常规腹部立位平片漏诊膈下游离气体原因分析及技术改进

目的：探讨常规腹部立位平片漏诊膈下游离气体的原因及技术改进。方法：15例疑有气腹但腹部立位平片阴性者加拍胸部正位片,观察有无膈下游离气体。结果：15例中12例胸片可显示膈下少量游离气体。结论：X线投照中心线位置不同会影响膈下游离气体的显示,胸片较腹部立位平片更容易显示少量气腹。     

常规腹部立位平片漏诊膈下游离气体原因分析及技术改进

目的:探讨常规腹部立位平片漏诊膈下游离气体的原因及技术改进。方法:15例疑有气腹但腹部立位平片阴性者加拍胸部正位片,观察有无膈下游离气体。结果:15例中12例胸片可显示膈下少量游离气体。结论:X线投照中心线位置不同会影响膈下游离气体的显示,胸片较腹部立位平片更容易显示少量气腹。     

支气管扩张症的X线平片、CT和HRCT对照分析

目的：对支气管扩张的X线平片、CT和HRCT表现做一对比分析,以提高诊疗水平。方法：取病理证实支扩20例,分别摄有胸正侧位片,常规CT扫描和HRCT扫描。HRCT选薄层,大矩阵和高分辨率算法。结果：显示X光平片漏诊率高(8／20),特异性低(3／20)。CT较平片显示肺“盲区”效果好,有粘液嵌塞,常规CT像上有时不易与血管性病变鉴别,HRCT可显示部分含气的支气管腔存在。结论：HRCT扫描诊断支扩特异性高,可与支气管造影相媲美。它不仅显示支扩范围、程度和部位。还能显示小叶中央性改变。常规CT较平片显示率高。     

多层螺旋CT检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的诊断价值比较研究

目的:研究比较多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻(AIO)的诊断价值。方法:选择2016年1月到2018年4月间在蚌埠医学院附属阜阳医院接受手术治疗的200例AIO患者作为研究对象,对所有患者先常规予以腹部X线平片诊断,12h后再通过MSCT为患者实施诊断,对比两种方法的诊断结果、诊断体验效果以及漏诊率和误诊率。结果:MSCT的肠梗阻检出率为94.50%,明显较腹部X线平片的69.00%更高(P0.05)。MSCT所诊断的肠梗阻中,梗阻类型为绞窄型及梗阻病因为肠肿瘤者均占100.00%,较腹部X线平片的36.21%和54.26%明显更高(P0.05)。MSCT的诊断舒适度评分、图像清晰度评分较腹部X线平片明显更高,而操作复杂度评分较腹部X线平片明显更低(P0.05)。MSCT的漏诊率、误诊率分别为4.00%、1.50%,较腹部X线平片的22.00%、9.00%明显降低(P0.05)。结论:对于AIO患者,MSCT较腹部X线平片具有更高的诊断价值,诊断体验效果更好,漏诊率和误诊率偏低。     

x线断层容积成像技术在肺动脉畸形中的应用

目的：通过与常规x线胸片比较,探讨胸部x线断层容积成像技术在肺动脉畸形中的应用价值。方法：对20例临床及x线平片怀疑肺动脉畸形者,进一步进行胸部x线断层容积成像检查。其中11例被明确诊断为肺动脉畸形。以CT或超声心动结果为标准,对比两种图像对肺动脉畸形的明确诊断率,分析对比该11例患者的胸部x线断层容积成像图片和普通x线胸片,评价两种方法所获得的图像质量和图片优秀率。结果：20例疑似患者中,11例被CT或超声心动确诊为肺动脉畸形,其x线断层容积成像图片和普通x线胸片经主管技师和副主任医师双盲判读,x线断层容积成像11例均获明确诊断（100％）,普通x线胸片明确诊断2例（18％）,诊断准确率有明显差异（P=0．O001）。容积断层成像优质图像为10例,占总数的90．91％;良好1例,差为0例。11例x片中优秀7例,占总数的63．63％,其中良好3例,差1例。两种图像优秀率比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．0001）。结论：x线断层容积成像技术对肺动脉畸形的图像优秀率和诊断准确率均高于x线平片,对病变的显示更加清晰、立体,提高诊断准确率和客观性,具有重要的临床诊断价值。     

电视胸腔镜在闭合性胸外伤诊治中的应用

目的:探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)在闭合性胸外伤中诊断、治疗中的价值。方法:2004年6月～2011年6月选择68例闭合性胸外伤患者,应用VATS进行探查、诊断,同时进行肺修补、肺楔形切除、肋间血管止血、肋骨骨折固定等操作以及小切口辅助手术。结果:68例经VATS探查损伤情况:肺裂伤30例,凝固性血胸15例,肋间血管损伤10例,肋骨骨折需手术复位、固定12例,肺内血肿形成5例,膈疝3例,胸廓内血管损伤2例。VATS行肺修补术25例,肺楔形切除术7例,血管止血术12例,肋骨骨折复位、固定术12例,VATS辅助胸壁小切口肺叶切除术3例,膈疝修补术3例。VATS手术时间25～125 min,平均71.7 min。术后1～7 d胸腔少量积液、积气9例,少量咯血8例。68例随访2～17个月,平均9.2个月,复查胸片显示患肺复张良好,胸腔无积液、积气。结论:闭合性胸外伤患者应用VTAS诊治,可使诊断及时、准确,患者创伤小、恢复快,疗效满意。     

坏死性小肠结肠炎的X线表现（附141例报道）

目的：总结坏死性小肠结肠炎的X线表现。方法：回顾性分析141例经临床证实的坏死性小肠结肠炎病例,怀疑或已诊断为坏死性小肠结肠炎者在首次腹平片后,根据病情每6～24小时复查腹平片,动态观察病情发展及转归。结果：小肠胀气扩张72例,部分肠管狭窄变细、形态僵直38例,局部胃肠道见＂泡沫征＂者12例,肠壁囊样积气者25例,肠壁线样积气者6例,肠壁囊样积气及线样积气者13例,门静脉积气者8例,气腹者21例。结论：坏死性小肠结肠炎的早期X线表现为肠管僵直、狭窄;进展期典型X线表现为肠壁积气及门静脉积气。X线检查为本病的首选检查方法。     

基层医院利用X线诊断创伤性膈疝的相关分析

为了探讨基层医院X线、胃肠钡餐检查对创伤性膈疝诊断的重要价值,分析对照8例经手术证实的膈疝的X线、胃肠钡餐与手术。8例膈疝患者都进行了正侧位胸部常规X线摄片检查,可以诊断患者经胃肠造影膈面上出现钡剂充盈的胃肠道影或胸腔内见胃、肠管、网膜等结构。在此基础上得出结论:近年来影像学迅速发展,已经基本普及了CT.MRI,而且其诊断准确率比普通放射线要高,但是所需费用也较高,然而一些中小医院没有MRI甚至没有CT,因此在普通放射线治疗中,常规X线胸片、胃肠造影的地位仍然不可忽视。     

支气管扩张症的X线平片、CT和HRCT对照分析

目的:对支气管扩张的X线平片、CT和HRCT表现做一对比分析,以提高诊疗水平。方法:取病理证实支扩20例,分别摄有胸正侧位片,常规CT扫描和HRCT扫描。HRCT选薄层,大矩阵和高分辨率算法。结果:显示X光平片漏诊率高(8/20),特异性低(3/20)。CT较平片显示肺“盲区”效果好,有粘液嵌塞者,常规CT像上有时不易与血管性病变鉴别,HRCT可显示部分含气的支气管腔存在。结论:HRCT扫描诊断支扩特异性高,可与支气管造影相媲美,它不仅显示支扩范围、程度和部位。还能显示小叶中央性改变。常规CT较平片显示率高。     

不同压力二氧化碳气腹对兔血液流变学和微循环的影响

目的：研究不同压力二氧化碳气腹对兔血液流变学和微循环的影响。方法：18只雌性健康实验兔按气腹压力随机均分为三组：气腹压0mmHg组（Ⅰ组）、气腹压10mmHg组（Ⅱ组）和气腹压15mmHg组（Ⅲ组）。每组兔均在不同的压力下接受气腹1h。在二氧化碳气腹前5min（T0）、气腹后30min（T1）、气腹后60min（T2）测定血液流变学指标。监测心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、耳廓微循环的血流量和血流速率并记录在相应时点的上述参数值。结果：气腹后30min、60min,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组比较,HR、MAP、全血粘度、红细胞刚性指数和聚集指数显著增加（P〈0.05）,红细胞变形指数、耳廓微循环的血流量和血流速率显著下降（P〈0.05）,Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较,各参数变化更为显著（P〈0.01）。血浆粘度和红细胞压积气腹前后无明显变化。结论：二氧化碳气腹后血液流变性减弱;虽然HR、MAP增加,但微循环的血流量和血流速率下降。     

Abdominal distension alters regional pleural pressures and chest wall mechanics in pigs in vivo

Abdominal distension (AD) occurs in pregnancy and is also commonly seen in patients with ascites from various causes. Because the abdomen forms part of the "chest wall," the purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of AD on ventilatory mechanics. Airway pressure, four (vertical) regional pleural pressures, and abdominal pressure were measured in five anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated upright pigs. The effects of AD on the lung and chest wall were studied by inflating a liquid-filled balloon placed in the abdominal cavity. Respiratory system, chest wall, and lung pressure-volume (PV) relationships were measured on deflation from total lung capacity to residual volume, as well as in the tidal breathing range, before and 15 min after abdominal pressure was raised. Increasing abdominal pressure from 3 to 15 cmH2O decreased total lung capacity and functional residual capacity by approximately 40% and shifted the respiratory system and chest wall PV curves downward and to the right. Much smaller downward shifts in lung deflation curves were seen, with no change in the transdiaphragmatic PV relationship. All regional pleural pressures increased (became less negative) and, in the dependent region, approached 0 cmH2O at functional residual capacity. Tidal compliances of the respiratory system, chest wall, and lung were decreased 43, 42, and 48%, respectively. AD markedly alters respiratory system mechanics primarily by "stiffening" the diaphragm/abdomen part of the chest wall and secondarily by restricting lung expansion, thus shifting the lung PV curve as seen after chest strapping. The less negative pleural pressures in the dependent lung regions suggest that nonuniformities of ventilation could also be accentuated and gas exchange impaired by AD.     

Theoretical analysis of chest wall mechanics

A mathematical model of the chest wall partitioned into rib cage, diaphragmatic and abdominal components is developed consistent with published experimental observations. The model describes not only the orthodox chest wall movements (rib cage and abdomen expand together during inspiration) of the quietly breathing standing adult, but also Mueller maneuvers (inspiration against an occluded airway opening) and the paradoxical breathing patterns (rib cage contracts while abdomen expands during inspiration) observed in quadriplegia and in the newborn. The abdomen is inferred to act as a cylinder reinforced by the abdominal muscles functioning similarly to bands around a barrel. The rib cage and abdominal wall are inferred to act not as though they were directly attached to one another, but as though they were being pressed together by the skeleton. Furthermore, transabdominal pressure is visualized as acting, not across the rib cage isolated from the diaphragm, as has been suggested previously, but instead, across the combined rib cage and diaphragm acting as a deformable unit containing the lungs.     

多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折的诊断价值及最佳复查时间研究

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折的诊断价值及最佳复查时间。方法:选取2017年7月到2018年7月期间在我院接受治疗的胸部外伤患者95例,在首次检查时均接受了X线平片和多排螺旋CT检查,比较首次检查时X线平片和多排螺旋CT的检出率,比较首次检查时X线平片和多排螺旋CT对不同类型骨折的诊断情况,比较各个时间段复查病例的肋骨骨折数与首次检查时的差异。结果:95例患者中最终86例确诊存在肋骨骨折,首次检查时多排螺旋CT的检出率为95.35%(82/86),高于X线平片的82.56%(71/86)(P0.05)。86例患者最终确定共存在骨折289处,首次检查时X线平片共检出246处,多排螺旋CT共检出274处,多排螺旋CT对线性骨折、凹陷性骨折的检出率高于X线平片(P0.05)。伤后11-20d、伤后41-50d、伤后51-60d的复查肋骨骨折数与首次检查肋骨骨折数比较无统计学差异(P0.05),伤后21-30d、伤后31-40d的复查肋骨骨折数高于首次检查肋骨骨折数(P0.05)。结论:多排螺旋CT对隐匿性肋骨骨折有较高的诊断价值,首次诊断时的检出率明显高于X线平片,伤后21-40d这个时间段是进行复查的较佳时间段,可获得较好效果。     

64层螺旋CT增强扫描在急诊胸部创伤中的初步应用

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT增强扫描在急诊胸部创伤中的诊断价值及临床意义。方法：18例急诊胸部创伤患者均行胸部64层螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描。采用最大密度投影（MIP）、曲面重建（CPR）和容积再现技术（VR）对胸部大血管进行重建、分析。将CT诊断结果与手术、随访复查结果进行比较。结果：18例中,CT平扫显示胸部主要损伤有：肺挫伤10例（55.56%）,血胸及肋骨骨折各9例（50%）,气胸8例（44.44%）,锁骨骨折6例（33.33%）。CT增强扫描诊断心脏大血管损伤7例,其中锁骨下动脉假性动脉瘤3例,胸主动脉假性动脉瘤2例,胸主动脉夹层和心包破裂各1例。CT增强扫描结果与手术、临床随访结果相吻合。结论：64层螺旋CT增强扫描是全面而准确地诊断急诊胸部创伤的重要影像技术,可以对CT平扫不能确定的心脏、大血管的损伤情况作出明确判断,对临床救治方案的早期确定具有重要的指导意义。     

Determinants of transdiaphragmatic pressure in dogs

We measured the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation and evaluated the determinants of its change with lung volume, chest wall geometry, and respiratory system impedance in supine dogs. Four rows of radiopaque markers were sewn onto muscle bundles of the costal and crural diaphragm between their origin on the central tendon and their insertion on the rib cage and spine. The length of the diaphragm (L) was determined from the projection images of marker rows using biplane fluoroscopy. Measurements were made at lung volumes between total lung capacity and functional residual capacity before and after the infusion of Ringer lactate solution into the abdominal cavity. In contrast to relaxation, during tetanic stimulation the active lengths of the muscle bundles were similar at all volumes, but the diaphragm assumed different shapes. Although the small differences in active muscle length with volume and liquid loads are consistent with only small changes in muscle force output, Pdi varied by a factor of greater than or equal to 5. There was no single L/Pdi curve that fitted all data during 50-Hz stimulations. We conclude that under these experimental conditions Pdi is not a unique measure of the force produced by the diaphragm and that lung volume, chest wall geometry, and respiratory system impedance are important determinants of the mechanical efficiency of the diaphragm as a pressure generator.     

Relative strengths of the chest wall muscles

We hypothesized that during maximal respiratory efforts involving the simultaneous activation of two or more chest wall muscles (or muscle groups), differences in muscle strength require that the activity of the stronger muscle be submaximal to prevent changes in thoracoabdominal configuration. Furthermore we predicted that maximal respiratory pressures are limited by the strength of the weaker muscle involved. To test these hypotheses, we measured the pleural pressure, abdominal pressure (Pab), and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during maximal inspiratory, open-glottis and closed-glottis expulsive, and combined inspiratory and expulsive maneuvers in four adults. We then determined the activation of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles during selected maximal respiratory maneuvers, using electromyography and phrenic nerve stimulation. In all subjects, the Pdi generated during maximal inspiratory efforts was significantly lower than the Pdi generated during open-glottis expulsive or combined efforts, suggesting that rib cage, not diaphragm, strength limits maximal inspiratory pressure. Similarly, at high lung volumes, the Pab generated during closed-glottis expulsive efforts was significantly greater than that generated during open-glottis efforts, suggesting that the latter pressure is limited by diaphragm, not abdominal muscle, strength. As predicted, diaphragm activation was submaximal during maximal inspiratory efforts, and abdominal muscle activation was submaximal during open-glottis expulsive efforts at midlung volume. Additionally, assisting the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage with negative body-surface pressure significantly increased maximal inspiratory pressure, whereas loading the rib cage muscles with rib cage compression decreased maximal inspiratory pressure. We conclude that activation of the chest wall muscles during static respiratory efforts is determined by the relative strengths and mechanical advantage of the muscles involved.