EB病毒及其疫苗的研究进展

EB病毒广泛存在于人群中,它的潜伏感染与多种疾病密切相关,包括鼻咽癌等恶性肿瘤,研制疫苗用于EB病毒相关疾病的预防和治疗十分必要。本综述了EB病毒的结构及基因表达特点、EB病毒潜伏期感染基因表达及潜伏期基因产物的功能,以及研制EB病毒疫苗的靶抗原的选择。     

EB病毒编码microRNA的靶基因研究进展

EB病毒(EBV)是一种疱疹病毒,与多种肿瘤的发生密切相关。EBV可表达多种病毒microRNA(miRNA),并作用于细胞和病毒基因,参与信号转导、细胞增殖、分化等多种功能,这与EBV的致病机制密切相关。探索EBV编码miRNA相关靶基因及功能有助于进一步了解EBV的致病机制,也将为临床治疗提供新的启示。自EBV编码miRNA被发现以来,一些靶基因已经逐渐被验证。本文将对目前已验证的EBV编码miRNA的靶基因及功能进行综述。     

EB病毒致病机制研究进展

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)是一种常见的人类4型疱疹病毒,原发感染后可终身携带病毒。EBV感染无法从宿主中清除,呈现潜伏状态,一旦激活即可成为很多疾病的相关病因,与人类多种疾病特别是恶性肿瘤相关,包括Burkitt淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌、胃癌等。EBV致病机制复杂多样,目前致病机制的具体分子遗传机制尚未明确。本文主要从EBV与宿主细胞相互作用、免疫逃逸、EBV感染周期表达的相关产物与宿主的相互作用等几个方面,综述目前EBV致病机制的研究进展。     

EB病毒胸苷激酶基因的定向克隆

采用异硫氰酸胍（ＧｕＳＣＮ）和硅藻从Ｂ９５－８细胞中快速抽摸板ＤＮＡ。根据ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）Ｂ９５－８株ＤＮＡ全序列及编码ＥＢＶ胸苷激酶（ＴＫ）的开放读框ＢＸＬＦ１的结构,设计合成一对引物,并在引物的５′一端分别引入ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＰｓｔＩ切点,用ＰＣＲ技术扩增出一含完整的ＥＢＶＴＫ基因的１．８４３ＫｂＤＮＡ片段,ＮｃｏＩ酶切分析鉴定,ＥｃｏＲＩ／ＰｓｔＩ双酶切ＰＣＲ产物和载体,使目的基因定向克隆至选     

EB病毒致瘤的分子机制

ＥＢ病毒是一种ＤＮＡ肿瘤病毒,感染人类可引起鼻咽癌、Ｂｕｒｋｉｔｔ淋巴瘤和移植后平滑肌肿瘤,也与胃癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、肺癌的发生有一定关系。近年来对ＥＢ病毒感染与肿瘤发生之间的关系报道颇多,本文着重介绍ＥＢ病毒感染与肿瘤发生的分子机制。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒疫苗的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒疫苗是控制艾滋病的最佳方法,动物模型证实该病毒疫苗是可行的。人类免疫缺陷病毒中和抗体可达到足够高的水平以预防该病毒感染,但有型特异性,人类免疫缺陷病毒特异性细胞毒T淋巴细胞不能单独预防该病毒感染,但能将病毒血病控制在低水平,目前,人们研究重点集中于病毒特异性抗性体和T细胞反应。现有疫苗尚不能诱导对原发性病毒株具有广泛中和能力的抗体。然而,重组痘病毒疫苗和DNA疫苗提示细胞毒T淋巴细胞反应对来自不同进化分支的原发病毒株有广泛的交叉反应力,人们需找到新的免疫原来诱导中和抗体,以取得最佳细胞毒T淋巴细胞反应。     

腺病毒载体在基因治疗和疫苗研究中的应用

自从二十世纪五十年代开始认识腺病毒（Adenovirus）以来,对腺病毒的生物学和免疫学特征已经有比较多的认识。腺病毒科包括禽腺病毒属（Aviadenovius）和哺乳动物腺病毒（Mastadenov irus）两个属。除人腺病毒以外,一些哺乳动物的腺病毒和禽腺病毒也成为基因治疗和载体疫苗研究的热点,如猪腺病毒3型（PAV-3）、牛腺病毒3型（BAV-3）、绵羊腺病毒（Ovine adenovirus,OAV）、禽腺病毒（Aviadenovirus）、犬腺病毒（Canine adeno virus,CAV）和黑猩猩腺病毒（Chimpanzee adenovirus）。不同种属的腺病毒虽然基因组序列完全不同,但其结构和功能却非常相似,而且各型腺病毒之间很少有交叉免疫反应,这就为利用这些腺病毒研制基因治疗载体和活载体疫苗提供了丰富的材料。近年来的研究也发现,如果利用一种腺病毒载体来进行重复免疫,宿主针对腺病毒载体蛋白的免疫反应比较强大,造成转基因表达时间缩短,重复免疫的效果较差,换用不同的病毒载体,则可以回避这种免疫反应,提高转基因的表达时间和保护性免疫反应。腺病毒可以感染很多分裂期或静止期细胞,即使在一些高度分化的组织细胞中也可增殖,如可有效的感染肌肉组织、心、肺和脑组织,并能高效的复制、表达其基因产物,因此腺病毒成为基因治疗和活病毒载体疫苗研究的首选工具。     

腺病毒载体在基因治疗和疫苗研究中的应用

自从二十世纪五十年代开始认识腺病毒(Adenovirus)以来,对腺病毒的生物学和免疫学特征已经有比较多的认识.腺病毒科包括禽腺病毒属(Aviadenovius)和哺乳动物腺病毒(Mastadenov irus)两个属.     

实验猴麻疹预防和治疗方案初探

实验猴麻疹是造成断奶仔猴死亡的重要传染病之一,本文对该病的临床诊断、护理、预防和治疗方案进行了初步研究,并提出了行之有效的预防、护理及治疗措施。经临床实践证明,该方案对实验猴麻疹的治愈率可达90%以上,值得在国内实验猴生产及科研单位推广应用。     

双歧杆菌防治鼠伤寒沙门菌感染的实验研究

目的　以小鼠为模型,研究双歧杆菌在体内对鼠伤寒沙门菌（Ｓａｌｍｏｎｅｌｌａ ｔｙｐｈｉｍｕｒｉｕｍ ,ＳＴＭ） 感染的防治作用。方法　分别用大剂量悉复欢、Ｂ．ｂｉｆｉｄｕｍ 、生理盐水（ＮＳ） 给三组小鼠灌胃,再用ＳＴＭ 攻击,观察小鼠经上述不同处理前后肠道双歧杆菌数量和ＳＴＭ 攻击后粪便ＳＴＭ 培养阳性率,阳性标本ＳＴＭ 分离值及小鼠ＳＴＭ 感染率;同时用双歧杆菌、悉复欢、双歧杆菌加悉复欢分别治疗ＳＴＭ 感染的小鼠,观察并比较疗效。结果　１． 大剂量悉复欢使用可使小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌明显降低,而双歧杆菌灌胃则肠道双歧杆菌明显增多。双歧杆菌灌胃的小鼠粪便ＳＴＭ培养阳性率、阳性粪便ＳＴＭ 值明显低于用大剂量悉复欢和ＮＳ 的小鼠,小鼠ＳＴＭ 感染发病率也明显较低。２． 对于ＳＴＭ 感染鼠,双歧杆菌与悉复欢联合治疗效果最好。结论　１． 双歧杆菌在体内对ＳＴＭ 有拮抗作用;能预防和减少ＳＴＭ 感染发生;２． 在ＳＴＭ 感染时,先用悉复欢,再用双歧杆菌可以达到预期疗效,双歧杆菌对鼠伤寒沙门菌感染有辅助治疗作用。     

Irradiated tumor cells adenovirally engineered to secrete granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor establish antitumor immunity and eliminate pre-existing tumors in syngeneic mice

The specific aim of this study was to examine the prophylactic as well as the therapeutic efficacies of irradiated mouse CT26 colon cancer cells, infected with recombinant adenoviruses harboring cDNAs specific for granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN-γ) and monocyte chemotactic protein1 (MCP-1). Results showed that tumor cells secrete the respective cytokines for several days after infection and subsequent irradiation. Vaccination with irradiated GM-CSF-secreting CT26 cells protected 90% of syngeneic mice challenged with live parental cells. On the other hand, vaccination with irradiated IFNγ or MCP-1-secreting CT26 cells totally failed to protect mice from tumor development after challenge with parental cells. None of the tumor-free mice initially vaccinated with irradiated GM-CSF-producing CT26 cells developed tumor upon repeated challenge with parental cells during the entire observation period. The establishment of specific and long-lasting antitumor immunity following vaccination with GM-CSF-producing tumor cells requires the simultaneous presence of GM-CSF and tumor antigen at the vaccine site. Depletion of CD8⁺ cells, but not CD4⁺ cells, blocked the vaccine efficacy of GM-CSF-producing tumor cells. Subcutaneous injection of irradiated GM-CSF-producing CT26 cells also effectively prevented the growth of a small load of parental tumor that was implanted 3 days earlier or the development of metastatic foci in the lung from intravenously injected parental cells either 7 days before or 3 days after vaccination. Our data thus show that, in these experimental tumor models, subcutaneous injection of irradiated tumor cells adenovirally, transduced with the GM-CSF gene leads not only to prevention of growth of subsequently implanted tumor but also to elimination of pre-existing and metastatic tumors.     

Fracture prevention in COPD patients; a clinical 5-step approach

Although osteoporosis and its related fractures are common in patients with COPD, patients at high risk of fracture are poorly identified, and consequently, undertreated. Since there are no fracture prevention guidelines available that focus on COPD patients, we developed a clinical approach to improve the identification and treatment of COPD patients at high risk of fracture. We organised a round-table discussion with 8 clinical experts in the field of COPD and fracture prevention in the Netherlands in December 2013. The clinical experts presented a review of the literature on COPD, osteoporosis and fracture prevention. Based on the Dutch fracture prevention guideline, they developed a 5-step clinical approach for fracture prevention in COPD. Thereby, they took into account both classical risk factors for fracture (low body mass index, older age, personal and family history of fracture, immobility, smoking, alcohol intake, use of glucocorticoids and increased fall risk) and COPD-specific risk factors for fracture (severe airflow obstruction, pulmonary exacerbations and oxygen therapy). Severe COPD (defined as postbronchodilator FEV₁ < 50% predicted) was added as COPD-specific risk factor to the list of classical risk factors for fracture. The 5-step clinical approach starts with case finding using clinical risk factors, followed by risk evaluation (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and imaging of the spine), differential diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. This systematic clinical approach, which is evidence-based and easy-to-use in daily practice by pulmonologists, should contribute to optimise fracture prevention in COPD patients at high risk of fracture.     

个体化补充维生素D与多发性硬化疾病治疗的探讨

维生素D不仅在骨骼代谢及钙平衡中发挥着重要作用,而且具有免疫调节、抗炎及神经细胞保护功能等。这提示我们,VD在自身免疫性疾病如多发性硬化中可能发挥着重要的作用。流行病学调查及临床数据显示,低VD水平或VD代谢失调是诱发多发性硬化的危险因素之一。另有研究报道,VD血清浓度与多发性硬化的疾病活动和进展呈反相关。但是,这些数据并不是没有争议的,VD在多发性硬化治疗和预防中的作用还有着很多需要回答的问题。现有的以VD补充作为治疗MS措施的临床干预研究中得到的临床数据并不具备得出结论的能力,并且有些数据之间甚至是相互矛盾。     

Alzheimer's disease and estrogen

The preventive effect of estrogen on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become clear with epidemiological data. Therapeutic effects of estrogen have not yet been established. In this presentation, we report our new basic and clinical data. The estrogen receptor, (ER), and ERβ mRNA were investigated in rat brain. Estradiol-17β (E₂) treatment following OVX reduced the levels of ER mRNA in the hypothalamus. In the substantia innominata (SI), the number of choline acetyltransferase immunoreacive cells increased significantly in the estrogen treatment rat. The neurons in SI projecting to the forebrain cortex contained ER. Increasing amounts of intracellular calcium, peroxidation, and apoptosis with amyloid β were suppressed in neuronal cells from rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with E₂. ER cDNA transfected PC 12 cells elaborated more neurite-like processes with E₂. In clinics, we are currently preparing vaginal progesterone tablets, which essentially may concentrate in the endometrium to prevent endometrial cancer, with few general circulation of progesterone inviting less depression. The therapeutic effects of cyclic estrogen, such as its preventive effect, are suggested in these studies, at least on mild AD.     

4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus in a human larynx carcinoma cell line

4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, an active constituent of Agastache rugosa, was examined for its cytoprotective activity against RSV by XTT method in human larynx carcinoma cell line. 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde could effectively inhibit cytopathic effect of RSV (p<0.0001) with an estimated IC₅₀ of 0.055 μg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 898.2. 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (0.03 μg/ml) could inhibit viral entrance by interfering viral attachment (IC₅₀ of 0.06 μg/ml; p<0.0001) and internalization (IC₅₀ of 0.01 μg/ml; p<0.0001). 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde significantly increased the basal production of IFN (p=0.0015), but not the virus-induced IFN production. Therefore, its cytoprotective activity against RSV was not mediated by interferon. In conclusion, 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde might be helpful to manage the disease induced by RSV infection.