Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) calcareous microfossils from Cedro Peak (New Mexico,USA). Part 2: Smaller foraminifers and fusulinids

The Pennsylvanian stratigraphic section of the Manzanita Mountains (central New Mexico, USA) is restudied at Cedro Peak. This Pennsylvanian succession is divided into the Sandia Formation, Gray Mesa Fm, Atrasado Fm, and lower part of Bursum Fm. The sampled limestones of the Gray Mesa and Atrasado formations yielded three age-distinctive fossil assemblages: they are of (a) latest Atokan/early Desmoinesian, (b) late early Desmoinesian, and (c) middle Virgilian. The following new taxa of foraminifers are proposed: Endoteboidea n. superfam.; Spireitlinidae n. fam.; Millerellinae n. subfam.; Pseudonovella marshalli n. sp.; Pseudonovella ohioicus nom. nov.; Pseudoacutella n. gen.; Pseudoacutella hoarei nom. nov.; Plectofusulina manzanensis n. sp. Translated or emended names are: Staffelloidea, Ozawainelloidea, Ozawainellidae, and Profusulinellidae.     

Pennsylvanian fusulinids and calcareous algae from Sonora (northwestern Mexico), and their biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic implications

Pennsylvanian carbonates are widespread in Sonora (Mexico) and contain a diverse biota of foraminifers and calcareous algae. Detailed studies here are devoted to the outcrops of the Sierra Agua Verde and Cerro El Tule. The Late Atokan (early Late Moscovian part), Desmoinesian (= late Late Moscovian) and Missourian (= Kasimovian) stages are especially rich in fusulinids and algae. The principal zones of fusulinids of Wilde encountered are A3, DS1 and MC1–2. New data are given about the genera Fusulinella, Parawedekindellina, Zellerella, Komia and Paraepimastopora, in order to establish migrations or vicariances between Mexico and Palaeotethys.     

A revision of the Neotropical species of Bolitogyrus Chevrolat,a geographically disjunct lineage of Staphylinini (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

The Neotropical species of the rarely collected genus Bolitogyrus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae: Staphylinini) are revised. The genus exhibits an uncommon, disjunct distribution between the Neotropical and Oriental Regions and is of unknown phylogenetic position within Staphylinini. Morphological evolution remarkable for Staphylinini was discovered within Bolitogyrus, including sexually dimorphic modifications of the pronotum that may be involved in male competition for females. rSEM interactive animations were used to establish morphological species boundaries between two highly variable species and are provided to illustrate diagnostic characters of the genitalia in unconventional views. The genus is redescribed based on the world fauna and twenty-eight Neotropical species are considered valid. Of these, nineteen are described as new to science: Bolitogyrus ashei sp. n.; B. apicofasciatus sp. n.; B. brevistellus sp. n.; B. bufo sp. n.; B. cheungi sp. n.; B. cornutus sp. n.; B. divisus sp. n.; B. falini sp. n.; B. gracilis sp. n.; B. inexspectatus sp. n.; B. longistellus sp. n.; B. marquezi sp. n.; B. newtoni sp. n.; B. pseudotortifolius sp. n.; B. pulchrus sp. n.; B. silex sp. n.; B. thomasi sp. n.; B. tortifolius sp. n.; and B. viridescens sp. n. Bolitogyrus sallei (Kraatz), stat. r. is removed from synonymy with B. buphthalmus (Erichson) and the following new synonyms are proposed: Cyrtothorax cyanescens Sharp, 1884, syn. n. = Quedius buphthalmus Erichson, 1840; C. nevermanni Scheerpeltz, 1974, syn. n. = C. costaricensis Wendeler, 1927. A summary of all available bionomic and distributional data, as well as an illustrated identification key to and diagnoses of all Neotropical species are provided.     

Palaeoaplysinella gen. nov. and Likinia Ivanova and Ilkhovskii, 1973 emend., from the type Moscovian (Russia) and the algal affinities of the ancestral palaeoaplysinaceae n. comb

Because of the cellular tissue often described and occasionally confused in the literature with some Archaeolithophyllum, an assignment to the red algae Archaeolithophyllaceae is proposed for Palaeoaplysinaceae nomen translat., herein. Archaeolithophyllaceae, Palaeoaplysinaceae and several “phylloid algae” might compose the order Archaeolithophyllales nom. translat. A new ancestral form of the primitive paleoaplysinaceans is described in the Podolskian (early late Moscovian) of the Moscow Basin, under the name Palaeoaplysinella n. gen. with P. moscovica n. sp., as type species. These forms, proportionally small, do not construct reefal structures, and is reworked in bioclastic grainstone rich in algae and fusulinids. Its structure differs from the following late Moscovian forms previously described as palaeoaplysinaceans: (a) Likinia from the Podolskian-Myachkovian deposits of the Moscow basin and (b) the Desmoinesian palaeoaplysines mentioned in Utah (USA) (a taxon to re-describe). Likinia is revised herein. Its type species does not belong to the palaeoaplysinaceans; nevertheless, its assignment is uncertain. Since their origin, the Palaeoaplysinaceae colonized the shelf seas of the northern subtropical to warm-temperate provinces (from 15 to 45°N) including the Urals, Greenland, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, some parts of the North American Craton and the Klamath Exotic Terrane (California). The adjacent regions of the southern USA, northern Mexico (Sonora), Pericaspian, and Donbass have not been colonized. The history of Palaeoaplysinacea is probably linked to the evolution of the Ural Ocean. Based on these reconstructed paleolatitudes, the Akiyoshi Terrane in Japan, which contains rare Palaeoaplysina, was emplaced between 15 and 45° North latitude during the Asselian (earliest Permian).     

A new early Frasnian (Late Devonian) foraminifer from eastern Taurides (Turkey): Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications

A complete Devonian sequence is well exposed in the eastern Taurides, forming more than 1000 m-thick succession of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments. The carbonate succession, stratigraphically ranging from Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian and mostly comprising limestones, dolomitic limestones and reefal limestones, contains abundant and diverse assemblages of foraminifers, corals, stromatoporoids, calcareous algae, bivalves, brachiopods, ostracods, and conodonts. The limestone samples collected from a more closely sampled stratigraphic section have been investigated for their foraminiferal content. The micropalaeontological analyses carried out on these samples have revealed the presence of an early Frasnian foraminiferal assemblage including predominantly unilocular parathuramminid species and multilocular forms of the genera Nanicella, Paratikhinella and Semitextularia? and further indicated the presence of a new genus and a new species Halevikia deveciae n. gen. n. sp. which appears as an important phylogenetic and stratigraphic transitional taxon between the families Baituganellidae n. fam. and Tournayellinidae, the phylogenetic potentiality of which during the Late Devonian is currently probably underestimated.     

A new superfamily classification of the Caridea (Crustacea: Pleocyemata) based on phylogenetic pattern

Present groupings of Caridea are notoriously unsatisfactory at the superfamily level. Principles of phylogenetic systematics are used to reconstruct 14 monophyletic subgroups of Caridea, based on 19 synaomorphies of adults. The following sequenced phylogenetic classification is provided (main diagnostic character for each superfamily within brackets): 1. Atyoidea (distal lash of Mxp, reduced); Oplophoridae; Atyidae; Pasiphaidae; Agostocarididae; Alvinocarididae; Bresiliidae; Psalidopodidae; Disciadidae; 2. Stylodactyloidea (mandibular palp with 2 segments or absent); Stylodactylidea; Campylonotidae; 3. Eugonatonotoidea (abdominal somite III with dorsal carina bifurcate); Eugonatonotidae; 4. Palaemonoidea (basal segment of antennular peduncle with distolateral tooth); Rhynchocinetidae; Palaemonidae; 5. Nematocarcinoidea (ventral lobe of scaphognathite narrowly triangular); Nematocarcinidae; 6. Pandaloidea (P₁ with chela microscoic or absent); Pandalidae; “Plesionikidae”; Heterocarpidae; Heterocarpoididae; Dorodoteidae; Thalassocarididae; Physetocarididae; 7. Crangonoidea (incisor process of mandible absent); Barbouriidae; Lysmatidae; Merguiidae, fam. n.; Processidae; Glyphocrangonidae; Crangonidae; 8. Alpheoidea (carpus of P₂ with less than 17 segments); Merhippolytidae, fam. n.; Nauticarididae; Alopidae; Bythocarididae; Thoridae; Hippolytidae; Pterocarididae, fam. n.; Ogyrididae; Alpheidae. The monotypic hippolytid taxon Thorellinae, subfam. n., has been formally diagnosed. A survey of the lower Caridea has furnished 276 enera and 2418 species and subspecies. The new superfamily system is simpler, genealogically informative and more precisely diagnosed than previous schemes. These have failed as general reference systems because they were based on the wrong premises that similarities indicate phylogenetic relationships or can be used to construct a single acceptable hierarchy.     

A taxonomic revision of the genus Mesa Saussure, 1892 from China,with a key to the Oriental species (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Myzininae)

In this study, a total of eight fossorial aculeate wasps of the tiphiid genus Mesa Saussure, 1892 from China are revised, including two new species, viz., Mesa hongchibaensis sp. nov., and Mesa glaber sp. nov.. The following species Mesa dimidiata (Guérin-Méneville, 1837) and Mesa nursei (Turner, 1909) are newly recorded from China. The male specimen of Mesa formosensis Tsuneki (1986) is firstly found. In addition, an updated key to the Oriental species of the genus is provided.     

Middle Permian calcareous algae and microproblematica (Dalan Formation, Dena Mountain, High Zagros, SW Iran)

Calcareous algae and microproblematica have been studied in the Middle Permian part of the Dalan Formation in Dena Mountain, Zagros, southwest Iran. Murgabian (=Wordian) microfossils are the most diversified. The assemblages encompass, among the dasycladales, Anthracoporella spectabilis, Epimastopora piae, Epimastoporella japonica, E. likana, Paraepimastopora? cf. densipora n. comb., Gyroporella cf. nipponica, G.? aff. fluegeli n. comb., G.? aff. symmetrica, G.? aff. digitula n. comb., Mizzia yabei; among the gymnocodiaceans, Gymnocodium bellerophontis, G. nodosum, Permocalculus cf. digitatus, P. forcepinus, P. cf. fragilis, P. plumosus, P. cf. solidus, Tauridium? sp.; among the “phylloid algae” Eugonophyllum? sp.; among the other incertae sedis algae Stacheoides sp., Ungdarella uralica, Fourstonella (Efluegelia) johnsoni, and among some microproblematica alternatively assigned to foraminifers or algae Aeolisaccus dunningtoni, Tubiphytes obscurus, Pseudovermiporella nipponica, P. sodalica, and P. longipora. Each taxon is briefly characterized, whereas a more detailed analysis of the epimastoporacean algae is given. Among them, the genera Epimastopora and Epimastoporella are emended. All the described microfossils have a relatively broad stratigraphic distribution in the Permian period but they are paleoecologically important. They are indeed confident micropaleontological Middle Permian proxies, particularly for shallow-marine, warm, well-oxygenated and relatively high-energy environments. They were affected by the end-Guadalupian crisis because they strongly decrease in the upper carbonate unit of the Dalan Formation and are not found in the Triassic sediments of the area.     

Main biotic and climatic events in Early Permian of the Western Urals,Russia, as exemplified by the shallow-water biota of the early Kungurian lagoons

The paper deals with the Early Permian (mostly early Kungurian) biotas of the Cis-Urals (Perm region, Russia). Taxonomic composition of the early Kungurian biota of the stratotype area (close vicinity of the City of Kungur) includes algae Algites philippoviensis Naugolnykh, A. shurtanensis Naugolnykh, tracheophytes (higher plants), i.e., equisetophytes Paracalamites spp., conifers Shaidurodendron columnaris Naugolnykh, Walchia appressa Zalessky, vojnovskyaleans Rufloria derzavinii (Neuburg) S. Meyen etc.; invertebrates: coelenterates of uncertain affinity, bivalves Permophorus costatus (Brown), Permophorus sp., Netschajewia sp. cf. N. tschernyshowi (Licharew), gastropods Goniasma angulata (Stuckenberg), terebratulid brachiopods Dielasma sp. cf. D. moelleri Tschernyschew, arthropods (limulids Paleolimulus kunguricus Naugolnykh); vertebrates: chondrichthyan and actinistian fishes.Paleogeographically, the studied area belonged to the near-shore zone of a large lagoon basin disposed along the western-southern part of the Paleo-Urals during the Kungurian time. The main events in evolution of this basin reflect the final phases of the Artinskian sea basin with normal salinity, the transition to an early Kungurian (Philippovian) lagoon, then the appearance of intercalations of evaporate conditions and episodic incursion of marine faunas, and finally a gradual transition to semi-terrestrial environments with the cyanophyte communities in early Ufimian (Solikamskian, early Roadian) time. Climatic conditions in this area changed from semi-humid to semi-arid. A new genus and species of algae Dichothallus divaricatus Naugolnykh n. gen. n. sp. is described on the basis of material originated from the stratotype of the Philippovian Horizon of the Kungurian stage, Lower Permian.     

Comparative chemical composition of the Barents Sea brown algae

Comparative study of phytochemical compositions of the most widespread brown algae species (one laminarian and four fucoid algae) from Barents Sea has been performed. A modified technique for mannitol determination in brown algae is proposed. It was revealed that fucus algae (fam. Fucaceae) contain 3% (of total dry weight) less mannitol than laminaria (Laminaria saccharina). The contents of alginic acid and laminaran in the Barents Sea fucoids are more than 10% less compared to laminaria. The alga L. saccharina contains almost two times more iodine than the species of fam. Fucaceae. The amounts of fucoidan and sum lipids in the Barents Sea fucoid algae is higher than in Laminaria saccharina (4–7% and 1–3%, respectively). In terms of contents of main biologically active compounds, fucus and laminarian algae from Barents Sea are inferior to none of the Far-Eastern species. The Barents Sea algae may become an important source of biologically active compounds.     

Review and revision of the West Timor Permian Graphiocrinus species of Johannes Wanner

In a series of papers published between 1916 and 1949 Johannes Wanner assigned or reassigned more than 1700 crinoid specimens to 26 species or subspecies of Graphiocrinus. Nine of the 26 species were subsequently transfered to other cladid genera by Wanner or other authors. Study of the amalgamated Netherlands collections of the West Timor crinoids in Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, resulted in recognition that few of the West Timor Graphiocrinus species unquestionably belonged to the genus. Review of these species and subspecies resulted in reassignment of 12 species to other genera, whereas other species and individual specimens are considered indeterminate members of several families because they lack the arms preventing positive generic identifications. This study also resulted in significant revision of the Erisocrinoidea.New taxa introduced are: Graphiocrinoidea n. superfam., Rautscholdticrinus n. gen., and Ekmelocrinus n. gen. Reassigned taxa are: Rautscholdticrinus indicus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Rautscholdticrinus weidnerii (Wanner, 1937) n. comb.; Graffhamicrinus? crassus (Wanner, 1924) n. comb.; Neocatacrinus? depressus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus amplior (Wanner, 1924) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus subamplior (Wanner, 1949) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus ovoides (Wanner, 1949) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus verbeeki (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus vermistriatus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb., nomen correctum; Permiocrinus pumilus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Permiocrinus quinquelobus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; and Apographiocrinus? rugosus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.     

Four new species of Cymatodera Gray from Mexico (Coleoptera,Cleridae, Tillinae)

Four new species of Cymatodera from Mexico: Cymatodera bogcioides sp. n.; Cymatodera pueblae sp. n.; Cymatodera mitae sp. n.; and Cymatodera lineata sp. n. are described based on adult male and female specimens. Male genitalia and other characters of taxonomic value are presented.     

Revision of the Australasian genus Pseudidarnes Girault, 1927 (Hymenoptera,Agaonidae, Sycophaginae)

The species of Pseudidarnes are revised, and six species are described: P. acaudus Farache & Rasplus, sp. n.; P. astridae Farache & Rasplus, sp. n.; P. badiogeminus Farache & Rasplus, sp. n.; P. cooki Farache & Rasplus, sp. n.; P. kjellbergi Farache & Rasplus, sp. n.; P. laevis Farache & Rasplus, sp. n. Pseudidarnes minerva Girault, 1927 and P. flavicollis Bouček, 1988 are redescribed. A key to the species is provided as well as illustrations for all females and all known males (except the wingless male of P. minerva). We also provided further discussion on ecology, morphological patterns, and host taxonomy. Online dichotomous and multi-access interactive LUCID keys to all Pseudidarnes species are available at http://www.figweb.org/.     

The type-material of Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Erebidae) described by Burmeister and Berg in the collection of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (Buenos Aires,Argentina)

Carlos G. Burmeister and Carlos Berg were among the most important and influential naturalists and zoologists in Argentina and South America and described 241 species and 34 genera of Lepidoptera. The Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN) housed some of the Lepidoptera type specimens of these authors. In this study we present a catalogue with complete information and photographs of 11 Burmeister type specimens and 10 Berg type specimens of Phaegopterina, Arctiina and Pericopina (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) housed in the MACN. Lectotypes or holotypes were designated where primary type specimens could be recognized; in some cases we were not able to recognize types. The catalogue also proposes nomenclatural changes and new synonymies: Opharus picturata (Burmeister, 1878), comb. n.; Opharus brunnea Gaede, 1923: 7, syn. n.; Hypocrisias jonesi (Schaus, 1894), syn. n.; Leucanopsis infucata (Berg, 1882), stat. rev.; Paracles argentina (Berg, 1877), sp. rev.; Paracles uruguayensis (Berg, 1886), sp. rev.     

EOCENE ALGAE AND PLANT HAIRS FROM THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION OF WYOMING

Four new species of algae and two kinds of fossil plant hairs are described from a rich oil shale bed of the mid-Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. Two of the algae belong to the Cyanophyceae and two to the Chlorophyceae. On the basis of their morphology alone, they are assigned to four new species among four genera, as follows: Symploca hedraia, sp. n.; Stigonema anchistina, sp. n.; Schizochlamys haywellensis, sp. n.; and Spirogyra wyomingia, sp. n. One kind of fossil plant hair is similar to those observed in organic sediments of an existing lake and identified with trichomes on the under surface of live oak leaves (Quercus virginiana). Assignment of the fossil trichomes to a taxon is not warranted at present.     

A new concept of the generic composition of the geometrid moth tribe Ennomini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) based on functional morphology of the male genitalia

Two unique apomorphies in the skeleto-muscular apparatus of the male genitalia in a series of genera of the subfamily Ennominae have been discovered: (1) a more or less broad membranous area on the ventral side of the vinculum, partly or completely dividing this sclerite along the sagittal plane, and (2) the paired muscle m ₃ attached distally to the medial invagination of the basal portion of the juxta. Such a structure provides resilient flexion of the ventral portion of the vinculum in the sagittal plane as the valvae are abducted by contraction of muscle m ₃. Based on these apomorphies and taking into account the general morphological pattern in the Ennominae, a new generic composition of the tribe Ennomini including 148 valid genera is proposed. A new diagnosis for Ennomini as a monophyletic group is given, with the following synonymy of the family group names established: Ennomini sensu novo = Urapteridae, syn. n.; = Odopteridi; = Emplocidae, syn. n.; = Oxydiidae, syn. n.; = Pantheridae, syn. n.; = Nephodiinae, syn. n.; = Leuculinae, syn. n.; = Cingiliini, syn. n. The musculature of the male genitalia in Ennomos infidelis and Ourapteryx koreana is described for the first time and that of Tristrophis veneris is revised. The American origin of the tribe Ennomini is hypothesized. The mainly Palaearctic tribe Prosopolophini is regarded as a probable sister group of Ennomini sensu novo.     

Composition of the genus Leptosagitta of the family Sagittidae (Chaetognatha) with descriptions of four new species from coastal waters of the Northwestern Sea of Japan

Keys for the identification of the presently known species of the genus Leptosagitta (fam. Sagittidae) are presented. Four new species of this genus found in shallow waters of Vostok Bay, Amursky Bay (Peter the Great Bay), and Kievka Bay (all of the Sea of Japan) are described in detail: L. kiyashkoi sp. n., L. latyshevi sp. n., L. magna sp. n., and L. pauca sp. n.     

The stratigraphic distribution of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in the Cretaceous and Tertiary

All information concerning the stratigraphic distribution of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the world, published prior to 1974, has been critically assessed. Stratigraphically reliable records are presented in tabular form; stratigraphical subdivision to stage or formation is incorporated wherever possible. Records of doubtful authenticity are commented on and questions of stratigraphic and taxonomic interest are discussed in the text.A new family, Family Florentiniaceae nov. fam., is erected, and the following new taxonomic combinations are proposed: Astrocysta ampla (Harland, 1973) nov. comb.; Cooksoniella larjakense (Vozzhennikova, 1967) nov. comb.; ?Florentinia truncigera (Deflandre, 1937b) nov. comb.; Phthanoperidinium pannonium (Lentin and Williams, 1973) nov. comb.; Spiniferites scabrosus (Clarke and Verdier, 1967) nov. comb. and Veryhachium hermesinoides (O. Wetzel, 1940) nov. comb., the latter being now considered to be an acritarch.The rejection is proposed of the following species, which were nomenclaturally superfluous when published: Astrocysta koslowskii (Górka 1963) Davey, 1970; Gonyaulacysta fragosa Brideaux, 1971; Hystrichosphaeridium brideauxi Lentin and Williams, 1973; Oligosphaeridium diastema Singh, 1971 and Pseudoceratium regium Singh, 1971. Reasons are given for the rejection of the following generic reallocations: Hystrichodinium voigti (Alberti, 1961) Corradini, 1973 and Tenua anaphrissa (Sarjeant, 1966c) Benedek, 1972. Rhombodinium Gocht, 1955 is considered to be best treated as a subgenus of Wetzeliella Eisenack, 1938 emend. Williams and Downie, 1966b as originally proposed by Alberti, 1961.     

Lower Serpukhovian (Steshevian) foraminifers and algae from exotic limestone clasts of Nötsch (Eastern Alps,Austria)

The > 1,000 m-thick Carboniferous sedimentary succession of Nötsch is divided into the Erlachgraben, Badstub, and Nötsch formations with poorly constrained precise ages, but probably constituting a continuous lithostratigraphic Group deposited from the latest Viséan to the early Bashkirian, thus including a complete Serpukhovian succession. We date the early Serpukhovian (Steshevian) in exotic limestone clasts of the Badstub Fm. based on algae and foraminifers. These limestone clasts have been reworked from a carbonate shelf, indicating that they are older than the Badstub Fm. Microfacies and fossil assemblages indicate that a shallow marine carbonate shelf was developed at the northern margin of the deep-sea basin of Nötsch. The assemblages include the red alga Hortonella, rare green algae, and incertae sedis algae Praedonezella, Aoujgalia, and Frustulata; howchiniid and lasiodiscid foraminifers; atypical endothyrids, probably belonging to Semiendothyra emend.; rare Janischewskina; taxonomically disputable eostaffellids (including Eostaffellina aff. paraprotvae) and pseudoendothyrids; attached forms transitional between pseudolituotubid Fusulinata and calcivertellid Miliolata; and probably the oldest known free Miliolata. Newly described taxa include the incertae sedis algae Praedonezella sebbarae nov. sp. and the foraminifers Pseudoendotaxis nov. gen., Quasilituotuba serpens nov. sp., Q. pseudospiroides nov. sp., and Eoglomospiroides carnica nov. sp. Revised foraminiferal taxa include Pseudolituotubidae, Quasilituotuba cf. serpuchoviensis nov. comb., and Q. ex gr. extensa nov. comb. The studied material provides information about the phylogeny of the first Miliolata and permits the reconstruction of the lineage of Pseudolituotubidae and Calcivertellidae, between the classes Fusulinata and Miliolata. The palaeobiogeography of Austria during the Serpukhovian is not yet clearly established, but relationships with the Saharan and Mediterranean Provinces exist, and especially with the Donbass. Fewer relationships are conspicuous with England, the Moscow Basin or the Urals.     

New systematic assignments in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)

As part of an ongoing revision of the family Gonyleptidae, we have identified many species that are synonyms of previously described species or misplaced in this family. This article summarizes these findings, adding previously unavailable information or correcting imprecise observations to justify the presented taxonomic changes. The following new familial or subfamilial assignments are proposed: Nemastygnus Roewer, 1929 and Taulisa Roewer, 1956 are transferred to Agoristenidae, Agoristeninae; Napostygnus Roewer, 1929 to Cranaidae; Ceropachylinus peruvianus Roewer, 1956 and Pirunipygus Roewer, 1936 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Ampycinae; Gyndesops Roewer, 1943, Haversia Roewer, 1913 and Oxapampeus Roewer, 1963 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae. The following generic synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes Mello-Leitão, 1922 = Centroleptes Roewer, 1943; Acrographinotus Roewer, 1929 = Unduavius Roewer, 1929; Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium Bertkau, 1880; Mischonyx Bertkau, 1880 = Eugonyleptes Roewer, 1913 and Gonazula Roewer, 1930; Parampheres Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides Roewer, 1917; Pseudopucrolia Roewer, 1912 = Meteusarcus Roewer, 1913; Haversia Roewer, 1913 = Hoggellula Roewer, 1930. The following specific synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes singularis (Mello-Leitão, 1935) = Centroleptes flavus Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Geraeocormobius sylvarum Holmberg, 1887 = Discocyrtus serrifemur Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884) = Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer,1917, syn. n.; Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Weyhia brieni Giltay, 1928, syn. n.; Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Gonyleptes banana Kury, 2003, syn. n.; Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium bicuspidatum Bertkau, 1880, syn. n., Gonyleptes borgmeyeri Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Gonyleptes curvicornis Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Metagonyleptes hamatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n. and Paragonyleptes simoni Roewer, 1930, syn. n.; Gonyleptes pustulatus Sørensen, 1884 = Gonyleptes guttatus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Haversia defensa (Butler, 1876) = Sadocus vallentini Hogg, 1913, syn. n.; Liogonyleptoides minensis (Piza, 1946) = Currala bahiensis Soares, 1972, syn. n.; Megapachylus grandis Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides almeidai Soares & Soares, 1946, syn. n.; Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) = Gonazula gibbosa Roewer, 1930 syn. n.; Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819) = Xundarava holacantha Mello-Leitão, 1927, syn. n.; Parampheres tibialis Roewer, 1917 = Metapachyloides rugosus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Parapachyloides uncinatus (Sørensen, 1879) = Goyazella armata Mello-Leitão, 1931, syn. n.; Pseudopucrolia mutica (Perty, 1833) = Meteusarcus armatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n. The following new combinations are proposed: Acrographinotus ornatus (Roewer, 1929), comb. n. (ex Unduavius); Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884),comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes);Gonyleptes perlatus (Mello-Leitão, 1935), comb. n. (exMoojenia);Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819), comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes); and Neopachyloides peruvianus (Roewer, 1956), comb. n. (ex Ceropachylus). The following species of Gonyleptidae, Gonyleptinae are revalidated: Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 and Gonyleptes curvicornis (Roewer, 1913).