to LPS. AP activity increased in HT-29 cells by differentiation induced by treatment with butyrate or post-confluence culture. We found that IL-8 secretion induced by LPS was strongly attenuated in differentiated cells versus undifferentiated cells, and that cellular differentiation also attenuated TLR4 mRNA and protein expressions. Pretreating HT-29 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interferon (INF)-gamma augmented LPS-induced IL-8 secretion and TLR4 expression. These TNF-alpha- or INF-gamma-induced augmentations of LPS response and TLR4 expression were all down-regulated by differentiation. Collectively, we conclude that cellular differentiation attenuates IL-8 secretion induced by LPS in HT-29 cells, and this attenuation is related with the down-regulation of TLR4 expression.     

Vitamin C-treated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells preferentially drive naïve T cells into Th1 cells by increased IL-12 secretions

Vitamin C has been reported to shift immune responses toward Th1. In this study, we evaluated whether this effect was by way of dendritic cells. Murine dendritic cells (DCs) were prepared from bone marrow precursors. DCs treated with vitamin C secreted an increased amount of IL-12p70 after activation with LPS. These cells rendered naïve T cells to secrete more Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and less Th2-cytokine, IL-5 in the culture supernatants. Vitamin C-treatment also increased phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in DCs. p38 inhibitor in culture media suppressed the effect of vitamin C to elevate IL-12p70 secretion. In contrast, ERK inhibitor elevated IL-12p70 secretion. In summary, vitamin C taken up into DCs increased IL-12p70 secretion of these cells by modulating the activation of signal molecules, and thus shifted immune responses toward Th1. These data provide us a new insight on the role of vitamin C in modulating immune responses.