四种蝗虫雄性鸣声的比较研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

应用计算机技术分析了肿脉蝗Stauroderus scalaris scalaris(Fischer-Waldheim)、宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettixpalalis(Zubowsky)、邱氏异爪蝗Euchorthippus cheui Hsia、西伯利亚蝗Aeropus sibiricus(Linnaeus)雄性的鸣声特征.这4种蝗虫雄性鸣声特征差异显著.肿脉蝗雄性鸣声具有脉冲序列的分化,每个脉冲序列分为两种不同的脉冲组,第1种脉冲组持续时间约0.081 s,有7个脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串有7个单脉冲构成;第2种脉冲组持续时间不等,有13～18个脉冲串组成,脉冲串持续时间为0.021 s,间隔为0.010 s.鸣声的主能峰频率约8.62 kHz.宽须蚁蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组持续时间为0.23 s,脉冲组间隔为0.35 s,每个脉冲组由28～31个单脉冲组成,主能峰频率为6.89 kHz、12.75 kHz.邱氏异爪蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组持续时间为0.22 s,脉冲组间隔为0.76 s,每个脉冲组由6～7个脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串内含有1～5个单脉冲,主能峰频率为9.65 kHz.西伯利亚蝗的脉冲组持续时间约为0.092 s,脉冲组间隔为0.08 s,每个脉冲组分化为5～6个脉冲串;主能峰频率为7.58 kHz.     

四种网翅蝗鸣声结构分析(直翅目,蝗总科)

分析了网翅蝗科4种蝗虫雄性的鸣声。研究结果表明,宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis(Ikonn.)具有2类脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间分别为0.016~0.028s,0.20±0.01s;隆额网翅蝗Arcyptera coreanaShiraki有3类脉冲组,脉冲组的持续时间分别为0.11±0.02s,0.034±0.005,0.885±0.020s。曲线越度蝗Podismopsis sinucarinataZhengetLian每1脉冲序列含4~7脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间为0.023~0.030s;二声越度蝗Podismopsis bisonita Zheng etal.每1脉冲序列含2~4个脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间为0.119~0.140s。     

两种米纹蝗雄性鸣声的比较研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

应用计算机技术分析了红足米纹蝗Notostaurus rubripes Mistshenko和小米纹蝗Notostaurus albicornis albicor-nis(Ev.)雄性的鸣声特征。这两种米纹蝗雄性呜叫声的脉冲组持续时间、脉冲组组份、脉冲组间隔、频率的主能峰以及呜叫行为均具有显著差异,可作为2种米纹蝗的分类依据。红足米纹蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组间隔约为0．647s,每一脉冲组持续时间约为0．0673s,每个脉冲组有8个脉冲串,每个脉冲串仅有1个单脉冲,鸣声的主能峰频率约3．86～5．64kHz。小米纹蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组间隔约0．529s,每一脉冲组持续时间为0．1185s,每个脉冲组有8个脉冲串,每一脉冲串有1～6个单脉冲构成,主能峰频率约8．10～9．24kHz。     

中华稻蝗不同地理种群杂交子代的滞育率

为弄清中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis Thunberg卵滞育的遗传特征,调查中华稻蝗济宁、泗洪及株洲3个地理种群卵滞育的地理变异及亲本对杂交子代滞育的影响。结果表明:南方的株洲种群仅部分卵进入滞育,滞育率较低,而纬度较高的济宁、泗洪种群的卵滞育率达100%。说明不同地理种群的中华稻蝗卵滞育率存在着地理变异。将完全滞育的济宁、泗洪种群与滞育率较低的株洲种群的雌雄成虫进行正反杂交,济宁与株洲种群、泗洪与株洲种群的子代均有部分卵为非滞育卵,与株洲种群的滞育特征相似。但不管是以株洲种群为父本,还是为母本,杂交子代的滞育率均显著高于株洲种群,而与完全滞育的济宁、泗洪种群更为接近,说明中华稻蝗卵滞育的发生受雌雄基因的共同作用,但滞育程度与滞育率高的亲本的关联性更大。     

不同地理种群的亚洲小车蝗mtDNA ND1基因序列及其相互关系

测定了7个不同地理种群的亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(Bienko)、1个近缘种及2个外群种共31个样本的mtDNA ND1基因序列,比较其同源性,计算核苷酸组成,并以槌角蝗科的宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis和斑腿蝗科的鼓翅皱膝蝗Angaracris barabensis作外群...     

中国两种常见树蟋雄性鸣声的比较研究(直翅目,树蟋科)

对两种常见树蟋长瓣树蟋Oecanthus longicauda Matsumura和黄树蟋O.rufescens Serville的召唤声特征进行了比较研究.研究结果表明,两种树蟋召唤声的时域特征和频域特征在脉冲组所含脉冲数、脉冲组持续时间、脉冲组间隔时间、脉冲组脉冲排列规律、单脉冲间隔时间、频域能峰数和能峰值等方面存在明显差异.长瓣树蟋脉冲组主要由3个脉冲组成,含3个脉冲的脉冲组持续时间约0.049±0.001 s,脉冲组间隔时间为0.027±0.003 s,单脉冲持续时间约0.011±O.001 s,单脉冲间隔时间约0.009±0.00l s,频谱图只有1个2.5KHz的主能峰.黄树蟋脉冲组由16～20个脉冲组成,脉冲组持续时间为0.303±0.021 s,脉冲组间隔时间为0.401±0.046 s,单脉冲持续时间约为0.012±0.001 s,脉冲间隔时间约为0.004±0.001 s,频谱图有两个能峰:主能峰频率为3.03 KHz,次能峰频率为16.78KHz.     

日本稻蝗、中华稻蝗和赤胫伪稻蝗地理种群的RAPD遗传分化研究

运用10个RAPD引物对日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica)、中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)和赤胫伪稻蝗(Pseudoxya diminuta)的种群遗传分化进行分析。10个随机引物共产生135条带,扩增谱带具有明显的属、种间多态性。Shannon信息指数表明中华稻蝗遗传多样性水平较高(2．693),日本稻蝗次之(2.319),赤胫伪稻蝗最低(1．042)。中华稻蝗和日本稻蝗的不同地理居群出现遗传分化,由Shannon信息指数估算的种群间遗传分化系数分别为20．7％,42．4％。用UPGMA和NJ法对Nei’s遗传距离作聚类分析,构建分子系统树。系统树显示：同一种群的不同个体优先相聚,而后,同一种的不同种群依次相聚;日本稻蝗广西南宁种群和广东广州种群首先聚为一支,陕西西安种群和浙江杭州种群聚为另一支,两支相聚后与中华稻蝗聚在一起,最后与赤胫伪稻蝗相聚。聚类结果表明：不同地域日本稻蝗亲缘关系的远近与地理距离呈现一定的相关趋势,日本稻蝗与中华稻蝗亲缘关系较近,Nei’S遗传距离平均为0．142,而赤胫伪稻蝗与它们关系较远,Nei’s遗传距离平均为0．451。聚类图所显示的物种间亲缘关系的远近程度与形态分类学和细胞分类学结果相一致。     

雏蝗属黑翅亚属两种雏蝗染色体核型的比较研究

采用常规染色体制片方法,对雏蝗属黑翅亚属的黑翅雏蝗(Chorthippus(Megaulacobothrus)aethalinus(Zub.))和中华雏蝗(Ch.(M.)chinensis Tarb.)的染色体核型进行了分析比较,结果表明,两种雏蝗的染色体数目均为2n(♂)=17=16+XO;常染色体为中部着丝粒(m,6条)和端部着丝粒(t,10条)两种类型,性染色体类型为端部着丝粒,二者的相似性显示出该属的基本特征。但两种雏蝗的核型公式和染色体的相对长度组成则不相同,黑翅雏蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=6L+6M+4S+XO;中华雏蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=6L+8M+2S+XO。而且,二种雏蝗的性染色体位次及相对长度也有明显差异:黑翅雏蝗的性染色体位于第五位,相对长度为8.33%,而中华雏蝗的则位于第八位,相对长度为5.53%。由此看出,二种雏蝗不同物种间存在的不同遗传特征。     

基于Cyt b基因的网翅蝗科系统发生重建

研究测定了蝗总科25种蝗虫的线粒体Cyt b部分序列,并从GenBank中下载了19种蝗亚目昆虫的Cyt b基因相应序列片段。本文目的是要建立网翅蝗科的系统发育关系并说明网翅蝗科在蝗总科中的分类地位。以瘤锥蝗科的云南蝗Yunnanites coriacea和长额橄蝗Tagasta marginella作为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法重建系统发生树。比对后的序列长度是384 bp,包括167个简约信息位点。A T平均含量为70.7%,C G 平均含量29.3%。分子系统树表明:网翅蝗科并不是一个单系群。网翅蝗亚科和竹蝗亚科并非单系群。现存的雏蝗属并非单系群,应该是多系群。分子系统学研究结果和传统的基于形态特征的网翅蝗科分类体系有很大的不同。     

山西省及邻近地区中华稻蝗5个种群RAPD分析及其亲缘关系

采用10条10bp随机引物对来自山西省临猗县(山西南部)、屯留县、太原市近郊(山西中部)、代县(山西北部)、内蒙呼和浩特市郊5个不同种群的中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)和广西南宁日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica)共64个个体进行了RAPD分析,探讨了中华稻蝗5个不同种群的亲缘关系。结果表明：10条随机引物对供试的64个个体共产生115条谱带。所获片段的分子量大小为200～2500bp,单个引物扩增的谱带数是5～15条,平均为12条。根据扩增出的RAPD图谱,运用SPSS软件包中的Between-groups linkage法进行聚类分析,聚类结果显示,中华稻蝗不同种群的个体优先聚为1类;供试中华稻蝗5个种群的系统树分为两大分支,山西临猗种群、屯留种群亲缘关系最近,首先相聚,然后与太原种群聚为一支,山西代县和内蒙呼和浩特2种群聚为另一支,两支相聚后与日本稻蝗相聚。表明供试中华稻蝗5个种群存在一定程度的差异,其亲缘关系的远近与地理距离之间存在一定的正相关关系。     

The structure and function of songs emitted by southern green stink bugs from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia

Nezara viridula (L.) (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia, communicate by vibratory songs associated with long‐range calling and close‐range courting, rivalry and repelling. Each song is composed of spectrally and temporally different units. Spectrally different pulses of duration less than 300 ms are present in the male calling song. The female calling song is characterized by pulse trains composed of pulses shorter than 150 ms and pulse trains composed of a longer (> 700 ms) and shorter (< 250 ms) pulse. Shorter and longer pulses have different spectral characteristics. The male and female courtship songs are characterized by fusion of shorter (< 150 ms) pulses into a pulse train usually followed by a shorter (< 200 ms) postpulse in the case of the male courtship song. The female repelling song is a several seconds long vibration of irregular temporal structure. The short (< 400 ms) male rival song pulses are frequency modulated. The dominant frequency peaks of the songs investigated lie between 70 and 130 Hz. The dominant frequency and the microstructure of song spectra show no population specificity. The average duration varies more in calling than in courtship songs. The repetition time varies extensively in songs of different populations. Normal communication followed by copulation was observed between mates from Slovenia and Brazil and between mates from Florida and Italy. The potential role of different temporal and spectral parameters for species recognition and mate location is discussed in view of the expected distortion of the characteristic signal structure during transmission through plants.     

CALLING SONG DISPLACEMENT IN A ZONE OF OVERLAP AND HYBRIDIZATION

The ground crickets Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius meet in a mosaic zone of overlap and hybridization stretching from the East Coast to at least Illinois. To test whether male calling song differences were enhanced in sympatry, we analyzed the songs of crickets from inside and outside the zone of overlap along two transects. No evidence of calling song displacement was found in A. socius males from populations within the zone of overlap. On the other hand, A. fasciatus displayed calling song displacement in three populations. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the selective pressure exerted by the challenge from a related species is frequency dependent. While not a conclusive demonstration, the observed shifts in calling song are strongly suggestive of reproductive character displacement.     

Female competition for availability of males in insects: the Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) model

Multimodal communication in solitary stinkbugs enables them to meet, mate and copulate. Many plant‐dwelling species exchange information during the calling phase of mating behavior using substrate‐borne vibratory signals. A female‐biased gender ratio induces rivalry and competition for a sexual partner. Female competition for males, first described among Heteroptera in three stinkbug species, revealed species specific differences and opened the question of plasticity in individually emitted temporal and frequency signal characteristics during calling and rival alternation. To address this question and gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying stinkbug female rivalry, we compared the characteristics of alternated signals in the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Compared to male rivalry, female rivalry is more complex, lasts longer and runs through successive phases by a combination of different song types. The male pheromone triggers alternation between females, producing song pulses that occasionally overlap each other. One female initiates the rivalry by changing individual pulses into pulse trains of three different types. The competing female alternates with pulses of changed temporal characteristics at lower levels of rivalry and by varying the frequency characteristics of pulse trains at higher levels. During female rivalry, the male either stops responding or occasionally emits calling and courtship signals in response to the female that has produced signals of steady temporal characteristics. Female rivalry shows complex and species specific patterns of information exchange at different levels with a broad‐range variation of temporal and frequency characteristics of, until now, unidentified vibratory emissions.     

Acoustic communication in Okanagana rimosa (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

The cicada Okanagana rimosa (Say) has an acoustic communication system with three types of loud timbal sounds: (i) A calling song lasting several seconds to about 1 min which consists of a sequence of chirps at a repetition rate of 83 chirps per second. Each chirp of about 6 ms duration contains 4-5 pulses. The sound level of the calling song is 87-90 dB SPL at a distance of 15 cm. (ii) An amplitude modulated courtship song with increasing amplitude and repetition rate of chirps and pulses. (iii) A protest squawk with irregular chirp and pulse structure. The spectra of all three types are similar and show main energy peaks at 8-10 kHz. Only males sing, and calling song production is influenced by the songs of other males, resulting in an almost continuous sound in dense populations. In such populations, the calling songs overlap and the temporal structure of individual songs is obscured within the habitat. The calling song of the broadly sympatric, closely related species O. canadensis (Provander) is similar in frequency content, but distinct in the temporal pattern (24 chirps per second, 24 ms chirp duration, eight pulses per chirp) which is likely important for species separation in sympatric populations. The hearing threshold of the auditory nerve is similar for females and males of O. rimosa and most sensitive at 4-5 kHz. Experiments in the field show that female phonotaxis of O. rimosa depends on parameters of the calling song. Most females are attracted to calling song models with a 9 kHz carrier frequency (peak frequency of the calling song), but not to models with a 5 kHz carrier frequency (minimum hearing threshold). Phonotaxis depends on temporal parameters of the conspecific song, especially chirp repetition rate. Calling song production is influenced by environmental factors, and likelihood to sing increases with temperature and brightness of the sky. Correspondingly, females perform phonotaxis most often during sunny conditions with temperatures above 22 degrees C. Non-mated and mated females are attracted by the acoustic signals, and the percentage of mated females performing phonotaxis increases during the season.     

Rivalry between Stink Bug Females in a Vibrational Communication Network

In the field, male pheromone attracts stink bugs to meet on the same plant and triggers females to call a male by the emission of the calling song. As first among Pentatomidae we describe female rivalry in Chinavia impicticornis, C. ubica and Euschistus heros. Rivalry starts in C. impicticornis by synchronized exchange of the first type of the female calling song pulse trains and proceeds by one of them either to change pulse trains from the first to the second type or to produce readily repeated single pulses. Both reactions either inhibit calling of the rival female or trigger her to respond by alternation with the second type of the calling song pulse trains. Female rivalry in C. ubica differs by the emission of the rival song that replaces alternation with the second type of the calling song typical for C. impicticornis. E. heros females synchronize pulses of the calling song duets and induce emission of the female rival song by one of them that partly inhibits singing of the other. These competitive interactions in Chinavia species reduce the proportion of couples when compared with single couples on a plant. Contrary to both Chinavia species, E. heros female rivalry does not inhibit male response, male signals overlap female emissions and create complex vibrations with modified amplitude modulation pattern caused by interference.     

GENETIC VARIATION IN CRICKET CALLING SONG ACROSS A HYBRID ZONE BETWEEN TWO SIBLING SPECIES

The sibling ground crickets Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius meet along a mosaic hybrid zone at ≈ 40°N latitude in eastern North America. In this paper we report the findings of a genetic analysis of calling-song variation within and among six cricket populations sampled along a transect through the hybrid zone in southern New Jersey. We compared aspects of the calling song of both wild-caught and laboratory-reared crickets to test the hypothesis that population differences in song observed in the wild were genetically based. We found significant, species-level differences in all aspects of the calling song, and these differences persisted even after a generation of common-garden rearing in the laboratory, supporting the hypothesis that interspecific variation observed in the wild largely reflects genetic differentiation between the two taxa. A discriminant function analysis indicated that individual crickets could be assigned to the proper taxon with less than 10% error, supporting the premise that calling song could be used by female crickets as a mechanism for species recognition. One population, collected from within the hybrid zone and containing significant numbers of hybrid individuals, was intermediate in its calling song, presumably reflecting this population's mixed genetic makeup. In this hybrid zone population, song phenotype was highly correlated to a hybrid index score generated using species-specific alleles at four diagnostic allozyme markers, suggesting a multigenic basis to calling-song variation in these crickets as well as linkage disequilibrium between markers and song. Based on an analysis of laboratory-reared full-sib families, broad-sense heritabilities for calling-song characteristics were generally significant in the two A. socius populations, whereas many components of song showed no significant family effects in the three A. fasciatus populations. The genotypically mixed, hybrid zone population showed very high heritabilities for most calling-song components, which likely reflect the influence of interspecific gene flow on genetic variation for quantitative traits.     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)自鸣声音色的变化

蚱蝉自鸣声的音色分为单音色、双音色.及三音色等.本文进一步阐明每种音色的变化及高幅值脉冲对主音色能量的影响.蚱蝉自鸣声音色的变化主要是指频谱主音色频率(MTF)的显著改变、蚱蝉单色自鸣声的MTF主要在4.1—5.8kHz的频带内变化,双音色自鸣声的主次音色频率有相互颠倒现象,MTF主要在3.6—5.4kHz之间,三音色自鸣声的MTF虽然在3.5—4.5kHz比较窄的频带内,但三个音色峰的能量十分接近显示了三种音色成分.同只蚱蝉自鸣声,在不同的鸣声段具有近似相等的最大幅值,但高幅值脉冲个数的多少不同,相应主音色能量的大小与这些脉冲个数的多少对应.     

Coevolution of male mating signal and female preference during early lineage divergence of the Hawaiian cricket, Laupala cerasina

Sexual selection is a powerful evolutionary force shaping mate choice phenotypes, initiating phenotypic shifts resulting in (or reinforcing) population divergence and speciation when such shifts reduce mating probabilities among divergent populations. In the Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala, pulse rate of male calling song, a conspicuous mating signal, differs among species, potentially behaving as a speciation phenotype. Populations of the widespread species Laupala cerasina show variation in pulse rate. We document the degree of population differentiation in three features of calling song: pulse rate, pulse duration, and carrier frequency. All show significant population differentiation, with pulse rate showing the greatest heterogeneity. A Mantel test found no relationship between geographic distance and pulse rate divergence, indicating that a simple model of greater divergence with increasing distance cannot explain the observed pattern of differentiation. We demonstrate that female preference functions for pulse rate are unimodal, and that preference means show significant differentiation among populations. Furthermore, estimates of pulse rate preference correlate significantly with mean pulse rates across populations, indicating song and preference coevolve in a stepwise manner. This correlated divergence between signal and preference suggests that sexual selection facilitates the establishment of sexual isolation, reduced gene flow, and population differentiation, prerequisites for speciation.     

VARIATION IN GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF CALLING SONG AMONG POPULATIONS OF ALLONEMOBIUS SOCIUS,A. FASCIATUS,AND A HYBRID POPULATION: DRIFT OR SELECTION?

Predictions using quantitative genetic models generally assume that the variance-covariance matrices remain constant over time. This assumption is based on the supposition that selection is generally weak and hence variation lost through selection can be replaced by new mutations. Whether this is generally true can only be ascertained from empirical studies. Ideally for such a study we should be able to make a prediction concerning the relative strength of selection versus genetic drift. If the latter force is prevalent then the variance-covariances matrices should be proportional to each other. Previous studies have indicated that females in the two sibling cricket species Allonemobius socius and A. fasciatus do not discriminate between males of the two species by their calling song. Therefore, differences between the calling song of the two males most likely result from drift rather than sexual selection. We test this hypothesis by comparing the genetic architecture of calling song of three populations of A. fasciatus with two populations of A. socius. We found no differences among populations within species, but significant differences in the G (genetic) and P (phenotypic) matrices between species, with the matrices being proportional as predicted under the hypothesis of genetic drift. Because of the proportional change in the (co)variances no differences between species are evident in the heritabilities or genetic correlations. Comparison of the two species with a hybrid population from a zone of overlap showed highly significant nonproportional variation in genetic architecture. This variation is consistent with a general mixture of two separate genomes or selection. Qualitative conclusions reached using the phenotypic matrices are the same as those reached using the genetic matrices supporting the hypothesis that the former may be used as surrogate measures of the latter.     

Biogeographical patterns of variation in Western European populations of the great green bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima; Orthoptera Tettigoniidae)

The great green bush-cricket, Tettigonia viridissima, is at the northern limits of its geographic distribution in the UK and has suffered a significant reduction in population abundance and range over the last 50 years, now being largely confined to the southern UK. This study uses five characters to investigate differences between UK and mainland Western European populations, questioning the possibility that UK populations might represent a distinct species or sub-species and thus deserve special conservation status. Males of T. viridissima from UK, France and Spain were compared using morphometry, flight, male calling song and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Results suggest morphological differences between UK population samples and continental Europe with the UK samples showing shorter wing length relative to body length than populations in continental Europe. Morphological differences between French and Spanish populations followed a size cline related to latitude with more southerly populations showing larger features. Analysis of male flight distances and calling song showed significant differences with increased flight distance and minimum stridulation following a southerly latitude which correlates with wing length results. No differences consistent with geographical distributions were found in mitochondrial DNA COI sequence alignments. Morphological differences could be due to developmental differences linked to differing temperature clines or a non-adaptive difference caused by the colonisation history of the species. The consequences of morphometric variation on flight function and stridulation in bush-crickets are discussed.