共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Cyril C. Grueter Dayong Li Baoping Ren Fuwen Wei Carel P. van Schaik 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(4):601-624
To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations and socioecological correlates in colobines, we conducted a 20-mo study of a wild group of Rhinopithecus bieti (Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys) in the montane Samage Forest. This forest supports a patchwork of evergreen broadleaved, evergreen coniferous, and mixed deciduous broadleaved/coniferous forest assemblages with a total of 80 tree species in 23 families. The most common plant families by basal area are the predominantly evergreen Pinaceae and Fagaceae, comprising 69% of the total tree biomass. Previous work has shown that lichens formed a consistent component in the monkeys’ diet year-round (67%), seasonally complemented with fruits and young leaves. Our study showed that although the majority of the diet was provided by 6 plant genera (Acanthopanax, Sorbus, Acer, Fargesia, Pterocarya, and Cornus), the monkeys fed on 94 plant species and on 150 specific food items. The subjects expressed high selectivity for uncommon angiosperm tree species. The average number of plant species used per month was 16. Dietary diversity varied seasonally, being lowest during the winter and rising dramatically in the spring. The monkeys consumed bamboo shoots in the summer and bamboo leaves throughout the year. The monkeys also foraged on terrestrial herbs and mushrooms, dug up tubers, and consumed the flesh of a mammal (flying squirrel). We also provide a preliminary evaluation of feeding competition in Rhinopithecus bieti and find that the high selectivity for uncommon seasonal plant food items distributed in clumped patches might create the potential for food competition. The finding is corroborated by observations that the subjects occasionally depleted leafy food patches and stayed at a greater distance from neighboring conspecifics while feeding than while resting. Key findings of this work are that Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys have a much more species-rich plant diet than was previously believed and are probably subject to moderate feeding competition. 相似文献
4.
Wanyi Lee Takashi Hayakawa Mieko Kiyono Naoto Yamabata Goro Hanya 《American journal of primatology》2019,81(12)
In recent decades, human–wildlife interaction and associated anthropogenic food provisioning has been increasing and becoming more severe due to fast population growth and urban development. Noting the role of the gut microbiome in host physiology like nutrition and health, it is thus essential to understand how human–wildlife interactions and availability of anthropogenic food in habitats can affect an animal's gut microbiome. This study, therefore, set out to examine the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with varying accessibility to anthropogenic food and the possibility of using gut microbiota as indicator for macaques’ reliance on anthropogenic food. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, we described the microbial composition of Japanese macaques experiencing different types of human disturbance and anthropogenic food availability—captive, provisioned, crop‐raiding, and wild. In terms of alpha diversity, our results showed that observed richness of gut microbiota did not differ significantly between disturbance types but among collection sites, whereas Shannon diversity index differed by both disturbance types and sites. In terms of beta diversity, captive populations harbored the most distinctive gut microbial composition, and had the greatest difference compared with wild populations. Whereas for provisioned and crop‐raiding groups, the macaques exhibited intermediate microbiota between wild and captive. We identified several potential bacterial taxa at different taxonomic ranks whose abundance potentially could help in assessing macaques’ accessibility to anthropogenic food. This study revealed the flexibility of the gut microbiome of Japanese macaques and provided possible indices based on the gut microbiome profile in assessing macaques’ accessibility to/reliance on anthropogenic foods. 相似文献
5.
6.
Diet of Alouatta belzebul discolor in an Amazonian Rain Forest of Northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Prior field studies of Alouatta showed the highest frugivory in A. belzebul. During 10 mo between October 1999 and October 2000, we studied the feeding ecology of a group of 7–9 red-handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul discolor) in a primary forest on the banks of a tributary of the Teles Pires River, near Paranaíta, MT, Brazil (9°34S; 56°19W). The howlers used 3 types of habitat: upland (terra firme) forest, flood plain forest (igapó) and palm forest (açaizal). During 45 complete days of observation, the group fed on 67 plant species (N = 2039 feeding records) in 24 families. The 2 most used families were Leguminosae and Moraceae, with 17 species each. Fruits predominated (40–80%) in every month, except June, when young leaves accounted for 54% of the diet. Dialium guianense (Leguminosal, Caesalpinioideae) was the most consumed species. Flower (6%) and mature leaf (5%) consumptions were low. Tree bark, live and decayed wood, and woody twig monthly consumption varied from 0 to 26%, and occurred only in igapó, where they used mostly Macrolobium acaciaefolium (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae), Clitoria amazonum (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and Licania cf. canescens (Chrysobalanaceae). Our study on Alouatta belzebul discolor complements the high frugivory in A. b. belzebul and documents uncommon dietary items for the species. Although there is intraspecific variation in howler diets and new studies have shown higher frugivory for more folivorous species, Alouatta belzebul seems to be the most frugivorous howler species, in spite of its wide geographical distribution and, in this case, sympatry with Ateles chamek, a frugivore. 相似文献
7.
Sahana Kuthyar Martin M. Kowalewski Dawn M. Roellig Elizabeth K. Mallott Yan Zeng Thomas R. Gillespie Katherine R. Amato 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(1):45-57
Habitat disturbance, a common consequence of anthropogenic land use practices, creates human–animal interfaces where humans, wildlife, and domestic species can interact. These altered habitats can influence host–microbe dynamics, leading to potential downstream effects on host physiology and health. Here, we explored the effect of ecological overlap with humans and domestic species and infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis on the bacteria of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), a key sentinel species, in northeastern Argentina. Fecal samples were screened for Giardia duodenalis infection using a nested PCR reaction, and the gut bacterial community was characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Habitat type was correlated with variation in A. caraya gut bacterial community composition but did not affect gut bacterial diversity. Giardia presence did not have a universal effect on A. caraya gut bacteria across habitats, perhaps due to the high infection prevalence across all habitats. However, some bacterial taxa were found to vary with Giardia infection. While A. caraya's behavioral plasticity and dietary flexibility allow them to exploit a range of habitat conditions, habitats are generally becoming more anthropogenically disturbed and, thus, less hospitable. Alterations in gut bacterial community dynamics are one possible indicator of negative health outcomes for A. caraya in these environments, since changes in host–microbe relationships due to stressors from habitat disturbance may lead to negative repercussions for host health. These dynamics are likely relevant for understanding organism responses to environmental change in other mammals. 相似文献
8.
Katherine R. Amato Steven R. Leigh Angela Kent Roderick I. Mackie Carl J. Yeoman Rebecca M. Stumpf Brenda A. Wilson Karen E. Nelson Bryan A. White Paul A. Garber 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,155(4):652-664
In all mammals, growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation increase nutritional demands. Although primate field studies tend to focus on shifts in activity and diet as mechanisms to compensate for these demands, differences in digestive efficiency also are likely to be important. Because the gut microbiota can impact host digestive efficiency, we examined differences in activity budget, diet, and the gut microbial community among adult male (N = 4), adult female (N = 4), and juvenile (N = 5) wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) across a ten‐month period in Palenque National Park, Mexico to determine how adult females and juveniles compensate for increased nutritional demands. Results indicate that adult females and juveniles consumed more protein and energy than adult males. Adult males, adult females, and juveniles also possessed distinct gut microbial communities, unrelated to diet. Juveniles exhibited a gut microbiota characterized by bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes, such as Roseburia and Ruminococcus, and demonstrated high fecal volatile fatty acid content, suggesting increased microbial contributions to host energy balances. Adult females possessed a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, also suggesting increased energy production, and their gut microbiota was characterized by Lactococcus, which has been associated with folate biosynthesis. On the basis of these patterns, it appears that the gut microbiota differentially contributes to howler monkey nutrition during reproduction and growth. Determining the nutritional and energetic importance of shifts in activity, diet, and the gut microbiota in other nonhuman primate taxa, as well as humans, will transform our understanding of these life history processes and the role of host‐microbe relationships in primate evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:652–664, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
9.
10.
Plants have evolved a variety of chemical means to deter herbivory. Several studies have documented that secondary compounds are strong deterrents to certain herbivores, while others have demonstrated that some herbivores ingest large quantities of these compounds without exhibiting deleterious effects. This inconsistent response suggests that plants have evolved compounds to deter specific herbivores. Based on a study in Kibale National Park, Uganda, we explored how two major groups of herbivores, invertebrates and colobus monkeys, respond to chemical characteristics of leaves: protein, attractive from a nutritional perspective, and alkaloids, saponins and cyanogenic glycosides, which are all plant defences, detering herbivory. The intensity that colobus monkeys fed on leaves of different tree species was determined by observations (1300 h), and invertebrate herbivory was indexed by collecting leaves from 20 species and digitizing tracings to quantifying invertebrate damage. Invertebrate damage to leaves varied among species (1.5–22.5%), but showed no relationship with saponin or protein content, or the presence or absence of alkaloids. Colobine foraging effort did not relate to the saponin and protein of leaf species, nor to the presence or absence of alkaloids. Prunus africana, the only species to test positive for cyanogenic glycosides, was fed on by colobus monkeys for 8.1% of their foraging time, but, as it occurred at low densities, it was the most preferred species. These results can be interpreted in different ways. First, it is possible that inactive compounds are retained because they increase the probability of producing new active compounds. Secondly, the indices used to evaluate compound effects may be inappropriate. For example, monkeys may only be able to tolerate a toxin to a specific threshold in a single feeding session, but our index of foraging effort was averaged over the year. Thirdly, it may be that these compounds play an active role with organisms not considered (e.g. prevent fungal attack). Finally, these compounds may serve some unknown function and selection may operate for that purpose. 相似文献
11.
Caroline A. Phillips Tamsin C. O'Connell 《American journal of physical anthropology》2016,161(4):685-697
12.
灵长类生态学研究方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
目前,国外对灵长类生态学的研究越来越多,研究内容包括种群动力学、社群结构及行为,野生群繁殖行为等。我国的灵长类生态学研究虽然起步较晚,但发展较快。特别是对我 相似文献
13.
《Current biology : CB》2022,32(20):4508-4520.e6
- Download : Download high-res image (173KB)
- Download : Download full-size image
14.
15.
Irven DeVore 《International journal of primatology》1990,11(1):1-5
Primate socioecology is being dramatically transformed as new studies are undertaken in Madagascar and the New World. Simultaneously, the incorporation of primate studies in a broader framework of theory in behavioral ecology promises to more intelligently inform anthropology's traditional concerns with primate and hominid evolution. 相似文献
16.
17.
To meet nutritional needs, primates adjust their diets in response to local habitat differences, though whether these dietary modifications translate to changes in dietary nutrient intake is unknown. A previous study of two populations of the mountain gorilla (MG: Gorilla beringei) found no evidence for intraspecific variation in the nutrient composition of their diets, despite ecological and dietary differences between sites. One potential explanation is that nutritional variability in primate diets requires greater ecological divergence than what was captured between MG sites, underpinning environmental differences in the nutrient quality of plant foods. To test whether Gorilla exhibits interspecific variation in dietary composition and nutrient intake, we studied the composition and macronutrients of the western gorilla (WG: Gorilla gorilla) staple diets and compared them with published data from the two MG populations. We recorded feeding time and food intake of four adult female WGs from one habituated group over a period of 11 months (December 2004–October 2005) at the Mondika Research Center, Republic of Congo, allowing for assessment of seasonal patterns of nutrient intake. Staple diets of WGs and MGs diverged in their dietary and macronutrient composition. Compared to MGs, the staple diet of WGs (by intake) contained higher proportions of fruit (43%) and leaf (12%) and a lower proportion of herb (39%), resulting in a higher intake of total nonstructural carbohydrate and fiber and a lower intake of crude protein. Staple gorilla fruits and herbs differed in nutrient quality between sites. Gorillas exhibit nutritional flexibility that reflects ecological variation in the nutrient quality of plant foods. Since dietary quality typically affects rates of growth and reproduction in primates, our results suggest that interspecific differences in nutrient intake and food quality may shape differences in gorilla nutrient balancing and female life history strategies. 相似文献
18.
B. Randrianambinina S. Mbotizafy S. Rasoloharijaona R. O. Ravoahangimalala E. Zimmermann 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(4):783-790
Sportive lemurs are threatened species in the IUCN Red Data Book. However, quantitative information on their reproduction,
urgently required for conservation, has been lacking. We collected first data on reproductive activity of Milne-Edwards’ sportive
lemurs in a population inhabiting the dry deciduous forest of the Ankarafantsika National Park in northwestern Madagascar
during 1998, 2001, and 2003. The species showed a seasonal reproduction. The main mating season extended from May to June,
as indicated by the presence of males with high testes volumes and estrus females. In the mating and early postmating season
and in the postparturition season, sexes did not differ in body mass. Females had a significantly higher body mass than males
in August and November, indicating pregnancy, which together with the presence of small infants in October and November implies
that gravidity in females lasted for about 4–5 mo. All litters consisted of singletons. Individuals with body mass at the
lower limit of the population either did not develop measurable testes volumes (males) or were not in estrus (females). They
were probably juveniles from the previous birth season that achieved sexual maturity not before their second year after birth.
The first data on reproduction suggest a low reproduction rate for Lepilemur edwardsi and a request for a higher conservation status than previously attributed and the need for further management strategies. 相似文献
19.
John C. Mitani Julie Gros-Louis Joseph H. Manson 《American journal of primatology》1996,38(4):315-332
Primate social groups frequently contain multiple males. Male group size has been hypothesized to result from male mating competition, but the selective factors responsible for the evolution of multimale groups are unclear. Short breeding seasons create situations that are not conducive for single males to monopolize mating access to females, and may therefore favor the formation of large male groups. Alternatively, since the costs of mate defense increase with the spatial clumping of females, female group size may be a primary determinant of the number of males in a primate group. We used comparative methods designed to control for the potentially confounding effects of hidden third variables associated with phylogeny to test the breeding season and female group size hypotheses for the evolution of multimale groups. Our results revealed no association between breeding season duration and the number of males in groups. In contrast, we provide support for the female group size hypothesis by demonstrating a strong pattern of correlated evolution between female and male group size. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
20.
Wasserman MD Taylor-Gutt A Rothman JM Chapman CA Milton K Leitman DC 《American journal of physical anthropology》2012,148(1):88-97
Phytoestrogens, or naturally occurring estrogen-mimicking compounds, are found in many human plant foods, such as soybeans (Glycine max) and other legumes. Because the consumption of phytoestrogens may result in both health benefits of protecting against estrogen-dependent cancers and reproductive costs of disrupting the developing endocrine system, considerable biomedical research has been focused on the physiological and behavioral effects of these compounds. Despite this interest, little is known about the occurrence of phytoestrogens in the diets of wild primates, nor their likely evolutionary importance. We investigated the prevalence of estrogenic plant foods in the diets of two folivorous primate species, the red colobus monkey (Procolobus rufomitratus) of Kibale National Park and mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, both in Uganda. To examine plant foods for estrogenic activity, we screened 44 plant items (species and part) comprising 78.4% of the diet of red colobus monkeys and 53 plant items comprising 85.2% of the diet of mountain gorillas using transient transfection assays. At least 10.6% of the red colobus diet and 8.8% of the gorilla diet had estrogenic activity. This was mainly the result of the red colobus eating three estrogenic staple foods and the gorillas eating one estrogenic staple food. All estrogenic plants exhibited estrogen receptor (ER) subtype selectivity, as their phytoestrogens activated ERβ, but not ERα. These results demonstrate that estrogenic plant foods are routinely consumed by two folivorous primate species. Phytoestrogens in the wild plant foods of these two species and many other wild primates may have important implications for understanding primate reproductive ecology. 相似文献