Pre‐Oxidation‐Tuned Microstructures of Carbon Anodes Derived from Pitch for Enhancing Na Storage Performance

Disordered carbons have captured extensive interest as anode materials for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) due to the abundant resources, competitive specific capacity, and low cost. Here, a facile strategy of pre‐oxidation is successfully adopted to tune the microstructure of carbon anode to facilitate sodium storage. Pitch is selected as the low‐cost and high carbon yield precursor. An easy pre‐oxidation treatment in air can enable pitch to realize an effective structural conversion from ordered to disordered at further carbonization processes. Compared with the carbonized pristine pitch, the carbonized pre‐oxidation pitch increases the carbon yield from 54 to 67%, the sodium storage capacity from 94.0 to 300.6 mAh g^?1, and the initial Coulombic efficiency from 64.2 to 88.6%. Experiment results reveal that the introduction of oxygen based functional groups is the key to achieve the highly disordered structure, not only ensuring the cross‐linkage during low‐temperature pre‐oxidation process but also suppressing the carbon structure from melting and rearranging in the high‐temperature carbonization process. Most importantly, this facile pre‐oxidation strategy can also be extended to other carbon precursors to facilitate the low‐cost and high‐performance disordered carbon anodes for NIBs and beyond.     

Elucidation of the Sodium‐Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbons

Hard carbons (HCs) are the most promising candidate anode materials for emerging Na‐ion batteries (NIBs). HCs are composed of misaligned graphene sheets with plentiful nanopores and defects, imparting a complex correlation between its structure and sodium‐storage behavior. The currently debated mechanism of Na⁺‐ion insertion in HCs hinders the development of high‐performance NIBs. In this article, ingenious and reliable strategies are used to elaborate the correlation between the structure and electrochemical performance and further illuminate the sodium‐storage mechanism in HCs. First, filling sulfur into the micropores of HCs can remove the low‐voltage plateau, providing solid evidence for its association with the pore‐filling mechanism. Along with the decreased concentration of defects/heteroatoms at higher treatment temperature, the reduced sloping capacity confirms the adsorption mechanism in the sloping region. Finally, the similar sodium‐insertion behaviors of HCs with ether‐based and ester‐based electrolytes indicate that no Na⁺ ions intercalate between the graphene layers. The determined adsorption‐pore‐filling mechanism encourages the design of more efficient HC anode materials with high capacity for high‐energy NIBs.     

Highly Reversible Na Storage in Na3V2(PO4)3 by Optimizing Nanostructure and Rational Surface Engineering

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted more and more attention as economic alternatives for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON) structure materials, known for high conductivity and chemical diffusion coefficient of Na⁺ (≈10^?14 cm² s^?1), are promising electrode materials for NIBs. However, NASICON structure materials often suffer from low electrical conductivity (<10^?4 S cm^?1), which hinders their electrochemical performance. Here high performance sodium storage performance in Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP) is realized by optimizing nanostructure and rational surface engineering. A N, B codoped carbon coated three‐dimensional (3D) flower‐like Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ composite (NVP@C‐BN) is designed to enable fast ions/electrons transport, high‐surface controlled energy storage, long‐term structural integrity, and high‐rate cycling. The conductive 3D interconnected porous structure of NVP@C‐BN greatly releases mechanical stress from Na⁺ extraction/insertion. In addition, extrinsic defects and active sites introduced by the codoping heteroatoms (N, B) both enhance Na⁺ and e^? diffusion. The NVP@C‐BN displays excellent electrochemical performance as the cathode, delivering reversible capacity of 70% theoretical capacity at 100 C after 2000 cycles. When used as anode, the NVP@C‐BN also shows super long cycle life (38 mA h g^?1 at 20 C after 5000 cycles). The design provides a novel approach to open up possibilities for designing high‐power NIBs.     

A Flexible Porous Carbon Nanofibers‐Selenium Cathode with Superior Electrochemical Performance for Both Li‐Se and Na‐Se Batteries

A flexible and free‐standing porous carbon nanofibers/selenium composite electrode (Se@PCNFs) is prepared by infiltrating Se into mesoporous carbon nanofibers (PCNFs). The porous carbon with optimized mesopores for accommodating Se can synergistically suppress the active material dissolution and provide mechanical stability needed for the film. The Se@PCNFs electrode exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance for both Li‐ion and Na‐ion storage. In the case of Li‐ion storage, it delivers a reversible capacity of 516 mAh g^?1 after 900 cycles without any capacity loss at 0.5 A g^?1. Se@PCNFs still delivers a reversible capacity of 306 mAh g^?1 at 4 A g^?1. While being used in Na‐Se batteries, the composite electrode maintains a reversible capacity of 520 mAh g^?1 after 80 cycles at 0.05 A g^?1 and a rate capability of 230 mAh g^?1 at 1 A g^?1. The high capacity, good cyclability, and rate capability are attributed to synergistic effects of the uniform distribution of Se in PCNFs and the 3D interconnected PCNFs framework, which could alleviate the shuttle reaction of polyselenides intermediates during cycling and maintain the perfect electrical conductivity throughout the electrode. By rational and delicate design, this type of self‐supported electrodes may hold great promise for the development of Li‐Se and Na‐Se batteries with high power and energy densities.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Wrinkled Carbon Foils Derived from MOF Nanosheets for Superior Sodium Storage

Preparation of hierarchical carbon nanomaterials from metal?organicframeworks (MOFs) offers immense potential in the improvement of energy density, tunability, and stability of functional materials for energy storage and conversion. How interconnected nitrogen (N)‐doped wrinkled carbon foils derived from MOF nanosheets can serve as high‐performance sodium storage materials due to their multiscale porous structure is shown here. The novel N‐doped carbon nanomaterials are synthesized through the pyrolysis of 2D Mn‐based MOFs, which are produced through the assistance of monodentate ligands to enable the planar growth of MOFs. Subsequent acid etching creates hierarchical pores and channels to allow rapid ion transport. The resulting materials achieve high‐rate capability (165 and 150 mA h g^?1 at current densities of 8 and 10 A g^?1, respectively) and high stability (capacity retention 72.8% after 1000 cycling at 1.0 A g^?1), when they are used as anode in sodium‐ion capacitors.     

A Robust Approach for Efficient Sodium Storage of GeS2 Hybrid Anode by Electrochemically Driven Amorphization

Sodium ion batteries (NIBs) have become attractive promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries in a broad field of future energy storage applications. The development of high‐performance anode materials has become an essential factor and a great challenge toward satisfying the requirements for NIBs, advancement. This work is the first report on GeS₂ nanocomposites uniformly distributed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as promising anode materials for NIBs prepared via a facile hydrothermal synthesis and a unique carbo‐thermal annealing. The results show that the GeS₂/rGO hybrid anode yields a high reversible specific capacity of 805 mA h g^?1 beyond the theoretical capacity, an excellent rate capability of 616 mA h g^?1 at 5 A g^?1, and a cycle retention of 89.4% after 100 cycles. A combined ex situ characterization study reveals that the electrochemically driven amorphization plays a key role in achieving efficient sodium storage by accommodating excess sodium ions in the electrode materials. Understanding the sequential conversion‐alloying reaction mechanism for GeS₂/rGO hybrid anodes provides a new approach for developing high‐performance energy storage applications.     

Flexible Na/K‐Ion Full Batteries from the Renewable Cotton Cloth–Derived Stable,Low‐Cost,and Binder‐Free Anode and Cathode

Flexible Na/K‐ion batteries (NIBs/KIBs) exhibit great potential applications and have drawn much attention due to the continuous development of flexible electronics. However, there are still many huge challenges, mainly the design and construction of flexible electrodes (cathode and anode) with outstanding electrochemical properties. In this work, a unique approach to prepare flexible electrode is proposed by utilizing the commercially available cotton cloth–derived carbon cloth (CC) as a flexible anode and the substrate of a cathode. The binder‐free, self‐supporting, and flexible cathodes (FCC@N/KPB) are prepared by growing Prussian blue microcubes on the flexible CC (FCC). Na/K‐ion full batteries (FCC//FCC@N/KPB) are assembled by using FCC and FCC@N/KPB as anode and cathode, respectively. Electrochemical performance, mechanical flexibility, and practicability of FCC//FCC@N/KPB Na/K‐ion full batteries are evaluated in both coin cells and flexible pouch cells, demonstrating their superior energy‐storage properties (excellent rate performance and cycling stability) and remarkable flexibility (they can work under different bending states). This work provides a new and profound strategy to design flexible electrodes, promoting the development of flexible NIBs/KIBs to be practical and sustainable.     

Interconnected Frameworks with a Sandwiched Porous Carbon Layer/Graphene Hybrids for Supercapacitors with High Gravimetric and Volumetric Performances

A facile approach to synthesize porous disordered carbon layers as energy storage units coating on graphene sheets to form interconnected frameworks by one‐step pyrolysis of the mixture of graphene oxide/polyaniline and KOH is presented. As effective energy storage units, these porous carbon layers play an important role in enhancing the electrochemical performances. The obtained porous carbon material exhibits a high specific surface area (2927 m² g^?1), hierarchical interconnected pores, moderate pore volume (1.78 cm³ g^?1), short ion diffusion paths, and a high nitrogen level (6 at%). It displays both unparalleled gravimetric (481 F g^?1) and outstanding volumetric capacitance (212 F cm^?3) in an aqueous electrolyte. More importantly, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor delivers not only high gravimetric (25.7 Wh kg^?1 based on total mass of electroactive materials) but also high volumetric energy densities (11.3 Wh L^?1) in an aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor yields a maximum energy density up to 88 Wh kg^?1, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest value so far reported for carbon//MnO₂ asymmetric supercapacitors in aqueous electrolytes. Therefore, this novel carbon material holds great promise for potential applications in energy‐related technological fields.     

Carbon‐Microcuboid‐Supported Phosphorus‐Coordinated Single Atomic Copper with Ultrahigh Content and Its Abnormal Modification to Na Storage Behaviors

Carbon‐supported single atomic metals (SAMs) have aroused great interest in energy conversion and storage fields. However, metal content has to date, been far below expectation. Additionally, theoretical calculations show that SAMs are superb anchoring sites for alkali metal‐ion storage, but the experimental research remains untouched. Herein, a metal–organophosphine framework derived strategy is proposed to prepare carbon microcuboids‐supported single atomic Cu with a high content of 26.3 wt%. Atomic Cu is stabilized mainly by P moieties, exhibiting robust stability even in concentrated HCl and HNO₃. Interestingly, experimental investigations and first‐principle calculations indicate that Cu atoms can alter the Na storage behavior and enable Na to maintain an ionic state at a fully discharging state for sodium‐ion batteries, which may be a new pathway to mitigate safety concerns of dendrite formation. The Cu atoms also enhance electron transfer and diffusion kinetics. As a result, the carbon cuboids can deliver a high capacity of 107.7 mAh g^?1 at 5 A g^?1 and show a long life of 1000 cycles for Na storage. This strategy offers a new possibility for fabricating high‐content P‐coordinated atomic metals for energy conversion and storage.     

Sulfur/Oxygen Codoped Porous Hard Carbon Microspheres for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are very promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for large‐scale energy storage. However, traditional carbon anode materials usually show poor performance in KIBs due to the large size of K ions. Herein, a carbonization‐etching strategy is reported for making a class of sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) codoped porous hard carbon microspheres (PCMs) material as a novel anode for KIBs through pyrolysis of the polymer microspheres (PMs) composed of a liquid crystal/epoxy monomer/thiol hardener system. The as‐made PCMs possess a porous architecture with a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (983.2 m² g^?1), an enlarged interlayer distance (0.393 nm), structural defects induced by the S/O codoping and also amorphous carbon nature. These new features are important for boosting potassium ion storage, allowing the PCMs to deliver a high potassiation capacity of 226.6 mA h g^?1 at 50 mA g^?1 over 100 cycles and be displaying high stability by showing a potassiation capacity of 108.4 mA h g^?1 over 2000 cycles at 1000 mA g^?1. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that S/O codoping not only favors the adsorption of K to the PCMs electrode but also reduces its structural deformation during the potassiation/depotassiation. The present work highlights the important role of hierarchical porosity and S/O codoping in potassium storage.     

3D Amorphous Carbon with Controlled Porous and Disordered Structures as a High‐Rate Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have a promising application prospect for energy storage systems due to the abundant resource. Amorphous carbon with high electronic conductivity and high surface area is likely to be the most promising anode material for SIBs. However, the rate capability of amorphous carbon in SIBs is still a big challenge because of the sluggish kinetics of Na⁺ ions. Herein, a three‐dimensional amorphous carbon (3DAC) with controlled porous and disordered structures is synthesized via a facile NaCl template‐assisted method. Combination of open porous structures of 3DAC, the increased disordered structures can not only facilitate the diffusion of Na⁺ ions but also enhance the reversible capacity of Na storage. When applied as anode materials for SIBs, 3DAC exhibits excellent rate capability (66 mA h g^?1 at 9.6 A g^?1) and high reversible capacity (280 mA h g^?1 at a low current density of 0.03 A g^?1). Moreover, the controlled porous structures by the NaCl template method provide an appropriate specific surface area, which contributes to a relatively high initial Coulombic efficiency of 75%. Additionally, the high‐rate 3DAC material is prepared via a green approach originating from low‐cost pitch and NaCl template, demonstrating an appealing development of carbon anode materials for SIBs.     

Fabrication of Hierarchical Potassium Titanium Phosphate Spheroids: A Host Material for Sodium‐Ion and Potassium‐Ion Storage

Identifying suitable electrode materials for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion storage holds the key to the development of earth‐abundant energy‐storage technologies. This study reports an anode material based on self‐assembled hierarchical spheroid‐like KTi₂(PO₄)₃@C nanocomposites synthesized via an electrospray method. Such an architecture synergistically combines the advantages of the conductive carbon network and allows sufficient space for the infiltration of the electrolyte from the porous structure, leading to an impressive electrochemical performance, as reflected by the high reversible capacity (283.7 mA h g^?1 for Na‐ion batteries; 292.7 mA h g^?1 for K‐ion batteries) and superior rate capability (136.1 mA h g^?1 at 10 A g^?1 for Na‐ion batteries; 133.1 mA h g^?1 at 1 A g^?1 for K‐ion batteries) of the resulting material. Moreover, the different ion diffusion behaviors in the two systems are revealed to account for the difference in rate performance. These findings suggest that KTi₂(PO₄)₃@C is a promising candidate as an anode material for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries. In particular, the present synthetic approach could be extended to other functional electrode materials for energy‐storage materials.     

Structural Engineering of Multishelled Hollow Carbon Nanostructures for High‐Performance Na‐Ion Battery Anode

Hard carbon has long been considered the leading candidate for anode materials of Na‐ion batteries. Intensive research efforts have been carried out in the search of suitable carbon structure for an improved storage capability. Herein, an anode based on multishelled hollow carbon nanospheres, which are able to deliver an outstanding electrochemical performance with an extraordinary reversible capacity of 360 mAh g^?1 at 30 mA g^?1, is designed. An interesting dependence of the electrochemical properties on the multishelled structural features is identified: with an increase in the shell number of the model carbon materials, the sloping capacity in the charge/discharge curve remains almost unchanged while the plateau capacity continuously increases, suggesting an adsorption‐filling Na‐storage mechanism for the multishelled hollow hard carbon materials. The findings not only provide new perspective in the structural design of high‐performance anode materials, but also shed light on the complicated mechanism behind Na‐storage by hard carbon.     

Dial the Mechanism Switch of VN from Conversion to Intercalation toward Long Cycling Sodium‐Ion Battery

Transition metal nitrides are promising energy storage materials in regard to good metallic conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity, but their cycling stability is impeded by the huge volume change caused by the conversion reaction mechanism. Here, a simple strategy to produce an intercalation pseudocapacitive‐type vanadium nitride (VN) by one‐step ammonification of V₂C MXene for sodium‐ion batteries is reported. Profiting from a distinctive layered structure pillared by Al atoms in the layer spacing, it delivers a high capacity of 372 mA h g^?1 at 50 mA g^?1 and a desirable rate performance. More importantly, it shows remarkably long cycling stability over 7500 cycles without capacity attenuation at 500 mA g^?1. As expected, it is found that the intercalation pseudocapacitance plays an important role in the excellent performance, by using in situ X‐ray diffraction and ex situ X‐ray absorption structure characterization. Even more remarkable, are the high energy and power density of the sodium‐ion capacitor after coupling with a carbon‐based cathode. The hybrid device possesses an energy density of 78.43 Wh kg^?1 at power density of 260 W kg^?1. The results clearly show that such a unique‐layered VN with outstanding Na storage capability is an excellent new material for energy storage systems.     

Exploring Advanced Sandwiched Arrays by Vertical Graphene and N‐Doped Carbon for Enhanced Sodium Storage

Smart hybridization of active materials into tailored electrode structure is highly important for developing advanced electrochemical energy storage devices. With the help of sandwiched design, herein a powerful strategy is developed to fabricate three‐layer sandwiched composite core/shell arrays via combined hydrothermal and polymerization approaches. In such a unique architecture, wrinkled MoSe₂ nanosheets are sandwiched by vertical graphene (VG) core and N‐doped carbon (N‐C) shell forming sandwiched core/shell arrays. Interesting advantages including high electrical conductivity, strong mechanical stability, and large porosity are combined in the self‐supported VG/MoSe₂/N‐C sandwiched arrays. As a preliminary test, the sodium ion storage properties of VG/MoSe₂/N‐C sandwiched arrays are characterized and demonstrated with high capacity (540 mA h g^?1), enhanced high rate capability, and long‐term cycling stability (298 mA h g^?1 at 2.0 A g^?1 after 1000 cycles). The sandwiched core/shell structure plays positive roles in the enhancement of electrochemical performances due to dual conductive carbon networks, good volume accommodation, and highly porous structure with fast ion diffusion. The directional electrode design protocol provides a general method for synthesis of high‐performance ternary core/shell electrodes.     

Codoped Holey Graphene Aerogel by Selective Etching for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

The pursuit of more efficient carbon‐based anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) prepared from facile and economical methods is a very important endeavor. Based on the crystallinity difference within carbon materials, herein, a low‐temperature selective burning method is developed for preparing oxygen and nitrogen codoped holey graphene aerogel as additive‐free anode for SIBs. By selective burning of a mixture of graphene and low‐crystallinity carbon at 450 °C in air, an elastic porous graphene monolith with abundant holes on graphene sheets and optimized crystallinity is obtained. These structural characteristics lead to an additive‐free electrode with fast charge (ions and electrons) transfer and more abundant Na⁺ storage active sites. Moreover, the heteroatom oxygen/nitrogen doping favors large interlayer distance for rapid Na⁺ insertion/extraction and provides more active sites for high capacitive contribution. The optimized sample exhibits superior sodium‐ion storage capability, i.e., high specific capacity (446 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 A g^?1), ultrahigh rate capability (189 mAh g^?1 at 10 A g^?1), and long cycle life (81.0% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 5 A g^?1). This facile and economic strategy might be extended to fabricating other superior carbon‐based energy storage materials.     

Hierarchical Microcables Constructed by CoP@C⊂Carbon Framework Intertwined with Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Lithium Storage

Transition‐metal phosphides (TMPs)‐based electrode materials with high capacity have attracted considerable interest as a promising anode material for lithium?ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a hierarchical cable‐like structure composed of CoP@C core?shell nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in one‐dimensional (1D) porous carbon framework intertwined with N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CoP@C?PCF/NCNTs) is synthesized by a self‐templating, self‐catalytic, and subsequent vapor‐phase phosphorization strategy. The unique nanoarchitecture regime provides multiple advantages. The 1D carbon framework allows for quick ion and electron access, maintaining the integrity and accommodating the volume change of the structure during repeated discharging/charging. The internal carbon shell can prevent the direct aggregation of CoP NPs on cycling. The external NCNTs on the surface supply a staggered conductive network to promote electrolyte penetration and charge transportation. Impressively, the as‐fabricated hybrid nanocables deliver a reversible capacity of 712 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 A g^?1 for over 700 cycles with excellent rate capability as an anode material for LIBs. The significantly improved lithium storage properties of CoP@C?PCF/NCNTs reveal the importance of reasonable design and engineering of novel hierarchical structures with higher complexity.     

A Layered‐Nanospace‐Confinement Strategy for the Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Porous Carbon Nanosheets for High‐Rate Performance Supercapacitors

A general approach is developed for the synthesis of 2D porous carbon nanosheets (PCNS) from bio‐sources derived carbon precursors (gelatin) by an integrated procedure of intercalation, pyrolysis, and activation. Montmorillonite with layered nanospace is used as a nanotemplate or nanoreactor to confine and modulate the transformation of gelatin, further leading to the formation of 2D nanosheet‐shaped carbon materials. The as‐made 2D PCNS exhibits a significantly improved rate performance, with a high specific capacitance of 246 F g^?1 and capacitance retention of 82% at 100 A g^?1, being nearly twice that of microsized activated carbon particulates directly from gelatin (131 F g^?1, 44%). The shortened ion transport distance in the nanoscaled dimension and modulated porous structure is responsible for such an enhanced superior rate capability. More importantly, the present strategy can be extended to other bio‐sources to create 2D PCNS as electrode materials with high‐rate performance. This will also provide a potential strategy for configuring 2D nanostructured carbon electrode materials with a short ion transport distance for supercapacitors and other carbon‐related energy storage and conversion devices.     

Defect‐Rich Soft Carbon Porous Nanosheets for Fast and High‐Capacity Sodium‐Ion Storage

Soft carbon has attracted tremendous attention as an anode in rocking‐chair batteries owing to its exceptional properties including low‐cost, tunable interlayer distance, and favorable electronic conductivity. However, it fails to exhibit decent performance for sodium‐ion storage owing to difficulties in the formation of sodium intercalation compounds. Here, microporous soft carbon nanosheets are developed via a microwave induced exfoliation strategy from a conventional soft carbon compound obtained by pyrolysis of 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The micropores and defects at the edges synergistically leads to enhanced kinetics and extra sodium‐ion storage sites, which contribute to the capacity increase from 134 to 232 mAh g^?1 and a superior rate capability of 103 mAh g^?1 at 1000 mA g^?1 for sodium‐ion storage. In addition, the capacitance‐dominated sodium‐ion storage mechanism is identified through the kinetics analysis. The in situ X‐ray diffraction analyses are used to reveal that sodium ions intercalate into graphitic layers for the first time. Furthermore, the as‐prepared nanosheets can also function as an outstanding anode for potassium‐ion storage (reversible capacity of 291 mAh g^?1) and dual‐ion full cell (cell‐level capacity of 61 mAh g^?1 and average working voltage of 4.2 V). These properties represent the potential of soft carbon for achieving high‐energy, high‐rate, and low‐cost energy storage systems.     

3D Nanowire Arrayed Cu Current Collector toward Homogeneous Alloying Anode Deposition for Enhanced Sodium Storage

Alloying electrodes are regarded as promising anodes for lithium/sodium storage thanks to their multielectron reaction capacity, moderate voltage plateau, and high electrical conductivity. However, huge volume change upon cycling, especially for sodium storage, usually causes the loss of electrical connection between active components and their delaminations from traditional current collectors, thus leading to rapid capacity decay. Herein, a unique 3D current collector is assembled from 1D nanowire arrays anchored on 3D porous Cu foams for constructing core‐shelled Cu@Sb nanowires as advanced sodium‐ion battery (SIB) anodes. The so‐formed hierarchical 3D anode with interconnected 3D micrometer sized pores and abundant voids between nanowires not only effectively accommodates the structural strains during repeated cycling but also ensures the structural integrity and contributes to a uniform ion/electron scattered distribution throughout the whole surface. When employed as anodes for SIBs, the obtained electrode shows a high capacity of 605.3 mAh g^?1 at 330 mA g^?1, and demonstrates a high capacity retention of 84.8% even at a high current density of 3300 mA g^?1. The 3D nanowire arrayed Cu current collector in this work can offer a promising strategy for designing and building advanced alloy anodes for lithium/sodium storage.