1200例孕中期产前筛查结果的回顾性分析

目的：评价孕妇血清标记物（甲胎蛋白AFP、β-绒毛膜促性腺激素β-hCG和雌三醇uE3）的孕中期三联筛查在临床中的应用价值。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对1200例孕中期（14～22周）孕妇进行血清标记物AFP、β-hCG和uE3的检测,结合孕龄、孕周、体重等因素,经专门的筛查分析软件,计算唐氏综合征,18三体及神经管缺陷（NTD）的风险率。如孕妇为高风险,则进行胎儿的超声检查和染色体核型分析的产前诊断。结果：在1200例孕妇中,筛查高风险的孕妇有73例,其中唐氏综合征,18三体,NTD高风险孕妇分别为65例,5例和3例,假阳性率为6.08%（73/1200）。其中59例接受了产前诊断,占高风险孕妇的80.8%（59/73）。共检出1例唐氏综合征儿和1例无脑儿,未发现18三体,检出率为100%（2/2）,未有漏诊的情况。妊娠不良结局在筛查高风险组和低风险组的比率分别为17.1%和1.32%,两组有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：利用孕妇血清标记物（AFP、β-hCG和uE3）的孕中期无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,对减少出生缺陷儿的出生,具有重要意义,并且高风险的筛查结果对胎儿的预后有一定的提示作用。     

1200 例孕中期产前筛查结果的回顾性分析

目的:评价孕妇血清标记物(甲胎蛋白AFP、β-绒毛膜促性腺激素β-hCG和雌三醇uE3)的孕中期三联筛查在临床中的应用价值。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对1200例孕中期(14～22周)孕妇进行血清标记物AFP、β-hCG和uE3的检测,结合孕龄、孕周、体重等因素,经专门的筛查分析软件,计算唐氏综合征,18三体及神经管缺陷(NTD)的风险率。如孕妇为高风险,则进行胎儿的超声检查和染色体核型分析的产前诊断。结果:在1200例孕妇中,筛查高风险的孕妇有73例,其中唐氏综合征,18三体,NTD高风险孕妇分别为65例,5例和3例,假阳性率为6.08%(73/1200)。其中59例接受了产前诊断,占高风险孕妇的80.8%(59/73)。共检出1例唐氏综合征儿和1例无脑儿,未发现18三体,检出率为100%(2/2),未有漏诊的情况。妊娠不良结局在筛查高风险组和低风险组的比率分别为17.1%和1.32%,两组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:利用孕妇血清标记物(AFP、β-hCG和uE3)的孕中期无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,对减少出生缺陷儿的出生,具有重要意义,并且高风险的筛查结果对胎儿的预后有一定的提示作用。     

妊娠中期1641例产前筛查及95例产前诊断结果分析

目的:通过检测孕中期孕妇血清学甲胎蛋白(APF)、游离β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(Freeβ-hCG)、非结合雌三醇(uE3),进行唐氏综合征(Down's syndrome,DS)、18三体综合征和神经管缺陷(neural tube defect,NTD)的无创性产前筛查.方法:采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法,对1641例16～20+6周孕妇进行血清AFP、Frees-hCG、uE3检测,结合孕妇年龄、孕周及体重等因素,经专用软件进行分析校正,计算风险率,对唐氏综合征和18三体综合征高风险孕妇,进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析.结果:1641例孕妇中筛查出高危孕妇98例,其中唐氏高风险孕妇73例,18三体综合征高风险孕妇4例,神经管畸形高风险孕妇21例;95例选择羊水细胞染色体分析的产前诊断,确诊唐氏综合征1例,18三体综合征1例.结论:孕中期血清三联筛查是可靠、有效的产前筛查方案,结合产前诊断可以有效降低缺陷儿出生,提高出生人口素质.     

无创DNA检测在唐氏综合征产前筛查中的作用

目的:通过比较无创DNA检测和孕中期血清学筛查两种方法的筛查阳性率,从而肯定无创DNA检测在唐氏综合征产前筛查中的实用价值.方法:对500例单胎孕妇进行血清标记物(AFP+β-HCG)-联指标检测,应用配套软件计算唐氏综合征风险;对496例孕妇外周血中的游离DNA片段(含胎儿游离DNA)进行高通量测序,并将测序结果进行生物信息学分析,得出胎儿发生染色体非整倍体的风险率,并追踪胎儿和孕妇的情况.结果:唐氏综合征血清筛查组高危孕妇22例、阳性率为4.4％,假阳性率4.2％;无创DNA检测组筛查阳性孕妇3例,阳性率为0.6％,唐氏综合征检出率为100％.两种方法用于唐氏综合征产前筛查的差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:无创DNA检测适用范围广、准确率高,是产前筛查是唐氏综合征的有效方法.     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症26例妊娠结局分析

目的：对妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症进行分析,探讨其对母儿的影响,及孕期筛查甲状腺功能有无意义。方法：对我院26例妊娠合并甲减的临床资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果：26例妊娠合并甲减病例中有1例早产（孕33周）,其余25例患者维持至足月妊娠,其中剖宫产17例（65.38%）,合并妊娠期高血压疾病5例（19.23%）,妊娠期糖尿病3例（11.53%）,羊水胎粪污染3例（11.54%）,新生儿无先天性甲减。经过治疗后甲状腺功能减退孕妇的剖宫产率,糖尿病发生率、高血压疾病发生率、羊水粪染的发生率较对照组增加;但两组妊娠结局差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症孕妇多种妊娠并发症的发病率高于正常孕妇,应加强对妊娠甲减的早期筛查及治疗,可有效降低不良妊娠结局,减少先天性甲低的出生。     

孕妇妊娠9～13周时血清PAPP-A和Fβ-HCG的中位数分析

目的：通过较大样本的人群血清学筛查,探讨中国人群孕早期PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG的中位数,提高唐氏综合征检出率．方法：对3854例9-13周的孕妇,应用时间分辨荧光免疫法进行血清PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG定量检测,同时利用非线性加权回归统计方法建立各孕周PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG的中位数,与筛查软件提供的原始参考值进行比较．结果：筛查出4例唐氏综合征,2例假阴性,新建立的各孕周PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG中位数与原始参考值比较有显著性差异．用修改后的中位数重新分析,6例唐氏综合征患儿全部检出．结论：中国人群血清PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG的中位数偏高．在孕早期筛查唐氏综合征时,需要多中心大样本的研究以建立适合中国人群的PAPP—A、Fβ-HCG中位数,避免出现假阴性,提高筛查效率．     

血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平与妊娠高血压的关系

目的:探讨血清高敏C-反应蛋白(high-sensitivity c-reactive protein,hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平与妊娠高血压的关系。方法:选择2014年1月至2016年12月于我院接受产检并于妊娠期诊断为妊娠期高血压的孕妇129例作为观察组,其中孕早期、孕中期和孕晚期诊断为高血压的孕妇各43例;选择同期在我院接受产检的健康孕妇129例作为对照组,其中孕早期、孕中期和孕晚期的健康孕妇各43例。比较两组血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平。结果:观察组不同孕期的孕妇血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组不同时期的血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而孕中期和孕后期的血清IL-6水平高于孕前期(P0.05)。血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平与孕周并无明显的相关性(r=0.339,P=0.307;r=0.448,P=0.167);血清IL-6水平与孕周呈显著正相关(r=0.827,P=0.002)。结论:血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平升高可能与妊娠高血压的发生有关,可为妊娠高血压的诊断提供一定参考依据,为防止妊娠高血压的发生需严格监控孕前期之后孕妇的IL-6水平。     

孕期全程营养管理对孕期并发症和妊娠结局的影响

目的：评价孕期全程营养管理对孕期营养相关并发症和妊娠结局的影响。方法：选取北京清华长庚医院产科建档的单胎妊娠妇女,营养干预组为预产期2019年2-5月产科建档孕妇,选取2018年同月份生产孕妇作为历史对照组。收集研究对象的基本信息,制定孕期全程营养管理流程,干预组孕妇在产科随访的基础上,分别在孕早期（8周前）、孕中期（12周）、孕晚期（28周）接受孕期营养随访共3次。历史对照组接受产科常规管理。全程监测和记录两组孕妇孕期增重,出现胎儿生长受限（IUGR）、妊娠高血压、妊娠糖尿病（GDM）等并发症的发生率,以及分娩方式、胎儿体重的情况。结果：营养干预组孕妇GDM的发病率为10.8%,低于历史对照组的22.9%（P<0.01）;孕28周贫血率为19.7%,明显低于历史对照组的30.2%（P<0.05）;干预组孕期增重（14.4±3.5）kg,明显低于对照组的（17.1±4.4）kg（P<0.05）。干预组孕妇剖宫产的比例为36.1%,虽低于对照组的38.1%,但未见显著性（P=0.529）。干预组和对照组孕妇胎儿生长受限、妊娠高血压的发生率对比分别为0 vs 0.7%、3.3% vs 5.2%（P>0.05）,两组胎儿为低体重儿的比例为3.8% vs 3.2%,胎儿巨大儿比例为4.9% vs 5.9%（P均>0.05）。结论：孕期全程营养管理可以明显降低妊娠糖尿病和孕期贫血的发病率,有利于控制孕期增重,而胎儿生长受限、妊娠高血压和巨大儿的比例虽然有下降趋势,但差异未见统计学意义,可能需要更多临床研究数据的支持。     

妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查情况及相关影响因素分析

摘要 目的：了解妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查情况及相关影响因素。方法：以2016年1月~2017年1月在我院接受产前检查的400例孕妇为研究对象,其中早期妊娠78例、中期妊娠146例、晚期妊娠176例,同期健康体检合格妇女120例为对照组。比较妊娠妇女和对照组促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离T3（FT3）及游离T4（FT4）水平,并分析妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常者妊娠不良结局发生情况,并分析妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常的影响因素。结果：400例孕妇中,亚临床甲减62例、临床甲减5例、亚临床甲亢16例、临床甲亢2例,甲状腺疾病合计85例。孕早期TSH低于孕中期及孕晚期,FT3浓度高于孕中期及孕晚期,FT4浓度高于孕中期及孕晚期,孕中期及孕晚期TSH水平高于对照组,孕中期及孕晚期FT3、FT4浓度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同年龄、流产次数、碘摄入量、吸烟组妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常率差异比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析,年龄≥30岁、流产次数≥2次、碘摄入量≥150 μg/d为妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常发生的独立危险因素。妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常组妊娠不良结局合计率高于妊娠合并甲状腺功能正常组（P<0.05）。结论：加强对妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查和高危因素的管理能够预防不良妊娠结局,达到优生优育。     

双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡的临床分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡的原因及处理方法。方法:对本院2013年1月～2017年6月住院分娩的双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡的病例进行回顾性分析。结果:双胎妊娠一胎宫内死亡28例,占同期双胎分娩的1.63%,占同期双胎胎盘送检的4.33%。6例孕28周,14例孕28～34周,8例孕周34周。全部孕产妇均无出血倾向或发生凝血功能障碍。产妇年龄23～45周岁,平均31.3周岁;初产妇23人,经产妇5人。应用辅助生殖技术受孕5例,自然受孕23例;剖宫产7例,顺产21例;确诊一胎儿死亡时间为孕12周余～34周余。主要致死原因为脐带因素13例次(46.43%),胎盘因素12例次(42.86%),双胎输血综合征及纸样胎共5例次(17.86%),胎儿畸形4例次(18.18%)。结论:孕中晚期双胎之一胎儿宫内死亡妊娠不足34周,应在密切监护母胎情况下行期待治疗,单绒毛膜囊双胎34周后可以分娩,双绒毛膜囊双胎可妊娠至36周。     

Abdominal pregnancies in farm rabbits

Abdominal pregnancy is defined as the implantation and development of a fertilized ovum or a embryo in the peritoneal cavity. Although this has been reported in several species, it is considered as a low incidence process. It is classified as a primary abdominal pregnancy, if there is no evidence of uterine rupture, with presumed regurgitation of early embryos from the uterine tube and as a secondary abdominal pregnancy, when there is evidence of uterine rupture. During a necropsy study of 550 adult fertile female New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from two rabbit farms in Valencia (Spain), the main causes of elimination were studied. Twenty-eight abdominal pregnancies were diagnosed. Seven animals showed no lesions in their reproductive tract. The remaining twenty one animals showed acute or chronic lesions in the reproductive tract. The classification as a primary or secondary condition is discussed. It may be concluded therefore that extrauterine pregnancies would not be such an unusual finding in rabbits, and that this premise should be considered in the diagnostic approach when assessing rabbit doe pathology. New husbandry systems in rabbits such as artificial insemination are factors to be considered.     

Exomphalos in four consecutive pregnancies

Summary Four consecutively born siblings were affected by Exomphalos. In 2 cases, major and minor anomalies were associated. Cytogenetic examination of the fourth infant revealed a normal karyogram. The parents and their families did not exhibit any relevant genetic defect. On the other hand it is unlikely that such a series of exomphalos was due to chance.The increased liability to exomphalos might be conditioned by a polygenic multifactorial system and induced by environmental influences of an unknown nature. Recessive inheritance is not excluded.     

Amniotic fluid zinc in risk pregnancies

The zinc concentration of amniotic fluid (AF) of 129 pregnant women was analyzed by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. This prospective study was performed in order to find out whether the determination of the AF zinc concentration can be used to monitor the growth and development of the fetus. There were two groups of patients: early stage (15th–19th gestation wk) in which the amniocentesis was performed as a prenatal genetic examination, and late stage (26th–40th wk) in which the amniocentesis was performed due to obstetric reasons. The average AF zinc concentrations were 1.2 and 1.0 μmol/L in the early and late gestation group, respectively. The AF zinc concentration did not correlate with the weight, height, or Apgar scores of the newborn nor with the maternal diseases, age, or parity. The AF zinc concentration in the late gestation group was significantly lower if the fetus was male than if it was female. If the AF was greenish the zinc concentration was elevated. One malformation, congenital nephrosis, with an exceptionally high zinc concentration (9.0 μmol/L), was found.     

Leptin action in normal and pathological pregnancies

Leptin is now considered an important signalling molecule of the reproductive system, as it regulates the production of gonadotrophins, the blastocyst formation and implantation, the normal placentation, as well as the foeto‐placental communication. Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted mainly by adipose tissue, and the placenta is the second leptin‐producing tissue in humans. Placental leptin is an important cytokine which regulates placental functions in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Leptin seems to play a crucial role during the first stages of pregnancy as it modulates critical processes such as proliferation, protein synthesis, invasion and apoptosis in placental cells. Furthermore, deregulation of leptin levels has been correlated with the pathogenesis of various disorders associated with reproduction and gestation, including polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Due to the relevant incidence of the mentioned diseases and the importance of leptin, we decided to review the latest information available about leptin action in normal and pathological pregnancies to support the idea of leptin as an important factor and/or predictor of diverse disorders associated with reproduction and pregnancy.