Genetic diversity of Shiraia bambusicola from East China assessed using ISSR markers

To understand the genetic differentiation of the medicinal fungus Shiraia bambusicola, the genetic diversity of 107 individuals from eight populations collected from Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces were studied using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. The results revealed that the 11 employed primers produced a total of 241 ISSR loci, of which 240 loci (PPB = 99.6%) were polymorphic. Both Nei's gene diversity indexes and Shannon's gene diversity indexes showed that the genetic differentiation of S. bambusicola primarily occurred within the populations. AMOVA revealed that the variation among populations was 40.0%, and the variation within populations was 60.0%. The results of an unweighted pair group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis and a principal coordinate analysis (PCA) revealed that the populations with minimal geographic separations frequently exhibited regional characteristics. These findings revealed that the relationship between sibship and geographical distribution was intensive.     

Genetic diversity of wild populations of Rheum tanguticum endemic to China as revealed by ISSR analysis

Rheum tanguticum is an important but endangered traditional Chinese medicine endemic to China. The wild resources have been declining. Establishing the genetic diversity of the species would assist in its conservation and breeding program. Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure in 13 wild populations of R. tanguticum from Qinghai Province. Thirteen selected primers produced 329 discernible bands, with 326 (92.94%) being polymorphic, indicating high genetic diversity at the species level. The Nei's gene diversity (He) was estimated to be 0.1724 within populations (range 0.1026–0.2104), and 0.2689 at the species level. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was found mainly within populations (71.02%), but variance among populations was only 28.98%. In addition, Nei's differentiation coefficients (G_st) was found to be high (0.3585), confirming the relatively high level of genetic differentiation among populations. Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.573, P = 0.002), and the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering and Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) demonstrated similar results. Meanwhile, the genetic diversity of R. tanguticum positively correlated with altitude and annual mean precipitation, but negatively correlated with latitude and annual mean temperature. This result might be an explanation that the natural distribution of R. tanguticum is limited to alpine cold areas. We propose conservation strategy and breeding program for this plant.     

Assessment of the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of Lilium in China using ISSR markers

China is a center of natural distribution and diversity of genus Lilium around the world. In the study, the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of Lilium in China were analyzed by inter-simple sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The 6 highly polymorphic ISSR primers were selected to amplify the 20 Lilium species. The results showed that a total of 114 DNA bands were amplified, all of which were polymorphic loci (P = 100%), the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.2753, and the difference value between observed number of alleles (Na) and effective number of alleles (Ne) was 0.7247, and the Nei's genetic diversity (H) was 0.2048, and the Shannon's information index (I) was 0.3503. These results indicated that there is significant genetic difference among Lilium species in China. Taking the average genetic similarity coefficient (Gs) 0.5313 as the threshold, the 20 tested Lilium species were clustered into 5 groups, which was not entirely consistent with traditional clustering by morphological traits. The results obtained from this study can provide a reference for the molecular study of Lilium germplasm resources.     

Genetic diversity of the threatened Chinese endemic plant,Sinowilsonia henryi Hemsi. (Hamamelidaceae), revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

Sinowilsonia henryi Hemsi., the only representative of the monotypic genus Sinowilsonia Hemsi. (Hamamelidaceae), is a threatened plant endemic to China with high phylogenetical, ecological and economical values. In the present study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of 214 individuals sampled from 14 populations. Fifteen selected primers yielded a total of 178 bright and discernible bands. The genetic diversity was low at the population level (h = 0.1025; I = 0.1506; PPL = 26.7%), but quite high at the species level (h = 0.2449; I = 0.3690; PPL = 72.5%). In line with the limited gene flow (N_m = 0.3537), the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed pronounced genetic differentiation among populations (Φ_ST = 0.6639). Furthermore, the Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances among populations (r = 0.688, P = 0.001), indicating the role of geographic isolation in shaping its present population genetic structure. The present patterns of genetic diversity of S. henryi were assumed to result largely from its evolutionary history and geographic factors. Based on these findings, conservation strategies were proposed to preserve this threatened plant.     

用ISSR标记检测黄麻野生种与栽培种遗传多样性

利用ISSR标记对黄麻属((Corchorus)10个种27份材料的遗传多样性进行分析,25个ISSR引物共扩增出283条带,平均每个引物扩增出10．48条带,多态性条带比例(PPB)为92．85％;种间遗传相似系数在0．33～0．97之间。表现出丰富的遗传多样性．系统聚类结果显示,第I、Ⅲ类群均为黄麻属8个种11份原始野生种,种间存在丰富的遗传多样性;第Ⅱ类群为黄麻两个栽培种及其近缘野生种,共16份材料。种遗传相似性较高;基因组聚类结果与经典分类相符．利用分子标记技术研究初步可以认为。荨麻叶种为最原始的黄麻野生种之一;三室种21C为三室种的一个变种;甜麻为一个尚待定性的野生种．同组材料的RAPD和ISSR分析结果,具有较高的相似性和可信度．     

Genetic diversity assessment and estimation of phylogenetic relationships among 26 Fagaceae species using ISSRs

The family Fagaceae includes several species and presents huge genetic variability. In the last two decades, several genetic studies about phylogenetics and genetic diversity of Fagaceae have emerged. ISSR markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 26 species of Fagaceae belonging to the genera Castanea, Fagus and Quercus. Among several primers tested, 17 were selected for the evaluation of diversity and estimation of genetic relationships. A total of 371 ISSR markers were produced and each primer revealed high polymorphism. Specific ISSR markers for the Quercus infrageneric groups were amplified. ISSRs proved to be a reliable tool for the discrimination of the analyzed species per genus, infrageneric group and/or ecological origin.     

华南及邻近地区大刺鳅遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解我国大刺鳅野生资源状况, 研究采用ISSR技术分析了福建、广东、广西、云南和海南11个地理群体262尾大刺鳅的遗传多样性。10个引物共扩增出112个位点, 多态位点95个, 多态位点比例为84.82%。大刺鳅总群体Nei基因多样性h=0.2126、Shannon 信息指数I=0.3358, 表明大刺鳅总群体遗传多样性较丰富, 其中各群体遗传多样性依次为恩平 红河 屯昌 英德 河池 乐昌 增城 龙岩 五华 仁化 百色。总群体遗传分化系数Gst=0.4620, 显示46.2%的变异来自群体间。总群体基因流Nm=0.5823, 表明大刺鳅总群体间缺乏有效的基因交流, 遗传漂变是大刺鳅群体遗传分化的主要因素。聚类分析表明, 东江群体和韩江群体聚为一支, 西江群体和北江群体聚为一支, 大陆群体聚为一大支, 然后和海南屯昌群体聚类。     

Assessment of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among grouper species Epinephelus spp. from the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf

Understanding of fish genetic characterization plays a vital role in the conservation and utilization of fish genetic resources of grouper species. The present study was carried out to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in five grouper species, Epinephelus spp. from eastern Saudi Arabian coast using two molecular marker systems, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and microsatellite (SSR) markers. In total, 219 individuals grouper specimens (Epinephelus tauvina, E. coioides, E. bleekeri, E. malabaricus, and E. areolatus) were genotyped with 10 ISSR and 11 SSR selected primers. The ISSR produced 94 DNA fragments, of which 44 were polymorphic with an average of 2.13 fragment per primer. While SSR primers generated 107 alleles, all of them were polymorphic with an average 9.72 per primer. ISSR and SSR techniques demonstrated a high level of gene diversity and genetic distances illustrated by UPGMA dendrograms among the grouper species. The results proved that the SSR markers were highly informative and efficient in detecting genetic variability and relationships of the Epinephelus spp.     

锥栗自然居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用20条ISSR分子标记对栗属中国特有种-锥栗(Castanea henryi)的16个自然居群进行了遗传多样性与遗传关系分析。在449份试材上共扩增得到379个位点,其中多态性位点378个,多态性位点百分率(PPL)达99.74%,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.2950,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.4522;居群水平遗传多样性为46.09%,且不同居群遗传多样性水平有较大差异,16个自然居群中以湘西居群的遗传多样性水平最高(PPL=53.30%,He=0.1861,I=0.2781),其次为靖州、庆元、昭通及都江堰居群,南平居群最低(PPL=36.94%,He=0.1202,I=0.1817)。Nei’s遗传多样性和AMOVA分析表明,居群间产生了较大的遗传分化(Gst=0.4466),锥栗自然居群内的遗传变异稍占优势(52.51%)。UPGMA聚类分析将16个锥栗居群分为2大类5亚类。湘西地区可能是锥栗的次生分布中心和现代遗传多样性分布中心,是锥栗研究的资源中心,也是最有价值的基因库,需要重点保护。     

利用ISSR标记分析红脂大小蠹微生境中球孢白僵菌遗传多样性

针对红脂大小蠹危害程度不同的3个地区的球孢白僵菌种群,利用ISSR（inter-simple sequence repeat）分子标记分析了各个种群的遗传多样性。从19条引物中筛选出10条多态性高、稳定性好的ISSR引物用于扩增分析。68株球孢白僵菌的Nei’s基因多样性（h）为0.2973,Shannon指数（Is）为0.4488。旬邑、宜君、古交3地白僵菌种群间的基因分化系数（GST）为0.0525,基因流（Nm）为9.0255;而来源于土壤、红脂大小蠹、蛀屑和树皮的白僵菌种群间的基因分化系数为0.1449,基因流为2.9508。各球孢白僵菌种群表现出不同的多样性水平,旬邑种群和红脂大小蠹虫种群的遗传多样性相对较高;地理分布种群间的差异不如分离基质种群间的差异明显,地理分布种群间存在明显的基因交流,而分离基质种群间的基因流较低,遗传分化明显。     

An analysis of genetic diversity in Marphysa sanguinea from different geographic populations using ISSR polymorphisms

The genetic diversity of five wild populations of marine polychaete Marphysa sanguinea found in China was investigated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) polymorphisms. The results of the ISSR-PCR showed that 108 (90.8%) of the 119 ISSR loci tested were polymorphic. The Shannon's information index value was 0.4981, Nei's gene diversity was 0.3418, and the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.3671, which indicated that the among-population component accounted for 36.7% of the total variation, while the within-population component accounted for 63.3%. A UPGMA tree showed that the five populations clustered into two branches. Populations from Dalian, Xingcheng, and Rushan clustered together, while the two Guangxi populations, A and B, clustered into a unique group. The results indicated that the genetic diversity among the five populations of M. sanguinea is high, which will provide useful information for the protection of biodiversity among marine polychaetes.     

基于ISSR遗传多样性分析的云南蓝果树保护措施探索

保存种群的遗传多样性和进化潜力是成功拯救保护濒危物种的关键。云南蓝果树(Nyssa yunnanensis W.C.Yin)是国家I级重点保护的极度濒危野生植物,也是国家实施极小种群野生植物保护工程的目的物种。为了制定针对性的保护措施,采用ISSR分子标记方法对64株极度濒危物种云南蓝果树子代个体进行遗传多样性分析。从100条引物中筛选出12条ISSR引物,共扩增出77个稳定、清晰的条带。其中58个为多态性条带,物种水平上的多态性条带百分率(PPL)变动范围为50.00%~87.50%,平均值为(74.65±0.01)%;等位基因观察值(Na)为1.7532;有效等位基因观察值(Ne)为1.5804;Nei's基因多样性指数(He)为0.3206,多态性信息含量指数(PIC)变动范围为0.15~0.44,平均值为0.27±0.01;Shannon's遗传多样性信息指数(I)随着样本数的增加而升高,但当样本数达到24及以上时,Shannon's指数的数值基本不再变化。基于遗传多样性分析结果,从地质历史原因和人为干扰因素等方面对云南蓝果树的濒危机制进行了探析,并提出了有针对性的云南蓝果树保护措施。     

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification for analysis of microsatellite motif frequency and fingerprinting in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

 Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification was used to analyze microsatellite motif frequency in the rice genome and to evaluate genetic diversity among rice cultivars. A total of 32 primers, containing different simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs, were tested for amplification on a panel of 59 varieties, representative of the diversity of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). The ISSR analysis provided insights into the organization, frequency and levels of polymorphism of different simple sequence repeats in rice. The more common dinucleotide motifs were more amenable to ISSR analysis than the more infrequent tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotide motifs. The ISSR results suggested that within the dinucleotide class, the poly(GA) motif was more common than the poly(GT) motif and that the frequency and clustering of specific tri- and tetra-nucleotide simple sequence repeats was variable and motif-specific. Furthermore, trinucleotide ISSR markers were found to be less polymorphic than either dinucleotide or certain tetranucleotide ISSR markers, suggesting which motifs would be better targets for microsatellite marker development. The ISSR amplification pattern was used to group the rice genotypes by cluster analysis. These results were compared to surveys of the same varieties for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and isozyme markers. The ISSR fingerprint could be used to differentiate the genotypes belonging to either Japonica or Indica sub species of cultivated rice and to dissect finer levels of diversity within each subspecies. A higher percentage of polymorphic bands was produced with the ISSR technique than the AFLP method, based on a similar PCR reaction. Therefore, ISSR amplification proved to be a valuable method for determining genetic variability among rice varieties and for rapidly identifying cultivars. This efficient genetic fingerprinting technique would be useful for characterizing the large numbers of rice accessions held in national and international germplasm centers. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted: 17 September 1998     

ISSR analysis of genetic diversity in sacred lotus cultivars

In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were applied to assess genetic diversity and genetic relationships of 92 cultivars of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), one of the most famous flowers in China. Our results showed that sacred lotus exhibited a low level of genetic diversity (percentage of polymorphic bands, PPB = 55.8%), which may result from its asexual mode of reproduction and long-term artificial selection. Clustering analyses indicated that these cultivars could be divided into two clades. Most cultivars of Chinese lotus species origin were included in one clade, and one cultivar of American lotus species origin was nested in the other clade. The hybrid cultivars from hybridization between the two subspecies were interspersed in these two clades. Seven cultivars native to Thailand formed a distinct subclade among the cultivars of Chinese lotus species origin. Genetic differentiation between two subspecies, and between cultivars from Thailand and other cultivars could be attributed to geographic isolation. The monophyly of three cultivars of Sanshui Winter Lotus and their closest relationships to Chinese lotus species origin suggests that they might have a common origin and may consist completely or mainly of genetic material from N. nucifera subsp. nucifera.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in indigenous turmeric (Curcuma longa) germplasm from India using molecular markers

Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric, is one of the economically and medicinally important plant species. It is predominantly cultivated in the tropical and sub tropical countries. India is the largest producer, and exporter of turmeric in the world, followed by China, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Thailand. In the present study, Directed Amplification of Minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), methods were used to estimate the genetic variability in indigenous turmeric germplasm. Cumulative data analysis for DAMD (15) and ISSR (13) markers resulted into 478 fragments, out of which 392 fragments were polymorphic, revealing 82 % polymorphism across the turmeric genotypes. Wide range of pairwise genetic distances (0.03–0.59) across the genotypes revealed that these genotypes are genetically quite diverse. The UPGMA dendrogram generated using cumulative data showed significant relationships amongst the genotypes. All 29 genotypes studied grouped into two clusters irrespective of their geographical affiliations with 100 % bootstrap value except few genotypes, suggesting considerable diversity amongst the genotypes. These results suggested that the current collection of turmeric genotypes preserve the vast majority of natural variations. The results further demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of DAMD and ISSR markers in determining the genetic diversity and relationships among the indigenous turmeric germplasm. DAMD and ISSR profiling have identified diverse turmeric genotypes, which could be further utilized in various genetic improvement programmes including conventional as well as marker assisted breeding towards development of new and desirable turmeric genotypes.     

Genetic diversity in lac resin-secreting insects belonging to Kerria spp., as revealed through ISSR markers

The Indian lac insect Kerria lacca is harnessed in India for commercial production of lac, which has diversified industrial applications. Many of the geographical races of this species are under threat of extinction due to increasingly drastic local deviations in climate patterns. Thus, there is need for documentation and conservation of the lac insect biodiversity adapted especially for local climatic conditions and host species. The genetic diversity among twenty lines of commercially important Kerria spp. was analyzed using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) technique. Seventeen ISSR primers produced 96.1% genetic polymorphism in the lac insect lines under study. The clustering dendrogram segregated the twenty lines into four major clusters with similarity coefficients between 0.25 and 0.81. The first three principal coordinates revealed 43.1% of the total genetic variation. The above results reveal significant genetic variability in the lines, which could be used for genetic improvement of lac insects.     

Determination of genetic diversity among Saccharina germplasm using ISSR and RAPD markers

Various species of genus Saccharina are economically important brown macroalgae cultivated in China. The genetic background of the conserved Saccharina germplasm was not clear. In this report, DNA-based molecular markers such as inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 48 Saccharina germplasms. A total of 50 ISSR and 50 RAPD primers were tested, of which only 33 polymorphic primers (17 ISSR and 16 RAPD) had an amplified clear and reproducible profile, and could be used. Seventeen ISSR primers yielded a total of 262 bands, of which 256 were polymorphic, and 15.06 polymorphic bands per primer were amplified from 48 kelp gametophytes. Sixteen RAPD primers produced 355 bands, of which 352 were polymorphic, and 22 polymorphic bands per primer were observed across 48 individuals. The simple matching coefficient of ISSR, RAPD and pooled ISSR and RAPD dendrograms ranged from 0.568 to 0.885, 0.670 to 0.873, and 0.667 to 0.862, revealing high genetic diversity. Based on the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic averaging algorithm (UPGMA) cluster analysis and the principal components analysis (PCA) of ISSR data, the 48 gametophytes were divided into three main groups. The Mantel test revealed a similar polymorphism distribution pattern between ISSR and RAPD markers, the correlation coefficient r was 0.62, and the results indicated that both ISSR and RAPD markers were effective to assess the selected gametophytes, while matrix correlation of the ISSR marker system (r = 0.78) was better than that of the RAPD marker system (r = 0.64). Genetic analysis data from this study were helpful in understanding the genetic relationships among the selected 17 kelp varieties (or lines) and provided guidance for molecular-assisted selection for parental gametophytes of hybrid kelp breeding.     

孑遗植物银杏群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对江苏泰兴、美国纽约的栽培银杏(Ginkgo biloba)群体和中国3个可能为野生的银杏自然群体(浙江西天目山、贵州务川、湖北大洪山区)的遗传多样性水平和群体遗传结构进行了研究。用13个引物对5个群体共66个样品进行扩增,共得到88个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点62个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为70．45％。POPGENE分析结果表明：与其他裸子植物相比,银杏具有丰富的遗传变异(He=0．2408;Ho=0．3599)。贵州务川群体的遗传多样性水平最高(PPB=56．82％,He=0．2089,Ho=0．3087),江苏泰兴栽培群体(PPB=34．09％,,Ho=0．1269,Ho=0．1858)和美国纽约的栽培群体(PPB=23．86％,,He=0．0884,Ho=0．1312)的遗传多样性水平较低。Nei′s遗传多样性分析和AMOVA分析表明,3个可能的自然群体间出现了一定程度的遗传分化(Gst=0．1476,Φst=14．26％)。群体间一定程度的遗传分化可能是人为选择压力和基因流障碍引起的。根据Nei′s遗传距离矩阵分别构建了群体间和个体间的遗传关系树状图。由UPGMA聚类分析可知,贵州务川群体与浙江西天目山群体优先聚类;美国纽约群体与湖北大洪山群体具有较近的亲缘关系,它们可能为同一野生群体的后裔。通过对银杏群体遗传结构的分析并结合群落学调查研究,结果表明：贵州务川银杏群体很可能为野生自然群体。基于银杏群体遗传学和生态学的研究结果,建议在自然银杏群体最适生境和遗传多样性最高的贵州务川建立银杏保护区。由于银杏群体间出现了一定程度的分化,建议3个自然群体间可进行植株和幼苗相互移栽,以提高群体间的基因交流,以最大限度地保护银杏的遗传多样性。     

Assessment of genetic diversity in Salvadora persica L. based on inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) genetic marker

Studies on the genetic variation in marginal populations and differentiation between them are essential for assessment of best gene conservation strategies and sampling schemes. In this study, ISSR markers were used to establish the level of genetic relationships and polymorphism 50 genotypes of Salvadora persica collected from 6 different regions of Hormozgan province. The ISSR analysis with 9 anchored primers also generated 105 scorable loci, of which 85 were polymorphic (80.95%). Parameters of genetic diversity and its partitioning were calculated. The genetic analysis demonstrated that S. persica maintain relatively high genetic diversity (PIC was 0.63, Na was 1.27 and Ho and He were 0.15 and 0.17 respectively). The coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations based on FST equaled 0.20. Genetic identities between population's pairs were high (mean I?=?0.88). These values are high as compared with other widespread congener species. Cluster analysis based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) revealed 3 main clusters for the ISSR data. The levels of genetic diversity maintained within populations of S. persica indicate that an appropriate sampling design for ex situ safeguarding should capture the majority of genetic diversity found within these taxa to help ensure the long term viability of this species. Furthermore, it could be inferred that ISSR markers are suitable tools for the evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships within the Salvadora persica.