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1.
Genetic drift drives evolution in the bird‐pollinated,terrestrial island endemic Grevillea georgeana (Proteaceae) 下载免费PDF全文
Heidi M. Nistelberger Margaret Byrne David Coates J. Dale Roberts 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2015,178(1):155-168
Plant species distributed across terrestrial islands can show significant genetic divergence among populations if seed and pollen dispersal are restricted. We assessed the genetic connectivity between populations of Grevillea georgeana, restricted to seven disjunct inselbergs in semi‐arid Western Australia. The phylogeographical pattern and population genetics of populations were determined using sequence data from two plastid DNA intergenic spacers and ten nuclear microsatellite loci. The plastid DNA markers indicated high genetic differentiation among the majority of populations. Haplotypes were restricted to individual inselbergs, with the exception of two that were shared among three isolated populations that formed part of an elongated greenstone belt and that may be connected via inaccessible populations of G. georgeana. There was also strong differentiation within some of the populations, suggesting long‐term isolation and persistence of G. georgeana on these terrestrial islands. Overall, the genetic patterns suggest limited seed dispersal, with differentiation in the plastid DNA genome being driven by genetic drift. In contrast, pollen movement, although generally restricted, may occur between neighbouring populations, resulting in a pattern of isolation by distance in the nuclear markers. This potential for limited or no seed dispersal, but connectivity via pollen flow, should be considered, given that many of the inselbergs are under consideration for resource development. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 155–168. 相似文献
2.
Larry J. Leamy Cheng‐Ruei Lee Antonio J. Manzaneda Kasavajhala Prasad Thomas Mitchell‐Olds Bao‐Hua Song 《Ecology and evolution》2014,4(16):3175-3186
Many biological species are threatened with extinction because of a number of factors such as climate change and habitat loss, and their preservation depends on an accurate understanding of the extent of their genetic variability within and among populations. In this study, we assessed the genetic divergence of five quantitative traits in 10 populations of an endangered cruciferous species, Boechera fecunda, found in only several populations in each of two geographic regions (WEST and EAST) in southwestern Montana. We analyzed variation in quantitative traits, neutral molecular markers, and environmental factors and provided evidence that despite the restricted geographical distribution of this species, it exhibits a high level of genetic variation and regional adaptation. Conservation efforts therefore should be directed to the preservation of populations in each of these two regions without attempting transplantation between regions. Heritabilities and genetic coefficients of variation estimated from nested ANOVAs were generally high for leaf and rosette traits, although lower (and not significantly different from 0) for water‐use efficiency. Measures of quantitative genetic differentiation, QST, were calculated for each trait from each pair of populations. For three of the five traits, these values were significantly higher between regions compared with those within regions (after adjustment for neutral genetic variation, FST). This suggested that natural selection has played an important role in producing regional divergence in this species. Our analysis also revealed that the B. fecunda populations appear to be locally adapted due, at least in part, to differences in environmental conditions in the EAST and WEST regions. 相似文献
3.
Björn Rogell Hanna Thörngren Stefan Palm Anssi Laurila Jacob Höglund 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(1):173-181
Decreased fitness due to loss of genetic variation is a well recognised issue in conservation biology. Along the Swedish west
coast, the endangered natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) occurs on, for the species, highly unusual habitat of rocky islands. Although the toads inhabit a restricted geographical
area (maximum distance between the populations is 71 km), the fragmented nature of the landscape makes the genetic properties
of the populations of conservation interest. However, lack of genetic variation found using conventional methods (microsatellites)
has impeded genetic studies within these peripheral populations so far. In this study we assess population structure and genetic
variation among seven of these fringe populations using 105 polymorphic Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) loci.
We found a well-defined population structure without evidence for isolation by distance, implying restricted gene flow between
populations. Additionally, the populations differed in their amount of genetic variation, emphasizing the need to monitor
genetically impoverished populations for possible declines mediated by inbreeding depression and reduced adaptive potential.
Conservation implications for these unique populations are discussed in the light of our results. 相似文献
4.
The aquatic lineage consisting of the sister taxa Oxalis dines and O. disticha is confined to a few small vernal pools in the semi-arid Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. All known populations
are at risk of extinction due to anthropogenically induced disturbance. To identify priority sites for focused conservation
management, the chloroplast intergenic spacer regions psbA-trnH and trnS-trnG were used to determine population structure and genetic diversity in this lineage across its distribution range. Population
viability was assessed using flower morph ratios as surrogate for sexual health. Fourteen and four haplotypes were identified
from O. disticha and O. dines populations, respectively. Analyses of Molecular Variance indicated an extremely high level of interpopulation differentiation
across the entire aquatic lineage as well as within O. disticha and O. dines. Fifty percent of the eighteen haplotypes were confined to single pools, and 84% of populations contained only a single haplotype,
even though pool interspacing distance for O. disticha was often less than 5 km. Almost half of O. disticha haplotype diversity was restricted to very small populations. Two O. dines haplotypes were restricted to small populations, with one of these presenting a divergent haplotype sister to the remainder
of the aquatic lineage. Flower morph frequency ratio analyses suggested that most populations were reproductively healthy.
Low haplotypic diversity within local populations and differentiation between populations are consistent with very low seed-level
gene flow and sporadic founder effects. Conservation efforts should be focussed on preserving as many pools as possible with
small, genetically distinct populations representing a main concern. 相似文献
5.
Populations of the endangered giant kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ingens (Heteromyidae), have suffered increasing fragmentation and isolation over the recent past, and the distribution of this unique
rodent has become restricted to 3% of its historical range. Such changes in population structure can significantly affect
effective population size and dispersal, and ultimately increase the risk of extinction for endangered species. To assess
the fine-scale population structure, gene flow, and genetic diversity of remnant populations of Dipodomys ingens, we examined variation at six microsatellite DNA loci in 95 animals from six populations. Genetic subdivision was significant
for both the northern and southern part of the kangaroo rat’s range although there was considerable gene flow among southern
populations. While regional gene diversity was relatively high for this endangered species, hierarchical F-statistics of northern
populations in Fresno and San Benito counties suggested non-random mating and genetic drift within subpopulations. We conclude
that effective dispersal, and therefore genetic distances between populations, is better predicted by ecological conditions
and topography of the environment than linear geographic distance between populations. Our results are consistent with and
complimentary to previous findings based on mtDNA variation of giant kangaroo rats. We suggest that management plans for this
endangered rodent focus on protection of suitable habitat, maintenance of connectivity, and enhancement of effective dispersal
between populations either through suitable dispersal corridors or translocations. 相似文献
6.
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge Katrien De Cock Karen Cox Peter Breyne 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(6):2243-2253
Rosa arvensis is a naturally rare and scattered indigenous wild rose species in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium. As is the case
for many light demanding woody species in this area, it is currently threatened by habitat fragmentation and destruction due
to high human pressure. Recent inventories revealed a restricted distribution pattern for this rose, concentrated mainly in
two regions of the south western part of Flanders. Surprisingly, strong differentiation was observed among natural populations
in these two proximate regions in both an AFLP-based and a morphological analysis. A common garden experiment indicated a
partly genetic basis for the morphological divergence. Additionally, the AFLP analysis of roses sampled in the same forested
area within one of the two regions resulted in two differentiated gene pools. Possible causes for the observed differentiation
can be adaptive divergence, founder effects and/or historical hybridisation with dogroses. Together, the congruent genetic
and morphometric differentiation between the two geographic regions urges a cautious approach in conservation programs. 相似文献
7.
This study focuses on the strategy for the conservation of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, in the northern part of the species range (via the masu populations in Sakhalin Oblast), based on data of its population structure. It is shown that masu populations that inhabit different rivers genetically differ from each other in allele frequencies at microsatellite markers. In the Naiba River basin, at least two genetically distinct masu populations exist: in the upper reaches and in a tributary, the Bolshoy Takoy River. The masu populations on Iturup Island significantly differ from those on Sakhalin Island; within Sakhalin, the masu salmon from the Chernaya River in the southwestern part of the island is genetically distinct from the southeastern Sakhalin and Aniva Bay populations. The genetic diversity of Iturup populations is substantially lower than that on Sakhalin, probably due to their small sizes. The measures for the conservation and recovery of masu salmon populations should be based primarily on their own genetic resources, or, in the case of a lack of spawners, on the base populations of their ecological/geographical region. In the latter case, masu populations of large rivers can be considered as base ones: for southeastern Sakhalin, this is masu salmon of the Naiba River; for Aniva Bay, this is masu salmon of the Lyutoga River. Transplantation of fish, fertilized eggs, or any other genetic material from a population that is different genetically and inhabits the waters with different ecological gradients should be strongly restricted. The formosan masu salmon from Taiwan Island is studied as an example of a strict genetic isolate. 相似文献
8.
DANIEL CRAWFORD MIYUKI TAGO-NAKAZAWA† TOD F. STUESSY‡ GREGORY J. ANDERSON§ GABRIEL BERNARDELLO¶ EDUARDO RUIZ RICHARD J. JENSEN†† CARLOSM BAEZA REA D. WOLFE‡‡ MARIO SILVA O 《Plant Species Biology》2001,16(3):185-192
Sixteen populations and 89 individuals of Lactoris fernandeziana were examined for variation in intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) banding patterns. The species is a rare endemic of Masatierra Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and is the only member of the endemic family Lactoridaceae. Five populations showed a single genotype whereas the other 11 populations had from two to 16 multilocus genotypes. Over 73% of the ISSR diversity occurred across populations, with only about 27% within populations. Diversity among populations results from the presence of different subsets of loci within each population rather than unique loci within populations; only two populations displayed novel loci, with one and three in each. Levels of differentiation at ISSR loci among populations are not correlated with geographic distance on Masatierra; rather, the pattern of variation is mosaic. The presence of differentiated local populations is concordant with the geitonogamous breeding system of the species and suggests low levels of long distance pollen or seed dispersal. The mosaic pattern of ISSR variation on Masatierra may result, in part, from drift and inbreeding in small populations following fragmentation of a once more continuous distribution of Lactoris with the formation of canyons by erosion. Also, the generation of new ISSR loci by mutation could occur with rare, sporadic gene flow among populations accounting for the mosaic pattern of variation and the paucity of unique alleles within populations. The ISSR results for Lactoris suggest that studies of morphological, ecological and physiological features may elucidate differentiation among populations of L. fernandeziana . Field studies have demonstrated that plants occur both in the dense forest understory and in the full sunlight in forest openings. 相似文献
9.
Emma L. Burns Mark D. B. Eldridge Darren M. Crayn Bronwyn A. Houlden 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(1):17-32
The green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) has a widespread distribution along the south-east coast of Australia. The species range, however, is highly fragmented
and remaining populations are predominately isolated and restricted to the coastline. Previously, the range extended further
inland and the species was considered common. Here we report a study designed to identify the phylogeographic and conservation
genetic parameters of L. aurea. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were examined from 263 individuals sampled from 26 locations using both phylogenetic and population
analyses. Despite a general consensus that amphibians are highly structured we found no phylogeographic divisions within the
species, however, there was significant structure amongst extant populations (F
ST=0.385). Patterns of haplotype relatedness, high haplotypic diversity (mean h=0.547) relative to low nucleotide diversity (mean π=0.003) and mismatch distribution analysis supported a Pleistocene expansion
hypothesis with continued restricted dispersal and gene flow. We conclude that the genetic structure of the species may permit
‘well managed’ intervention to mediate gene flow amongst isolated populations and provide some guidelines for the implementation
of such conservation strategies. 相似文献
10.
Miluse Trtikova Sabine Güsewell Matthias Baltisberger Peter J. Edwards 《Biological invasions》2011,13(2):413-422
We investigated whether local adaptation has been important in enabling the invasive apomictic species Erigeron annuus to extend its altitudinal range in the Swiss Alps. We first conducted a field survey along several major roads crossing the
Swiss Alps to study the distribution and growth performance of E. annuus along an altitudinal gradient. We then used amplified fragment length polymorphism to assess genetic variation within and
among populations originating from different altitudes. To complement the molecular analyses, we compared the performance
of genotypes with different distributions (i.e. local, occasional, widespread genotypes) in two common gardens at 400 m and
1,000 m a.s.l. Although E. annuus was seldom found above 1,000 m, plant performance in field populations did not decrease with increasing altitude. However,
there was a significant decline in genotypic diversity within populations, and highland (711–1,100 m) populations were more
differentiated (Gst = 0.55) than lowland (200–530 m) populations (Gst = 0.33). In the common garden experiment, local genotypes
(i.e. those restricted to a single population) grew less vigorously than widespread genotypes, and were less likely to reproduce.
We found no evidence for on-going adaptive changes and conclude that any selection acting on particular genotypes at the altitudinal
limit is weak. This leads us to propose that the patterns in the distribution of genotypic diversity in E. annuus are governed by processes of occasional sexual reproduction, dispersal and extinction that are to a large extent independent
of altitude. 相似文献
11.
AIMS: Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae) is a perennial diploid species found in high-montane areas. It is distributed in fragmented populations across northern, central and northwestern China. In this study, we aimed to (i) measure the genetic diversity of this species and that of its populations; (ii) describe the genetic structure of these populations across the entire distribution range in China; and (iii) evaluate the extent of gene flow among the naturally fragmented populations. METHODS: Samples from 1089 individuals within 35 populations of R. dumulosa were collected, covering as much of the entire distribution range of this species within China as possible. Population genetic diversity and structure were analyzed using AFLP molecular markers. Gene flow among populations was estimated according to the level of population differentiation. IMPORTANT FINDINGS: The total genetic diversity of R. dumulosa was high but decreased with increasing altitude. Population-structure analysis indicated that the most closely related populations were geographically restricted and occurred in close proximity to each other. A significant isolation-by-distance pattern, caused by the naturally fragmented population distribution, was observed. At least two distinct gene pools were found in the 35 sampled populations, one composed of populations in northern China and the other composed of populations in central and northwestern China. The calculation of Nei's gene diversity index revealed that the genetic diversity in the northern China pool (0.1972) was lower than that in the central and northwestern China pool (0.2216). The populations were significantly isolated, and gene flow was restricted throughout the entire distribution. However, gene flow among populations on the same mountain appears to be unrestricted, as indicated by the weak genetic isolation among these populations. 相似文献
12.
Pongpiachan Siwatt Tipmanee Danai Choochuay Chomsri Hattayanone Mattanawadee Deelaman Woranuch Iadtem Natthapong Bunsomboonsakul Suratta Palakun Jittree Poshyachinda Saran Leckngam Apichart Somboonpon Pitipong Panyaphirawat Thirasak Aukkaravittayapun Suparerk Wang Qiyuan Xing Li Li Guohui Han Yongming Cao Junji 《Limnology》2019,20(2):203-214
Limnology - In this study, a historical record of atmospheric deposition in the sediment cores from Songkhla Lake, the second largest lake in Southeast Asia, located in the southern part of... 相似文献
13.
A. R. Marques G. W. Fernandes I. A. Reis R. M. Assunç;ão 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2002,4(1):94-103
Abstract: This study focuses on the sex ratio and spatial distribution of males and females in three populations of the endemic and restricted tropical dioecious shrub, Baccharis concinna (Asteraceae) in the mountainous region of Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. The proportion of female plants in the population at lower elevation (1000 m a.s.l.) was significantly greater than of male plants. At this elevation of P/N and Ca/Al ratios in the soil were also greater indicating better nutritional status of the soils. The concentration of aluminium increased significantly with the elevation ( p < 0.001), perhaps rendering soils less conducive to female plants at higher elevations. Female plants are possibly adversely affected to a greater extent by soil quality than male plants. The spatial distribution of the populations within habitat was tested by the K(t) function, where the neighbourhood of a given individual was defined by a circle with a radius (t) up to 3 m. Despite the strong tendency for aggregation, the distribution of the sexes within habitats was random and the hypothesis was not supported. The independent distribution of the sexes within habitats may be explained by nutrient homogeneity of the soils, as well as by an absence of antagonism between the sexes. Nevertheless, we found a trend for males and females to be aggregated according to their gender. 相似文献
14.
Genetic differentiation among 34 populations of the fluvial land-locked goby,Rhinogobius flumineus, endemic to southwestern Japan, was investigated by electrophoretic methods. Twenty-three loci, which were presumed to correspond to 15 enzymes and one non-enzymatic protein, were scored. Genetic differentiation within the species was high compared with other amphidromous or peripheral fishes, probably due to more restricted gene exchanges between adjacent populations. From the allelic constitution, 5 population groups could be recognized. The largest group, distributed in the western part of Japan, included 21 populations with low genetic differentiation (mean genetic distance; 0.04). Six populations distributed in the eastern part of Japan, bounded by the Suzuka Mountains, constituted the second largest group (mean genetic distance; 0.02). The most divergent group, distributed at the eastern edge of the species’ range, had a unique allelic constitution, not only when compared with other groups but also within populations of the group itself. The geographical patterns of the genetic groups were discussed in relation to the geological history of the Japanese Archipelago since the Pleistocene. 相似文献
15.
The fluvial sculpin, Cottus
nozawae, is a coldwater-adapted fish distributed in Hokkaido Island and the northeastern part of Honshu Island (Tohoku District),
Japan. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequencing was used to investigate the geographic distribution of genetic
variation and phylogeography of C. nozawae. Most populations possessed unique haplotypes, few being shared across river systems. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences
of the mtDNA control region and adjacent regions of C. nozawae revealed three distinct phylogenetic groups that differed by 3.05% to 3.11%, corresponding to distinct geographic regions,
Hokkaido Island, northern Tohoku District, and Yamagata Prefecture (southwestern Tohoku District), respectively. The divergence
times of three groups were estimated to be about 1.5 million years ago by applying a general rate for mtDNA, suggesting that
the divergence among them might have occurred in the early Pleistocene. Divergence among the haplotypes within the group from
the northern Tohoku District was also high (1.84%), no haplotypes being shared by local populations in different river systems
in this region. Local populations from a single river system in this region comprise a distinct lineage that differed from
other river systems. Such genetically divergent population structures among the different regions and river systems are considered
to have resulted mainly from long-term isolation and restricted gene flow among river systems, probably promoted by the fluvial
benthic life history and low dispersal ability of this species.
Received: April 12, 2001 / Revised: December 1, 2001 / Accepted: December 19, 2001 相似文献
16.
Dispersal, distribution, patch network and metapopulation dynamics of the dingy skipper butterfly (Erynnis tages) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Two general approaches have usually been taken towards understanding the distributions and dynamics of localised species in
heterogeneous landscapes, namely habitat characterisation and metapopulation dynamics. We show how habitat and metapopulation
dynamics interact to generate a highly localised distribution of a butterfly, despite the extremely widespread nature of the
butterfly’s host plant. Egg placement, macro-habitat requirements and dispersal were studied for the butterfly Erynnis tages, in North Wales, where it shows a restricted distribution relative to that of its host plant, Lotus corniculatus. Females laid eggs disproportionately on large plants growing in hollows, with intermediate cover of bare ground and high
cover of L. corniculatus. Ideal macro-habitat, studied at 100-m grid resolution, consisted of areas with high host plant densities, sheltered from
wind, with light or no grazing or cutting. These specialised conditions are represented as localised patches in the landscape,
and define the potential habitat network, within which metapopulation dynamics take place. Although there was a moderate (22%)
level of exchange of individual E. tages among local populations, the total number of potential colonists in the whole system was low because source population sizes
were small (≤200 individuals at peak in any site in 1997 and 1998). Four unoccupied but apparently suitable 500-m grid squares
were colonised between 1997 and 1998, and isolated habitat was less likely to be occupied. Overall, our study suggests that
long-term regional persistence of E. tages is very likely to depend on metapopulation processes within the restricted patch network, rather than on the long-term survival
of local populations.
Received: 25 May 1999 / Accepted: 9 August 1999 相似文献
17.
The prospects for persistence of Glaucium flavum in Norway were evaluated by integrating data concerning spatio‐temporal distribution, plant growth and development, reproduction, dispersal, seed bank and genetic variability. The distribution of Glaucium flavum in the Oslo Fjord region is much more restricted now than before. Out of the formerly recorded 35 populations, only eight populations were present in 1998, all in the outer parts of the fjord. The species is a short‐lived iteroparous perennial in Norway. This growth habit gives high reproductive output from fertile individuals. G. flavum is self‐compatible and can easily reproduce even in small populations. The ability to disperse long distances on water is limited. The observed seed bank will therefore enhance survival. No variation in isoenzymes was observed neither within nor among the G. flavum populations in the Oslo Fjord region. The species should be considered Endangered in Norway, according to the criteria given by IUCN. 相似文献
18.
Abstract Many natural populations in areas of continuous habitat exhibit some form of local genetic structure. Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation can also strongly influence the dynamics of gene flow between populations. We used eight microsatellite markers to investigate the population genetic structure of an abundant forest species, the Australian bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), in the subtropical forests of south‐east Queensland. Five sites were sampled, allowing pairwise comparisons within continuous habitat and across clearings. Weak, but significant population differentiation and a significant pattern of isolation by distance was detected over the small scale (<10 km) of this study. Fine‐scale analysis at a single site (<1 km) showed a significant correlation between individual female genetic distance and geographical distance, but no similar pattern among male individuals. There was no evidence of increased population differentiation across clearings relative to comparisons within continuous forest. This was attributed to dispersal within corridors of remnant and revegetated habitat between the forested areas. We concluded that an inherently restricted dispersal ability, female philopatry and natural habitat heterogeneity play an important part in the development of genetic structure among populations of R. fuscipes. It is important to understand the relationship between landscape features and the pattern of gene flow among continuous populations, as this allows us to predict the impact of fragmentation on natural populations. 相似文献
19.
African killifishes of the genus Chromaphyosemion show a high degree of phenotypic and karyotypic diversity. The latter is especially pronounced in C. riggenbachi, a morphologically defined species restricted to a small distribution area in Cameroon. This study presents a detailed reconstruction of karyotype differentiation within C. riggenbachi using conventional Giemsa staining and sequential chromosome banding as well as a phylogenetic analysis based on part of the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene from eleven populations. The cytogenetic analysis revealed differences in chromosome morphology, banding patterns and/or diploid chromosome number (2n) among all populations examined. Diploid number ranged from 2n = 20 to 2n = 36 and varied mainly among populations, while C-banding patterns and NOR phenotypes showed fixed differences among populations as well as some variability within populations. The mtDNA analysis disclosed five clearly differentiated haplotype groups. Mapping the karyotype data onto the mtDNA dendrogram revealed a decrease in 2n from the most basal to the most derived groups, thus demonstrating a reduction of 2n during their evolutionary history. Our results indicate that karyotype differentiation involved Robertsonian fusions as well as non-Robertsonian processes. Causes of the high karyotypic variability may include an elevated chromosomal mutation rate as well as certain features of the ecology and mating system that could facilitate the fixation of chromosomal rearrangements. The pattern of karyotype and haplotype differentiation and the results of previous crossing experiments suggest incipient speciation in C. riggenbachi. 相似文献
20.
Yessica Rico Consuelo Lorenzo Francisco X. González-Cózatl Eduardo Espinoza 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(6):1467-1477
The Tehuantepec jackrabbit (Lepus flavigularis) is an endangered species restricted to a small area in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. To evaluate its phylogeographic
structure, population genetics, and demographic history we sequenced the mitochondrial Control Region hypervariable domain
(CR-1) for 42 individuals representing the entire species range. Phylogenetic patterns indicated that this species is subdivided
into two highly divergent clades, with an average nucleotide genetic distance of 3.7% (TrN) between them. Clades A and B are
geographically distributed in non-overlapping areas to the west and to the east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, respectively.
Genetic diversity indices showed reduced genetic variability in L. flavigularis when compared to other species of Lepus within main clades and within populations. This low genetic diversity coupled with the restricted distribution to very small
areas of occurrence and limited gene flow suggest that genetic drift has played an important role in the evolution of this
species. Historical demographic analysis also pointed out that these two clades underwent a recent population expansion that
started about 9,000 years ago for clade A and 3,200 years ago for clade B during the Holocene. Consequently, from the conservation
perspective our results suggest that populations included in clades A and B should be regarded as distinct evolutionary lineages. 相似文献