尿道损伤的诊断治疗现状

尿道损伤一直是个棘手的泌尿外科常见疾病.逆行尿道造影是评价尿道损伤的金标准.尿道损伤的治疗方法的选择在泌尿系创伤中是争议最多的.目前没有一种方法是最简单有效的处理方法.组织工程技术的诞生和发展,给尿道损伤的处理带来了新的希望,有望为尿道损伤的修复提供新的材料.本文仅就尿道损伤疾病的基本概况及国内外在诊断和治疗方面的的研究现状作简要综述.     

绿激光水下汽化生物组织的实验及临床应用

应用自制的KTP.Nd3 :YAG绿激光治疗机进行了水下汽化离体动物组织实验并对15名前列腺增生患者和3名尿道狭窄患者进行临床治疗。结果发现水下汽化离体动物组织汽化速度快,热损伤区小。临床结果表明此方法手术时间短,不出血,导尿管时间短,只需3 d左右,未发现副作用和不良反映。经水下汽化离体生物组织和经尿道镜治疗的临床实验,可以得出以下结论:本单位研制的KTP.Nd3 :YAG绿激光治疗机经尿道镜汽化术治疗前列腺增生、尿道狭窄等泌尿科疾病疗效确切,是一种特别适用于高危患者的微创介入的治疗手段,可以作为泌尿科的一线治疗方法。     

脊髓损伤再生修复的临床研究进展

创伤性脊髓损伤会导致患者感觉运动功能的严重缺失,严重影响生活质量,给社会和家庭带来沉重负担.针对创伤性脊髓损伤目前主要集中于处理原发性创伤损伤以及通过康复训练提高生活自理能力等方法,而对于神经再生及运动功能恢复却未有有效方法.以干细胞及生物材料为核心的再生医学技术的发展,为创伤性脊髓损伤的再生修复提供了新的治疗的可能.再生医学修复脊髓损伤的研究已逐渐进入临床试验阶段,为脊髓损伤患者的治疗带来了希望.本文对干细胞或功能细胞以及生物材料治疗创伤性脊髓损伤的临床研究现状进行了综述.     

经尿道推注利多卡因治疗男性拔管后排尿困难的临床研究

目的：探究一种新的男性导尿管拔出后排尿障碍的治疗方法。方法：选择肝胆外科利用腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉术后拔尿管后 排尿障碍的60 例患者,随机分治疗组（30 例）：用10 mL注射器经尿道给予2%的利多卡因和0.9%的生理盐水各5 mL混合液,并 保留5 min;对照组（30 例）：施行常规腹部热敷治疗。结果：治疗组所有患者在2-5 小时内排尿,对照组16 例在2-5 小时内排尿, 14 例尿潴留,最终应用治疗组方法后全部排尿。结论：经尿道给予利多卡因推注治疗男性术后排尿障碍具有很好的临床效果,值 得临床推广应用。     

采用质粒DNA研究人结缔组织生长因子（hCTGF）对骨损伤修复作用的研究

摘要：目的 研究人结缔组织生长因子（hCTGF）对细胞的增殖作用及其骨损伤促愈合的生物学作用。方法 利用真核基因导入系统,转染具有分化潜能的成纤维细胞,并导入骨折实验动物模型,利用分子生物学和临床骨科技术检测分析,获得数据。结果 明确了hCTGF对细胞的增殖作用,表明了hCTGF以基因治疗为手段具有修复骨损伤的生物学活性,为该因子在临床上治疗骨损伤提供新的活性因子和新的治疗方法。     

生长因子在肌腱再生中的应用

肌腱损伤是一个全球性的常见健康问题,肌腱的特性使得肌腱的愈合变得十分困难,损伤部位愈合后常常被疤痕组织替代,造成肌腱生物力学性质的损害。近年来,许多证据表明生长因子能够促进肌腱的再生愈合,这为治疗肌腱损伤开辟了新的方向。该文主要总结了近年来用于治疗肌腱损伤的相关生长因子及其对肌腱损伤的治疗作用和递送方法。阐明了未来可能通过生长因子、干细胞和生物支架的联合应用的组织工程的方法实现肌腱疤痕的消除及肌腱个体化再生。     

126例经尿道前列腺汽化电切术围手术期的护理体会

目的探讨经尿道汽化电切除术治疗前列腺增生症围术期的护理措施。方法对126例经尿道汽化电切除术的前列腺增生症患者,加强术前心理护理,手术准备,术后严密观察,做好基础护理,加强管道护理．生活护理和健康指导。结果126例均手术成功,术后出血少,恢复快;术后随访6个月～3年,病人无尿道狭窄、尿失禁等并发症。结论经尿道前列腺部分电汽化切除术是治疗前列腺增生症的有效措施,而提高护理效率是手术成功的保证。     

铁死亡参与脊髓损伤调控的研究进展

铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的,以细胞内脂质活性氧堆积为特征的细胞程序性死亡方式。广泛存在于肿瘤、癌症、急性肾损伤等多种疾病当中。脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI) 是一种严重的创伤性神经系统疾病,具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率的特点。目前,脊髓损伤的具体发生机制及高效治疗方法仍在探索当中,这也是亟待解决的世界性难题。研究表明,脊髓损伤后调控神经细胞的程序性死亡是治疗SCI的重点。然而,对于铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的分子生物学机制尚缺乏系统和深入的认识。收集和整理了近几年国内外有关脊髓损伤后铁死亡方面的相关文献,针对铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的调控机制和研究进展进行了综述,以期为治疗脊髓损伤带来新的思路。     

自体组织重建膀胱可用于膀胱成形术患者

外伤可导致膀胱的损伤甚至摘除,部分先天异常的儿童,如膀胱外翻、脊髓脊膜膨出或者尿道瓣膜发育延迟患儿,会出现高压、高渗、低顺应性膀胱。这些患者在药物治疗无效后常需要膀胱成形术,因此器官修复或移植势在必行。     

阴囊纵隔血管蒂皮瓣尿道成形Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂26例

目的:介绍阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法.方法:于阴囊纵隔部设计以纵隔血管为蒂,宽1.5～2cm,长等于尿道外口至冠状沟距离的皮瓣,切取后成形尿道,修复下裂.结果:本组26例皮瓣全部成活,成形尿道排尿通畅.术后6例出现尿漏,4例换药治疗后自行愈合,2例半年后行瘘修补.随访6月至2年,无尿瘘及尿道狭窄.阴茎功能及外形满意.结论:阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术是Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂的良好方法.     

6. Changing concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of closed renal injuries.

Direct force is responsible for all closed kidney injuries except those involving the pedicle. Underlying parenchymal disease strongly predisposes the kidney to injury. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to rational treatment, and this is accomplished by infusion pyelography, angiography, retrograde pyelography and scanning. Treatment of kidney injuries has classically been conservatives, except when the clinical course or the nature of pre-existing diseases make an operation essential, but the current trend is towards more aggressive surgical treatment. This applies not only to pedicle injuries but also to major parenchymal trauma, and it is rendered feasible by precise diagnosis and improved surgical technique.     

Les lésions de l’urètre associées à une fracture des corps caverneux. A propos d’une série de 4 cas et revue de la littérature

Introduction

Urethral injury associated with corpora cavernosa fracture is a relatively uncommon form of urological trauma. Early diagnosis and immediate surgical repair are essential.

Patients and methods

Between January 1990 and December 2004, a total of 4 male patients with urethral injury associated with fracture of the corpora cavernosa were retrospectively studied from a series of 96 cases of penile fracture.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 36.5 years (range: 27–45 years). Urethral bleeding was noted in all patients. Immediate surgical repair via a penile circular subcoronal incision was performed in all cases. Two partial urethral injuries associated with a unilateral corpus cavernosum lesion were identified. In the other cases, total urethral injury was associated with bilateral rupture of the corpora cavernosa. The tunica albuginea defect was closed and the urethral laceration repaired over a urethral catheter. With a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, 2 short urethral strictures were observed and were managed non-operatively with good outcome.

Comments

Secondary urethral lesions associated with corpora cavernosa fracture most frequently affect young adults. In North African countries, forced self-manipulation of an erect penis is the most frequent cause, but the associated urethral lesion is usually related to vaginal intercourse. The diagnosis can generally be made on the basis of history and physical examination alone. Blood at the meatus or haematuria or voiding difficulties suggest associated trauma to the urethra [4]. Additional imaging examinations are rarely required. The standard treatment is prompt surgical exploration, evacuation of haematoma, and primary repair of the urethral and corpora cavernosa defects. Late complications after surgical repair are penile curvature and pain during coitus. They are usually attributable to a residual fibrotic area.

Conclusion

Urethral injury associated with corpora cavernosa fracture usually has typical signs. The mechanism of trauma is very suggestive. Early surgical treatment is the only guarantee of a satisfactory functional result.     

COMMON LESIONS OF THE URETHRA IN WOMEN

Urethral disease in women and girls often is overlooked. As the urine may seem to be normal as determined by repeated urinalysis, the symptoms—urinary frequency and burning—may be attributed entirely to other pelvic disease or to functional disorder. Since erroneous diagnosis may lead to unnecessary procedures or to neglect of treatment with consequent development of severe disease in the kidneys or ureters, it is important to consider urethral lesions as a possible cause in any case of abdominal discomfort in women.The most common lesions of the urethra in women are urethritis, stricture, caruncle, inflammatory polyps and cysts, prolapse of the urethra, and diverticulum. In some cases diagnosis can be made simply on the basis of inspection and palpation. In others more extensive diagnostic procedures must be carried out in order that treatment may be definitive.The methods of treatment, varying with the nature of the lesion, are outlined herein.     

Common Urological Conditions in the Female

Stress incontinence, urge incontinence, and pyelitis of pregnancy are common urological conditions in the female. Poor therapeutic results in the treatment of stress incontinence may be traced to errors in diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is based on an accurate history, residual urine test, the stress test, cystometric studies (to rule out neurogenic disturbances), cystourethroscopy and cystourethrography. The most important factor in the production of urge incontinence is infection. Some pathological conditions which may be associated with urge incontinence are urethritis, cystitis, urethral stricture, bladder-neck obstruction, urethral diverticula, urethral caruncle and the urgencyfrequency syndrome. Therapy is directed toward the eradication of infection and treatment of the specific lesion. In pyelitis of pregnancy it is urged that, in cases of unusual bacterial virulence and poor ureteral drainage, early cystoscopic ureteral catheter drainage should be instituted in order to prevent permanent kidney damage. The closest co-operation of urologist, gynecologist and general physician is necessary for clarification of some of the more complex problems.     

Les traumatismes de la verge: à propos de 23 cas

The authors report 23 cases of penile injuries based on a retrospective study of their urological practice in Senegal. The various cases were distributed as follows: fracture of the penis (19 cases), corpora cavernosa and urethral gunshot injuries (2 cases), rupture of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis (1 case) and laceration of the penile skin (1 case). The mean age of these patients was 32.4 years. Early surgical treatment of all penile fractures reduces the complication rate.     

TRICHOMONAS URETHRITIS IN MALES

Trichomonas urethritis in the male should be suspected in all chronic cases of urethritis. The diagnosis is easily established by the hanging-drop method of examining the urethral discharge, or the first-glass urine specimen. Curative treatment is readily accomplished by the use of urethral instillations of Carbarsone suspension using 1 capsule of Carbarsone per ounce of distilled water.     

Carcinome urothélial de l’urètre: une nouvelle observation et revue de la littérature

Urothelial carcinoma of the male urethra is a rare tumour. We report a new case of urothelial carcinoma of the urethra in a 64-year old man who was examined due to a dysuria. Retrograde and voiding urethrocystography carried out had shown images of bulbopenile urethral stricture treated by urethroplasty. Histological examination of the urethrectomy part revealed a urothelial carcinoma of the urethra. The patient refused any additional treatment and survived 14 months after diagnosis.     

Lésions des organes génitaux externes par arme a feu: a propos de six observations

Patients and Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients admitted with gunshot injuries to the external genital organs to the urology departments of Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Grand Yoff General Hospital and Dakar Principal Hospital, between January 1998 and January 2003. The following parameters were studied: patients’ age and gender, interval between accident and admission, clinical features, complementary investigations and treatment, and early and late outcomes.

Results

Only males were observed and the mean age of these patients was 37.7 years (range: 22–52 years). Lesions were accidental in five cases. Two cases of testicular wounds, two cases of corpus cavernosum injuries, two cases of urethral injury, and one case of perineal wound were observed. After excision of the lesions, complementary procedures consisted of: orchidectomy in two cases, corpus cavernosum — albuginea suture in two cases and end-to-end urethral suture in one case. Perineoscrotal wounds were sutured three days after debridement. All patients received antibiotics and antitetanus serum. No death was observed during the immediate follow-up. No case of urethral stricture or erectile dysfunction was observed with a follow-up of 18 months. Semen analysis was normal in the two cases of orchidectomy.     

Contemporary Management of Bulbar Urethral Strictures

Urethral stricture disease (USD) is a progressive scar-forming disease commonly encountered by urologists and is challenging to manage. USD most frequently occurs in the bulbar urethra. Patients typically present with chronic obstructive voiding symptoms but may develop recurrent urinary tract infections, detrusor failure, or renal disease. The authors review the pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and evidence-based management of bulbar urethral strictures (BUS). There are multiple surgical options to treat BUS. Endoscopic techniques (eg, dilation and urethrotomy) are suitable for the initial management of short strictures but new evidence-based guidelines recommend against repeated endoscopic treatment. Urethroplasty is the gold standard treatment for BUS of all lengths, with anastomotic techniques appropriate for strictures <2 cm and tissue substitution performed for longer strictures. New techniques, such as non-transecting urethroplasty, lack long-term data but may represent a paradigm shift in the field. Future treatments may utilize tissue-engineered grafts and agents that inhibit inflammation and scar formation.