骨髓间充质干细胞移植与肾脏病

骨髓间充质干细胞是目前广受关注的一群成体干细胞,具有取材容易,增殖能力强,生物学特性稳定,可以跨胚层分化,低免疫源性,参与受损组织修复等优点,随着组织工程的兴起和发展以及其自身所特有的生物学特性,人们逐渐认识到将骨髓间充质干细胞作为肾脏病移植治疗的种子细胞具有良好的应用前景。本文就骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性及其在肾脏病移植治疗中的进展做一综述。     

阿司匹林对骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性脑卒中的影响研究进展

阿司匹林是缺血性脑卒中患者急性期治疗药物及卒中再发的二级预防常用药物,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植是治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的新的新兴技术。已证实阿司匹林可抑制骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖及影响骨髓间充质干细胞的分化。本文就阿司匹林对骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性脑卒中的影响等进行综述。     

对比不同年龄段食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征

骨髓间充质干细胞因其广泛的临床应用前景而备受关注.非人灵长类动物在基因、生理和代谢等方面与人类相似,在制作疾病模型和疾病治疗研究等方面具有无可比拟的优势.因此,来源于非人灵长类的骨髓间充质干细胞是细胞移植和组织工程研究中的重要工具.本实验对比研究了不同年龄段食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征.结果发现,与中年食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞比较,青少年食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞具有明显高的增殖和分化潜能.长期体外培养的食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞能发生自发转变,转变后的细胞具有明显不同于骨髓间充质干细胞的形态特征.端粒酶活性检测显示,各年龄组不同代数的骨髓间充质干细胞端粒酶活性没有明显差别,但与骨髓间充质干细胞比较,转变后的细胞端粒酶活性显著增高.另一方面,随着体外培养时间延长,染色体不稳定性发生频率相应增加.这些结果提示在使用间充质干细胞进行实验或临床研究前,必须全面考虑各种因素,包括供体的年龄等,并且完善各种检测.     

多模式追踪食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞

近年来, 在细胞治疗和再生医学领域, 自体或异体细胞移植治疗疾病正在成为现实. 骨髓间充质干细胞具有分化成多种细胞的潜能, 已被广泛用于各种疾病的研究和治疗. 活体追踪移植细胞, 检测移植细胞的生存及功能状态对于评价移植治疗效果至关重要. 目前, 利用磁共振对比剂超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒(SPIO), 活体追踪和监测标记细胞已被广泛用于动物实验研究和一些临床疾病诊断. 但 MRI 信号不能显示移植细胞在体内的生物学特征. 本研究中, 对食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞体外标记Molday ION rhodamine-B^TM(MIRB), 探讨MIRB 标记后cMSCs 的细胞生物学特性, 以及脑内移植后的活体MRI 影像学及组织学追踪. 结果表明, MIRB 具有生物组织相容性, 能高效标记cMSCs, 可用于体内多模式追踪移植细胞, 为利用MIRB 追踪和检测移植细胞, 以及干细胞移植治疗机制的研究提供资料.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中的移植途径及比较

骨髓间充质干细胞是具有自我更新能力和分化潜能的一类成体干细胞,经过局部微环境的诱导,可在体内外进行扩展,到晚期可分化成为多种细胞系。当组织受损伤时,可迅速到达损伤部位,分化为特异的组织细胞,参与组织修复。骨髓间充质干细胞这种惊人的分化及组织修复能力,为治疗退行性疾病和器官损伤性疾病提供广阔前景,故成为科研热点。国内外相关实验研究多以大鼠为动物模型,而骨髓间充质干细胞如何进入大鼠体内并定植,是实验成功的重要前提。因此如何找到最合适、最安全的移植途径将骨髓间充质干细胞有效地移植进入大鼠疾病模型体内的受损区域,是研究者关心的重点。本文就目前骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中不同移植途径进行综述,并比较各种途径的优缺点,希望能对临床科研工作提供参考,并期待能有更成熟的移植手段来推动骨髓间充质干细胞实验研究的进展。     

菲立磁标记食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞的脑内移植示踪研究

中枢神经系统损伤后的再生修复问题一直是神经科学领域关注的重点之一,骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗拓宽了人类中枢神经系统损伤的治疗前景,而非侵入性的磁共振成像能活体追踪移植细胞,评价移植效果。应用菲立磁标记食蟹猴骨髓来源的间充质干细胞,在脑立体定位仪引导下,自体脑内移植。结果显示,菲立磁标记间充质干细胞的有效率高达90%以上,移植区磁共振影像呈明显的低信号改变。标记的间充质干细胞移植后在脑内存活,并向周围的脑实质内迁移。移植8周后,发现移植细胞通过血管向对侧脑部迁移,但并未发现移植细胞向神经细胞分化。这些结果提示,菲立磁可用于标记、追踪脑内移植的食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞,标记的移植细胞可在脑内存活、迁移。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗大鼠肝损伤的实验研究

目的:了解肝损伤大鼠在输注骨髓间充质干细胞后肝功能生化指标和肝脏组织病理变化情况,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法:将大鼠随机分为正常组和造模组。造模组采用腹腔注射四氯化碳的方法构建,然后将造模组随机分为干细胞移植治疗组、模型对照组。干细胞移植组经门静脉输注标记的骨髓间充质干细胞。3周后处死大鼠。然后检测大鼠肝功能、肝脏病理改变分析干细胞移植治疗肝损伤效果。结果:干细胞移植治疗3周后,大鼠的肝脏与对照组比较,明显恢复,但是并没有恢复到正常水平。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞对肝损伤的大鼠有治疗作用。     

人羊膜间充质干细胞的生物学特性及临床前研究

近年来随着对间充质干细胞功能特性的深入研究,间充质干细胞已经成为细胞替代治疗的研究热点。而人羊膜间充质干细胞(human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell,hAMSC),除与时下研究热、应用广的骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,BM-MSC)一样具有多向分化潜能、免疫调节、造血支持等特性外,还具有来源广泛、取材方便、无伦理限制、细胞增殖能力强等优势。多项研究还证明,hAMSC移植免疫排斥少,成功率高,在各种组织器官中存活率高,存活时间长。以上诸多优势,使得其在细胞替代治疗和再生医学研究领域备受关注。     

猪骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及核移植后重构胚胎发育能力的研究

不同类型的细胞核移植效率不同,原因之一可能是不同类型细胞核移植后进行重编程的潜力不同.本实验对猪骨髓间充质干细胞(porcine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,pMSCs)体外分离培养的方法进行了优化.对猪骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖及生长特性进行了观察分析,并以其作为供体细胞进行核移植,对此类型细胞进行重编程的潜力进行了评估.结果表明用密度梯度离心法分离猪骨髓间充质干细胞优于全骨髓贴壁法:猪骨髓间充质干细胞数目在培养第6天达到峰值,传代培养10 h时,贴壁率达到78.50%;传代培养后第4天分裂指数最高,为24.00‰;以猪骨髓间充质干细胞(pMSCs)和猪胎儿成纤维细胞(PF)分别作为供核细胞构建核移植胚胎,其体外囊胚发育率分别为14.63%与15.07%(P＞0.05),孤雌对照组囊胚发育率为30.91%(P＜0.05);而三组囊胚细胞数分别为30.67±17.7、24.1±6.5和25.8±11.4(P＞0.05).实验表明,体外培养的猪骨髓间充质干细胞生长增殖旺盛,生物学性状稳定.并适合作为核移植供体细胞.     

干细胞治疗心血管疾病的研究进展

干细胞移植能促使受损心肌再生和改善心功能,是治疗心血管疾病的理想选择。现在有多种干细胞用于研究,用于治疗心血管疾病的干细胞包括胚胎干细胞,诱导多能干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞和心脏干细胞。不同类型的干细胞都有各自的优点和局限性。胚胎干细胞由于伦理问题应用受到限制。诱导多能干细胞具有胚胎样细胞的特性,增殖能力很强,但是有形成肿瘤的风险。间充质干细胞由于具有免疫调节特性可作为万能供体细胞。心脏干细胞比其它类型的干细胞能更好地表达心肌分化的标记物,改善心脏功能。本文对干细胞在心血管疾病研究及治疗中的最新进展进行综述。     

Potential advantages of acute kidney injury management by mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells are currently considered as a promising tool for therapeutic application in acute kidney injury (AKI) management. AKI is characterized by acute tubular injury with rapid loss of renal function. After AKI, inflammation, oxidative stress and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix are the molecular events that ultimately cause the end-stage renal disease. Despite numerous improvement of supportive therapy, the mortality and morbidity among patients remain high. Therefore, exploring novel therapeutic options to treat AKI is mandatory. Numerous evidence in animal models has demonstrated the capability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to restore kidney function after induced kidney injury. After infusion, MSCs engraft in the injured tissue and release soluble factors and microvesicles that promote cell survival and tissue repairing. Indeed, the main mechanism of action of MSCs in tissue regeneration is the paracrine/endocrine secretion of bioactive molecules. MSCs can be isolated from several tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood cord; pre-treatment procedures to improve MSCs homing and their paracrine function have been also described. This review will focus on the application of cell therapy in AKI and it will summarize preclinical studies in animal models and clinical trials currently ongoing about the use of mesenchymal stem cells after AKI.     

Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell-based tissue engineering

The identification of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult human tissues, including bone marrow stroma and a number of connective tissues, has provided exciting prospects for cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration. This review focuses on the biology of MSCs, including their differentiation potentials in vitro and in vivo, and the application of MSCs in tissue engineering. Our current understanding of MSCs lags behind that of other stem cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells. Future research should aim to define the cellular and molecular fingerprints of MSCs and elucidate their endogenous role(s) in normal and abnormal tissue functions.     

Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders.     

Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell-based tissue engineering

The identification of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult human tissues, including bone marrow stroma and a number of connective tissues, has provided exciting prospects for cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration. This review focuses on the biology of MSCs, including their differentiation potentials in vitro and in vivo, and the application of MSCs in tissue engineering. Our current understanding of MSCs lags behind that of other stem cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells. Future research should aim to define the cellular and molecular fingerprints of MSCs and elucidate their endogenous role(s) in normal and abnormal tissue functions.     

Non-hematopoietic bone marrow stem cells: molecular control of expansion and differentiation

The first non-hematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were discovered by Friedenstein in 1976, who described clonal, plastic adherent cells from bone marrow capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. More recently, investigators have now demonstrated that multi-potent MSCs can be recovered from a variety of other adult tissues and differentiate into numerous tissue lineages including myoblasts, hepatocytes and possibly even neural tissue. Because MSCs are multipotent and easily expanded in culture, there has been much interest in their clinical potential for tissue repair and gene therapy and as a result, numerous studies have been carried out demonstrating the migration and multi-organ engraftment potential of MSCs in animal models and in human clinical trials. This review describes the recent advances in the understanding of MSC biology.     

Adult mesenchymal stem cells: a pluripotent population with multiple applications

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated not only from bone marrow, but also from many other tissues such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, brain and pancreas. Because MSC were found to have the ability to differentiate into cells of multiple organs and systems such as bone, fat, cartilage, muscle, neurons, hepatocytes and insulin-producing cells, MSCs have generated a great deal of interest for their potential use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Furthermore, given the ease of their isolation and their extensive expansion rate and differentiation potential, mesenchymal stem cells are among the first stem cell types that have a great potential to be introduced in the clinic. Finally, mesenchymal stem cells seem to be not only hypoimmunogenic and thus be suitable for allogeneic transplantation, but they are also able to produce immunosuppression upon transplantation. In this review we summarize the latest research in the use of mesenchymal stem cells in transplantation for generalized diseases, local implantation for local tissue defects, and as a vehicle for genes in gene therapy protocols.     

The mesenchymal stromal cell contribution to homeostasis

Adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated multi-potent cells predominantly residing in the bone marrow (BM), but also present with similar but not identical features in many other tissues such as blood, placenta, dental pulp, and adipose tissue. MSCs have the potential to differentiate into multiple skeletal phenotypes like osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, stromal cells, fibroblasts, and possibly tendons. MSCs differentiation potential, ex vivo expansion capacity, nurturing and immunomodulatory proficiencies oriented these versatile cells in several areas of ongoing clinical applications. However, the absence of MSC-specific markers for isolation and characterization together with the lack of a comprehensive view of the molecular pathways governing their particular biological properties, remains a primary obstacle to their research and application. In this review we discuss some areas of growing interest in MSCs biology: their contribution to the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, to regenerative medicine, their role in cancer and in therapy as delivery tools and their micro-RNA (miRNA) signatures. Despite rapid progress in the MSC field, it is generally thought that only a fraction of their full potential has been realized thus far.     

骨髓干细胞的可塑性研究进展

成体干细胞在体内特定的微环境或体外人工培养条件下具有极强的可塑性分化潜能,其主要功能是负责组织细胞的生理性更新和病理性修复．骨髓组织中包括产生所有成熟血细胞系的造血干细胞(HSCs)、多潜能成体祖细胞和能分化为骨、软骨、脂肪的间充质干细胞(MSCs),这些细胞时还有向造血和骨髓以外的其他类型的成熟细胞分化如神经、肌肉、皮肤、心、肝、肾、肺等分化的能力．对最近几年国内外关于骨髓干细胞可塑性的实验研究进展作简要综述．