自尊研究综述

自尊是一个系统,它不仅涉及了个体的认知层面,还包括个体的情感层面,并且根据个体所处的特定的情景,其表现有时稳定,有时不稳定。自尊的情感模型主要探讨了自尊的组成成分与自尊的起源;自尊的认知模型把自尊看成个体对自己作为人的价值的有意识判断;以恐惧管理理论为代表的自尊的社会学模型又从新的角度解释了自尊的理论模型。罗森伯格的自尊量表开启了自尊测量的先河,我国学者在自尊的测量方面也取得了相应的进展。同时,从社会比较理论与评价性反馈两个角度阐述了自尊的作用。自尊的研究遍布群体从幼儿、青少年到大学生,都有丰富的实证研究。自尊结构的研究领域内出现了一些新进展,主要表现在内隐自尊、具体自尊及集体自尊研究的逐步兴起。     

国外自我能量消耗实验研究综述

20世纪初,弗洛伊德指出自我是一个能量消耗的系统.受行为主义学派支配心理学的影响,与自我相关的研究近半个世纪没有得到发展,随着认知主义思潮的影响,对自我的研究再次掀起热潮.与此同时,自我能量的研究也得到了实验研究的支持.本文介绍了国外关于自我能量消耗理论,自我能量部分保存以及自我能量重建的实验研究,丰富了自我研究的内容,对国内学者是一个启示.     

生态旅游及其规划与管理研究综述

生态旅游是新兴的旅游形式和思想,是应用生态学研究的一个领域,为旅游学界、生态学界及其它相咩学科所关注。因此较为系统地讨论了生态旅游的产生、定认、特点与理论基础等基本问题,分别阐述了生态旅游者、生态旅游资源、生态旅游业、生态旅游环境等４个要素的研究概况,重点分析了生态旅游规划与管理的研究现状,还归纳了生态旅游发展中应注意的问题,在以上基础上,总结了生态旅游研究的特点,并对研究方向作了评述。     

基于文献计量分析的中国乡村生态学研究综述

我国已全面建成了小康社会,新发展阶段对乡村生态环境保护治理提出更高要求,乡村生态振兴既要提升生态环境质量,又要促进农民农村共同富裕的实现。在时代发展需求中,乡村生态学的研究成果不断丰富,概念内涵不断扩展,有必要对过去20年中国乡村生态学研究进行梳理和总结,为美丽乡村建设、自然资源保护、乡村可持续发展提供理论依据。对中国乡村生态学研究进行文献计量和可视化分析,通过绘制可视化知识图谱,梳理了20年以来中国乡村生态学研究的发展脉络,提出人类感知与社会需求的层级递进是推动乡村生态学研究发展的一个主要驱动力;针对乡村生态热点,提出4个方面的研究趋势,即乡村生态环境精细化治理与预警、乡村建设中的生态环境政策和制度、乡村景观规划与乡村生态文化建设和农村生产生活消费绿色化发展与可持续性;最后,围绕需求层级理论和乡村生态系统服务,构建了乡村生态学学科边界框架,强调在多学科交叉的基础上,针对乡村生态研究的多层次多尺度的特征,重点开展乡村生态系统中社会、经济、生态多要素对乡村生态系统的综合作用及其之间相互影响关系的研究。     

基于食品安全的消费者自我保护行为综述

从食品安全定义、食品安全问题及成因、消费者角度检视的食品安全问题等方面对国内外食品安全问题进行综述,从消费者的选购行为、家庭食品处理行为两方面对消费者基于食品安全的自我保护行为现状、定义及影响因素进行分类归纳。     

非人灵长类的自我觉察能力综述

自我觉察是动物个体通过线索觉察到镜像与自己的联系,并利用线索来验证镜像与自身关联的能力。近三十年来,随着各学科的研究范式和方法的发展,关于非人灵长类的自我觉察研究不断深入,并涌现出大量新的研究成果。这方面的相关研究不仅能够为探索更深层、复杂的认知能力提供解释基础,而且能为人类互动行为和认知研究提供参照。目前,国外相关研究较为广泛,而国内却依然十分薄弱。本文重在介绍非人灵长类自我觉察研究的镜子实验这一基本范式,以及根据这一范式所得出的检验自我觉察能力的行为指标、相关推理过程、理论及研究;同时也回顾了自我觉察在猴类方面的研究进展以及其在人类与黑猩猩的物种间发展性比较研究;总结了录像法、脸部识别的认知神经科学范式等较新近的自我觉察研究方法和范式特点和优势、最新进展;最后对于自我觉察研究提出了完善概念界定、整合研究工具与实验范式、结合多学科多物种研究策略的展望,旨在拓展国内的相关研究领域,为其他物种的相关研究提供范例。     

自尊对大学生职业探索行为的影响研究

目的：探讨自尊对职业探索行为的影响。方法：采用职业探索量表和自尊量表对489名大学生进行测试。采用SPSS11.5统计软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：①男大学生在职业探索行为上的得分高于女生;②大四的学生在职业探索行为明显多于大一学生;③自尊对自我探索和目标聚焦有显著地正向预测作用。结论：在排除了人口统计学变量对职业探索行为的影响作用后,发现自尊程度越高,自我探索和目标聚焦的行为就会越多。因此,提高学生的自尊水平有利于大学生的自我探索和目标聚焦行为。     

工作月报制在现代医疗管理中的应用与探索

“痕迹管理”是现代医院管理工作客观要求,北京大学第一医院建立了医疗管理工作月度报告制度,以《医疗管理工作日度报告》为载体,加强医疗管理处室内部组织以及医疗管理团队间的协作,提升了医院医疗管理水平。     

沿海地区森林风害研究综述

从导致森林风害的因素、风害对沿海森林生态系统的影响、风害评估方法、降低森林风害的经营管理措施等方面,综述了风害与沿海森林生态系统关系的研究成果和不足。我国未来应加强在不同尺度下沿海森林结构与功能关系、局域和区域尺度下各类生物/非生物因素与森林风害的关系以及森林风害预测评估模型的构建等3方面的研究。     

浅论医院绩效反馈环节中存在的问题及对策

绩效反馈是医院绩效管理工作的关键一环,能否达到绩效管理的预期目的,取决于绩效反馈的实施效果。针对目前医院在绩效反馈中存在的一些不足,提出优化方案,以提高绩效反馈效用。     

Does Human–Animal Similarity Lower the Need to Affirm Humans’ Superiority Relative to Animals? A Social Psychological Viewpoint

This research integrates different social psychological theories to test whether human–animal similarity promotes affiliation with animals and lowers the need to affirm humans’ superiority relative to animals. On the basis of theories of intergroup relations, terror management theory, and work conducted in the field of human–animal relations, we expected that higher human–animal similarity would decrease the need to affirm humans’ superiority relative to animals, by triggering a greater sense of shared social identity. Two correlational studies (ns = 187 and 191) tested a mediation model whereby perceived human–animal similarity was expected to predict a lower need to differentiate the perceived status of humans from animals through a process of social identification with animals. Mediated regressions provided support for these associations. A repeated-measures experiment (n = 176) replicated these findings by systematically comparing objectively (phylogenetically) more vs. less similar animals and assessing perceived status and identification. Results are discussed in light of theories of intergroup relations, terror management theory, as well as recent advances in the field of social psychology and self and identity processes.     

Self-Esteem and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review

The relationship between self-esteem and obesity has not received a great deal of empirical evaluation using strong research methodologies. Thus, it is not clear whether self-esteem is consistently related to obesity, whether the relationship is global or specific to physical appearance, whether the relationship differs by demographic variables such as age, gender or race/ethnicity, or whether self-esteem moderates weight changes during weight loss treatment programs. This review examines these questions using empirical evidence from 35 studies on the relationship between self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents. Thirteen of 25 cross sectional studies clearly showed lower self-esteem in obese adolescents and children. Five of the six cross-sectional studies that included a measure of body esteem found lower body esteem in obese compared to normal weight children and adolescents. Results from two prospective studies examining initial self-esteem and later obesity were inconsistent. Results from six of eight treatment studies showed that weight loss treatment programs appear to improve self-esteem. However, it is unclear whether increases in self-esteem are related to enhanced weight loss. Many studies were methodologically weak primarily due to small and select samples and lack of appropriate comparison groups. Implications for prevention and treatment of childhood obesity are discussed.     

The Self-Liking Brain: A VBM Study on the Structural Substrate of Self-Esteem

Abundant evidence suggests that self-esteem is an important personality resource for emotion regulation in response to stressful experiences. It was thus hypothesized that the relative grey matter volume of brain regions involved in responding to and coping with stress is related to individual differences in trait self-esteem. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging of 48 healthy adults in conjunction with voxel-based morphometry and diffeomorphic anatomical registration using exponentiated lie algebra (VBM-DARTEL), positive associations between self-esteem and regional grey matter volume were indeed found in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), right hippocampus, and left hypothalamus. In addition, self-esteem positively covaried with grey matter volume in the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), which has been implicated in pride and theory of mind. The results suggest that persons with low self-esteem have reduced grey matter volume in brain regions that contribute to emotion/stress regulation, pride, and theory of mind. The findings provide novel neuroanatomical evidence for the view that self-esteem constitutes a vital coping resource.     

用信息公示代替管理评审等制度的思考

管理年评审、重点专科评审存在很多问题,带来形式主义和不正之风,探讨信息公开制度代替管理年评审的必要性、可行性及存在的问题,具有重要意义。

     

Conservation of Grassland Leafhoppers: A Brief Review

The leafhoppers, planthoppers and their allies (collectively known as the Auchenorrhyncha) are presented as a group of insects that are highly appropriate for studying grassland ecology and conservation, evaluating the conservation status of sites and monitoring environmental and habitat change. Semi-natural grasslands typically support dense populations and a wide range of species with diverse ecological strategies. Their numerical dominance in many grasslands means that they have considerable functional significance, both as herbivores and as prey for higher trophic levels. Population and assemblage studies are supported by good ecological knowledge about most species and modern identification keys. Hitherto, most studies have focused on the composition and structure of assemblages and how they are affected by conservation management. However, grasslands support many rare species with small and fragmented populations which deserve conservation attention in their own right, and recent work has started to reflect this. The effects of management on the composition and structure of grassland leafhopper populations and assemblages are described and an assessment is given of the main threats facing individual species and overall diversity. There is a need to synthesise the scattered literature on grassland leafhoppers, to provide a model for how the composition and structure of populations and assemblages respond to major environmental and anthropogenic gradients across large biogeographic areas. Such an analysis could help predict the impact of likely future changes in land use and climate.     

L-亮氨酸发酵过程氮源反馈与非反馈控制的初步研究

氮源可直接影响氨基酸发酵过程中菌体生长与氨基酸生成。但是关于氨基酸发酵过程中氮源控制的研究报道并不多。本文作者在L-亮氨酸发酵过程碳源流加研究及动力学特征分析基础上,比较了几种非反馈型、反馈型补加硫酸铵的发酵结果,提出了较佳的控制方法。     

Human Perceptual and Phobic Biases for Snakes: A Review of the Experimental Evidence

In this paper I review the literature on the evolutionary origins of phobias and describe the current state of research on the neurobiology and developmental origins of ophidiophobia—fear of snakes. In doing so I compare experimental evidence related to evolutionary explanations for snake fears and phobias which are outlined in Seligman’s Preparedness Theory and Isbell’s Snake Detection Theory. These theories have been tested extensively using a variety of experimental paradigms aimed at determining the “innateness” of snake fears, the neural pathways involved in fear responses to snakes, and the perceptual biases associated with snake stimuli. However, in the vast majority of these experiments, the stimuli presented are photographs of snakes rather than the real thing. I argue that this point of methodology, while ironically supportive of the findings, is based on some assumptions about cognition and consciousness which run counter to neuroscience. In understanding human responses to snakes, we need to understand better the interplay between cognition and consciousness and how these represent a pluralism of mind in which perception is much more than we think.     

麝的系统发育学研究进展

麝Moschus spp.是亚洲地区特产野生动物,具有非常重要的经济和生态价值,为我国一级重点保护物种,已被列入CITES附录Ⅰ中.麝一直为中外学者所关注.目前,麝作为独立的科已被广泛接受,但麝与新反刍下目中其他现生类群的系统发育关系长期处于"广泛争论"状态.本文从形态学、分子生物学等特征对麝的系统发育学研究进行了简要概述,总结了麝与其他新反刍下目现生类群的系统发育关系,提出了一些尚待研究的问题,并对将来的研究工作做出展望.