特异性抗体效价检测技术概述

特异性抗体效价是生物制品活性(浓度)的重要标志,通常采用生物学方法来测定,并以抗体与其相应抗原反应产生的、可观察到的标准免疫反应来表示。抗原抗体间除发生特异性反应外,还会产生交叉反应,从而使特异性抗体效价的检测出现偏差,这在实际应用中亟需避免。特异性抗体效价检测技术是疾病诊断、特异性免疫球蛋白制备和疫苗评价等领域的关键技术,在生物制品质量控制及医学临床实践中意义重大。本文对抗体效价检测的常规技术及其研究进展进行简要综述,并对这些技术的特异性、灵敏性、检测周期及应用情况等方面进行比较分析,以期对特异性抗体效价检测技术有一个系统全面的认知,有利于研究人员在实际应用中选择合适的技术,共同推动抗体检测技术的发展。     

黄曲霉毒素B_1的免疫检测 Ⅱ.抗体的产生及应用

将黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１肟（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ）与牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）的连接物,通过多点、多次免疫法注射免疫兔子。分析了抗体的产生进程、效价以及特异性。注射抗原后的第６０天开始有较明显抗体产生,第１２０天达到高峰,维持１５天左右后开始下降;抗体的ＥＬＩＳＡ效价高达１：３００００;和黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１（ＡＦＢ１）的结构类似物的竞争ＥＬＩＳＡ表明,抗体有很好的特异性。运用该抗体,以ＥＬＩＳＡ分析检测了几种农产品及饲料中污染ＡＦＢ１的含量,并和薄层层析法的分析结构进行了比较,结果表明当ＡＦＢ１的含量大于等于５ｎｇ／ｍｌ时,两者间有很好的相关性。     

抗甲型流感鸡卵黄抗体的制备及效价测定

目的:研究抗甲型流感卵黄抗体的制备与纯化,并探讨其效价随免疫时间的变化关系。方法:用灭活甲型流感病毒复合抗原免疫蛋鸡,用PEG6000对卵黄抗体进行分离提取,SDS-PAGE法对其进行分子量测定,考马斯亮蓝法对其含量和纯度进行测定,用微量凝集法检测蛋鸡血清抗体和卵黄抗体的效价。结果:提取得到的卵黄抗体重链分子量为66 kDa、轻链分子量分26 kDa,每毫升卵黄液可得到纯度为95.80%的卵黄抗体9.98mg,回收率93.01%;高效价持续时间90 d以上;免疫蛋鸡血清和卵黄中3种特异性抗体的消长规律基本相似,但抗体水平之间存在明显的差异。结论:采用灭活甲型流感病毒复合抗原免疫蛋鸡可制备高效价、高纯度抗甲型流感卵黄抗体,为卵黄抗体在甲型流感防治中的应用研究奠定了基础。     

单份血清肥达凝集试验在甲型副伤寒诊断中的价值

目的：评价疑似甲型副伤寒病例单份血清肥达凝集试验(WAT)的诊断价值。方法：以甲型副伤寒沙门菌血培养阳性和／或血清鞭毛特异性抗原阳性的甲型副伤寒病例(n=76)、血培养阴性和／或血清抗原阴性的对照发热病人(n=92)和健康饮食从业人员(n=63)为检测对象,用WAT测定以上三种人群血清甲型副伤寒沙门菌O、H、A抗体,分析评价不同O、H、A判断值诊断甲型副伤寒的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阳性似然比等指标。结果：获得三种人群O、H、A凝集价的分布及其几何平均滴度,20％对照发热病人O抗体效价≥160,而健康从业人员仅有3．2％的O抗体效价≥160,对照发热病人和健康人相应H抗体效价分别占17％和4．8％,A抗体效价分别占16％和1．6％。53％血培养阳性和血清鞭毛抗原阳性甲型副份寒病例O抗体效价≥160,相应H、A抗体效价分别占41％和51％。用敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阳性似然比等指标评价单份血清WAT诊断甲型副伤寒的价值,提出O或H或A≥160和O≥160或A≥80可作为WAT辅助诊断甲型副伤寒的标准。结论：单份血清WAT有助于甲型副伤寒的诊断,该试验对血培养阴性的临床疑似甲型副伤寒病例及其高危人群中甲型副伤寒病例的诊断有实用意义。     

SARS灭活病毒免疫兔后IgG特异抗体应答

将灭活的SARS冠状病毒抗原每隔两周多点注射免疫兔,共免疫3次,以观察SARS灭活病毒免疫兔后兔血清中IgG特异性抗体的应答变化。免疫前及第一次免疫后第8、14、21、28、35天耳静脉取血,分离血清。间接ELISA法测得血清中特异性IgG抗体持续升高,并表现出一定的剂量依赖性：第35天G1、G2、G3组血清IgG抗体滴度分别为1：51200、1：49600、1：25600;中和试验测得G1组第28天血清样品中和抗体效价为1：2560;蛋白芯片测得M、N、3CI,、S1、S2、S3、S4等病毒蛋白抗原都可特异性结合抗血清中的IgG抗体,但是不同蛋白抗原结合能力有差别。因此可认为SARS灭活病毒经皮下注射免疫兔后,可诱导全身性IgG抗体应答,产生SARS冠状病毒特异性抗体。     

高效价兔抗小鼠IgG抗血清制备

在免疫学技术中,如放射免疫,免疫酶标技术,免疫荧光等方法常用标记的第二抗体来检测小鼠抗原特异性抗体,包括单克隆抗体的产生。如何获得高效价的兔抗小鼠抗血清,是一个重要的技术问题。经常遇到的一个问题就是所获抗血清的效价常不够理想。我们在     

黄瓜细菌性白枯病菌特异性抗体制备及其ELISA检测方法的建立

目的:制备黄瓜细菌性白枯病菌特异性抗体,建立其酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)的检测方法.方法:分别以黄瓜细菌性白枯病菌胞内蛋白和菌体为免疫原,制备两再种抗体,优化间接ELISA检测条件.结果:间接ELISA法测定两种纯化的菌体抗体(J4)和胞内蛋白抗体(P2)效价分别为1:32000和1:4000,二抗的最佳稀释度为1:3000,方阵试验表明J4的工作浓度为1:16000,抗原的最佳包被浓度为10<'6>cfu/ml,P2的工作浓度为1:2000,抗原的最佳包被浓度为10<'7>cfu/ml,两种抗体的灵敏度均为10<'5>cfu/ml,与黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌等26个菌株无交叉反应,特异性强.结论:成功制备了黄瓜细菌性白枯病菌特异性抗体,建立了ELISA检测方法.     

黄曲霉毒素B1的免疫检测Ⅱ．抗体的产生及应用

将黄曲霉毒素B₁肟(AFB₁O)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的连接物,通过多点、多次免疫法注射免疫兔子。分析了抗体的产生进程、效价以及特异性。注射抗原后的第60天开始有较明显抗体产生,第120天达到高峰,维持15天左右后开始下降;抗体的ELISA效价高达1：30000;和黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)的结构类似物的竞争ELISA表明,抗体有很好的特异性。运用该抗体,以ELISA分析检测了几种农产品及饲料中污染AFB₁,的含量,并和薄层层析法的分析结构进行了比较,结果表明当AFB₁．的含量大于等于5ng／ml时。两者间有很好的相关性。     

黄曲霉毒素B1的免疫检测：Ⅱ.抗体的产生及应用

将黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１肟（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ）与牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）的连接物,通过多点、多次免疫法注射免疫兔子。分析了抗体的产生进程、效价以及牧民性,注射抗原后的第６０天开始有较明显抗休平生,第１０２天达到高峰,维持１５天左右后开始下降;抗体的ＥＬＩＳＡ价高达１：３００００;和黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１（ＡＦＢ１）的结构类似物的竞争ＥＬＩＳ 有很好的特异性。运用该抗体,以ＥＬＩＳＡ分析检测了几种农产品及饲料中污染ＡＦＢ１     

柯萨奇病毒A组16型灭活抗原对小鼠免疫保护作用的研究

为了研究柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,CVA16)灭活抗原在小鼠体内所产生免疫保护作用效果,我们选用CVA16临床分离株521-01T,在Vero细胞中进行大量培养,并对培养产物进行甲醛灭活及超速离心纯化。SDS-PAGE和Western blot对纯化的灭活病毒纯度及性质进行初步分析。Al(OH)3+CVA16及单独CVA16抗原,分别经皮下注射免疫雌性ICR小鼠;相同免疫途径、剂量于第14和28d加强免疫2次。ELISA法检测CVA16特异性血清IgG抗体滴度;微量中和试验法鉴定血清中和抗体滴度;酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测特异性T淋巴细胞的活化。对Al(OH)3+CVA16抗原免疫组母鼠所产仔鼠进行脑腔攻毒,检测母传抗体对新生乳鼠的保护作用。结果显示,Al(OH)3+CVA16灭活抗原在小鼠体内能诱生高滴度的特异性抗体,3次免疫后产生的特异性血清IgG抗体滴度最高可达1∶1×105(P=0.000),中和滴度高于1∶256。同时,该抗原还可以诱导特异性T淋巴细胞的活化。以1 000LD50的病毒量脑腔接种48h内新生乳鼠的病毒攻击实验显示,该母传抗体对新生乳鼠具有100%的保护。这一结果表明该灭活CVA16病毒抗原具有较好的免疫原性及保护性,为CVA16灭活疫苗的研究及评价体系提供了参考。     

Class-specific antibody in human dermatophytosis reactive withTrichophyton rubrum derived antigen

Dermatophyte infections induce a humoral immune response and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect specific antibody classes against antigen derived fromTrichophyton rubrum. Sera from 19 acute patients, 18 chronic patients, and 27 normal controls were evaluated. Mean IgG titers against dermatophyte antigen were significantly higher in all patients than in controls. Mean IgM levels were significantly higher in acute patients than in controls. No significant difference was detected in IgE titers between the patients and controls. These results do not reveal whether the humoral immune response has a role in the progression of the infection.Abbreviations CMI cell-mediated immunity - PBS phosphate buffered saline - Tr antigen Trichophyton rubrum antigen     

抗体固定化方法研究进展

在免疫分析和生物芯片中,抗原-抗体特异性结合被广泛应用,其中抗体的固定化是研发高效诊断和分离工具的关键环节。生物分子工程、材料化学与交联剂化学的进步极大地促进了抗体固定化技术的发展。 抗体可以通过物理吸附、共价偶联和亲和相互作用固定到不同类型的固相表面。 抗体固定化的目标是以一种正确的空间取向将抗体固定到固相表面,在完全保留抗体构象和活性的同时最大化抗原的结合能力,这对固相化抗体的分析性能至关重要。 对固定抗体到固相载体表面的各种最新方法进行了阐述,包括物理吸附法,通过羧基、氨基、巯基、糖基和点击化学的共价结合法以及基于生物亲和作用的固定法,并对固定化抗体的表征方法进行了归纳,最后对抗体固定化方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

抗体几何平均滴度计算中如何处理抗体阴性者？

不同作者在计算抗体几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）时，对抗体阴性者的处理方法不完全一致，共有三种：①将抗体阴性者的抗体滴度作为零纳入抗体ＧＭＴ计算；②将抗体阴性者不纳入计算；③用阳性界值的１／２作为阴性者的抗体滴度纳入计算。统计分析国内１１种医学杂志９２篇文献发现，科研机构和医学院校多用第三种方法（５７．１４％），省级和地市县级单位多用第一种方法（４４．８７％）。作者比较分析了三种方法的计算结果及优劣，认为第一种方法较适宜。     

Structural insights into chemokine CCL17 recognition by antibody M116

The homeostatic chemokine CCL17, also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC), has been associated with various diseases such as asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, atopic dermatitis and ulcerative colitis. Neutralization of CCL17 by antibody treatment ameliorates the impact of disease by blocking influx of T cells. Monoclonal antibody M116 derived from a combinatorial library shows potency in neutralizing CCL17-induced signaling. To gain insight into the structural determinants of antigen recognition, the crystal structure of M116 Fab was determined in complex with CCL17 and in the unbound form. Comparison of the structures revealed an unusual induced-fit mechanism of antigen recognition that involves cis-trans isomerization in two CDRs. The structure of the CCL17-M116 complex revealed the antibody binding epitope, which does not overlap with the putative receptor epitope, suggesting that the current model of chemokine-receptor interactions, as observed in the CXCR4-vMIP-II system, may not be universal.     

HPV16/18假病毒中和抗体检测方法的验证

目的应用假病毒中和法建立检测血清HPV16/18中和抗体滴度检测方法并进行验证。方法分别采用不同批次假病毒以及不同代次细胞对不同滴度的HPV16/18阳性血清进行多次平行检测,考察这些因素对检验结果的影响;同时通过对抗HPV16/18双价阳性血清、抗HPV16单价阳性血清和抗HPV18单价阳性血清的检测进一步评估中和抗体检测法的准确性、特异性及重复性。结果不同批次假病毒和不同代次细胞对检验结果的影响均在4倍范围内,此外该检测法的准确性、特异性、重复性均在可接受标准范围之内。结论建立的假病毒法可满足中和抗体效价检测的要求,可用于评价疫苗的免疫效果。     

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: can pretreatment with 125I-labeled receptor prevent functional damage at the neuromuscular junction?

Rats were immunized with purified receptor from electric fish to induce experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). It is implied by the clonal selection theory that antigens react only with receptors on specific immunocompetent cell subpopulations. In an attempt to damage these specific cells with the aid of highly radioactive antigen, one group of rats was pretreated with an additional injection of radiolabeled receptor of high specific activity 3 days before the basic immunization. The success of the immunization was monitored by measuring changes in the following three parameters: antibody titers against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; number of alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites at endplates; and number of acetylcholine-operated ionic endplate channels, using quantitative electrophysiologic methods. Conventionally immunized animals showed the classical signs of EAMG: elevated antibody titers against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and a reduction of the number of alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites, as well as reduction of the number of acetylcholine-operated ionic channels. The same symptoms were found in animals pretreated with unlabeled receptor and in animals pretreated with radioactive albumin. Animals pretreated with radioactively labeled receptor showed far less reduction of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and only slightly raised antibody titers. This study suggests that preimmunization with radioactive antigen selectively eliminates immunocompetent cells, thus precluding the production of antibodies by a subsequent immunization procedure. The same protective effect cannot be obtained by either preimmunization with unlabeled antigen or by radioactively labeled unspecific antigen.     

Construction and characterization of phage display library: recognition of mouse serologically detected male (SDM) antigen

Improvement of animal embryo sexing depends upon high-titer serologically detected male (SDM) antibody fragments. SDM sera collected from isogenic C57BL/7 female mice after inoculation with male spleen cells were characterized and used for construction of a recombinant Fab antibody library against SDM antigen, and used for analysis of the binding capacity and specificity to SDM antigen. The heavy-chain Fd and full-length light-chain kappa were amplified by RT-PCR from a mouse (#6) that'ed high-titer antiserum. The amplified product was inserted into the pComb3 vector followed by co-infections with the help phage VCSM 13 for construction of the phage library, which gave 1.5x10(7) colonies with the titer of 3.2x10(11) pfu/ml by a recombination rate of 80%. Sequence analysis of the PCR products of plasmid DNA of E5 clones showed that V(H) and V(kappa) had common characteristics shared by other known variable region of antibodies. The Fab antibody libraries against SDM antigen were enriched by three cycles of affinity enrichment with male spleen cells, and two cycles of non-specific absorption with female spleen cells. The ELISA results showed that 9 of 15 clones had binding capacity to the SDM antigen. This is the first report on a phage display library of SDM antigen. The mouse Fab antibody library could be used for identifying SDM antigen, and for the development of sex determination of early embryos in mammals.     

基因工程抗体融合蛋白的构建

抗体融合蛋白可以具有抗体的特性和所融合的功能蛋白的活性,可广泛用于免疫治疗、免疫诊断、抗体纯化及抗体和抗原的分析定量等,特别可用于免疫导向药物的制备。基因工程抗体融合蛋白比传统的化学交联的抗体融合蛋白具有更多的优越性。本文就基因工程抗体融合蛋白的构建和性质做一综述 。     

Anticomplement immunofluorescence for the titration of antibody to varicella-zoster virus

Anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) was tested for its use for the titration of antibody against varicella-zoster virus (VZV). ACIF antibody responses of patients with VZV infection were specific for VZV antigen and heterotypic responses to herpes simplex virus type-1 and cytomegalovirus antigens were not observed. Comparative studies of ACIF, membrane immunofluorescence (MIF) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF), using acetone-fixed antigen, were carried out with nonimmune sera and convalescent sera of patients who had recovered from varicella, herpes zoster and Rumsey Hunt disease. Nonspecific staining occurred with some nonimmune sera at a 1:4 dilution in the MIF and IF tests, after freezing and thawing of the serum, but not in the ACIF test. The antibody titers in convalescent sera agreed well in these three methods and the highest titer was obtained by MIF. The titers in ACIF and IF were similar but the ACIF antibody decreased earlier than the IF antibody during convalescence. On the other hand there was a discrepancy between the titers of ACIF and those of MIF and IF antibody in the sera of healthy adults, all sera with titers higher than 10 in the MIF and IF tests had titers below 10 in the ACIF test. The average titer of ACIF antibody declined to less than 10 with increasing age (13 to more than 20 years), whereas the MIF antibody increased during the same period of life.