超结瘤大豆根瘤的亚显微结构

电镜观察表明,超结瘤大豆未受侵染的宿主细胞中有一明显增大的细胞核。幼年类菌体为椭圆形,里面有个拟核区,正常类菌体有完善的周膜和ＰＨＢ颗粒,受侵染的寄主细胞中出现类似无效根瘤的异常现象;少数类菌体退化或溶解,还有空周膜及裸露的类菌体,这可能是超结瘤大豆固氮活性较低的原因。     

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察结果表明,刚受侵袭的寄主细胞的细胞核和质体膨大,线粒体内嵴消失成为圆球状体,内质网膜松散;幼年类菌体细胞外形较小,呈圆形和椭圆形,细胞质浓密,染色深而均匀;成熟类菌体外型较大,形态多样,细胞内聚－β－羟基丁酸积累增多,随着根瘤细胞逐渐发育成熟,在类菌体被内可见１至数个类菌体,在根瘤衰老细胞中,类菌体包被周膜解离破裂,流出电子透明物质,本文还对周膜扩增的问题进行了讨论。     

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察结果表明：刚受侵染的寄主细胞的细胞核和质体膨大,线粒体内嵴消失成为圆球状体,内质网膜松散;幼年类菌体细胞外型较小,呈圆形和椭圆形,细胞质浓密,染色深而均匀;成熟类菌体外型较大,形态多样,细胞内聚-β-羟基丁酸（PHB）累积增多;随着根瘤细胞逐渐发育成熟,在类菌体包被内可允1至数个类菌体;在根瘤衰老细胞中,类菌体包被周膜解离破裂,流出电子透明物质。本文还对周膜扩增的问题进行了讨论。     

杨梅根瘤的显微和亚显微结构及固氮活性

杨梅根瘤的横切面是圆形、对称的,含菌组织位于皮层的中部。未成熟根瘤的感染细胞充满内生菌丝。内生菌丝是分枝。具隔膜的Frankia菌。成熟根瘤中,内生菌丝顶端膨大形成无隔膜、表面光滑、球形的泡囊,直径比菌丝直径大,内含有某种内含物。泡囊的大量出现可能是固氮活力提高的标志,成熟壮瘤的固氮活性比幼瘤和衰老瘤的高。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵和主线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线,总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未出现根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵入线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。随着细胞的衰老,被侵染细胞中的内生菌、细胞器也逐渐消失。     

羊奶果根瘤内生菌的亚显微结构

羊奶果是桤木型根瘤。根瘤的横切面是轴对称的圆形结构,含菌细胞分散于皮层组织中。随着根瘤的发育,内生菌也有不同的形态结构。侵染初期的内生菌是一种分枝、具隔膜的菌丝体。幼龄菌丝中含有电子半透明的颗粒,成熟菌丝没有这种颗粒。成熟菌丝顶端会臌大形成具隔膜的椭圆球状泡囊,直径比菌丝大。不同发育时期的泡囊,其形态结构也有差异。     

Efficiency of Nodule Initiation and Autoregulatory Responses in a Supernodulating Soybean Mutant

We compared the formation of nodules on the primary roots of a soybean cultivar (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg) and a supernodulating mutant derivative, nts382. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 at different times after seed imbibition showed that the roots acquired full susceptibility to infection only between 3 and 4 days postgermination. When the plants were inoculated with serial dilutions of a bacterial suspension, the number of nodules formed in the initially susceptible region of the roots was linearly dependent on the logarithm of the inoculum dose until an optimum dose was reached. At least 10-fold-lower doses were required to induce half-maximal nodulation responses on nts382 than on the wild type. However, at optimal doses, about six times as many nodules formed in the initially susceptible region of the roots in nts382. Since there was no appreciable difference in the apparent rates of nodule emergence, the increased efficiency of nodule initiation in the supernodulating mutant could have resulted from a lower threshold of response to bacterial symbiotic signals. Two inoculations (24 h apart) of G. max cv. Bragg revealed that there was a host-mediated regulatory response that suppressed nodulation in younger portions of the primary roots, as reported previously for other soybean cultivar-Bradyrhizobium combinations. Similar experiments with nts382 revealed a comparable suppressive response, but this response was not as pronounced as it was in the wild type. This and other results suggest that there are additional control mechanisms for nodulation that are different from the systemic autoregulatory control of nodulation altered in supernodulating mutants.     

根瘤内生细菌

在研究根瘤菌与豆科植物共生关系的过程中,人们发现根瘤中同时定居着许多与根瘤菌不同的内生菌,这些非共生细菌生活在根瘤中,但不引起植物产生明显的病害,为根瘤内生细菌.根瘤内生细菌不仅将植物作为其栖息场所,而且对宿主植物有促生、防病、内生联合固氮等广泛的生物学作用.     

Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Leghemoglobin on Organic Acid Degradation by Isolated Soybean Nodule Bacteriods

Bacteroids retaining high acetylene reduction activity (nitrogenase activity) were prepared anaerobically from soybean nodules. Addition of succinate (or of both leghemoglobin and succinate) to the acetylene reduction assay system greatly increased the activity of the isolated bacteroids.

When various organic acids were incubated with the bacteroids at 2% oxygen concentration, an optimum condition for bacteroid acetylene reduction, the organic acid degradation by bacteroids was very slow, and both lactate and acetate were accumulated in the incubation system, suggesting the operation of fermentative pathway in bacteroids under such low oxygen conditions.

With 20% oxygen, the added organic acids were degraded rapidly by bacteroids without addition of leghemoglobin to the incubation system.

With leghemoglobin in the incubation system, the organic acid degradation by bacteroids was accelerated extensively even at 2% oxygen, and the formation of lactate and acetate were negligible. No significant difference in the organic acid degradation rate was observed between the 2% and 20% oxygen concentrations when the leghemoglobin was present in the incubation system. Addition of acetylene to the assay system slightly inhibited the organic acid degradation.

This data suggests that bacteroids are unable to oxidize organic acid in low oxygen concentration and that the leghemoglobin allows the rapid organic acid dagradation by bacteroids even in such low oxygen concentrations.     

Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus

Lotus japonicus. Received 25 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 9 October 2000     

Studies on the Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation in the Symbiotic System of Soybean and Nodule Bacteria( Rhizobium)

The relationship between photosynthesis of soybean and nitrogen fixation of the nodules by symbiotic Rhizobium was studied. The contents of total nitrogen and chlorophyll, the net photosynthetic rate and seed yield of soybean were much higher in either hydroponically cultivated or field-grown plants inoculated with Rhizobium B16–11C (or Clark nodulating strain) than in control without inoculation (or Clark non-nodulating strain). These results show that the symbiotic nitrogen fixation has a beneficial effect on photosynthesis. However, the effect was indirect and slow so that there was no change in the net photosynthetic rate of the soybean leaves until three clays after removing nodules from the soybean roots. On the other hand, decreasing the photosynthate supply to nodule by shade, defoliation or shoot removal of the soybean, the nodule activity declined significantly. It seems that the supply of photosynthate to root nodule is a limiting factor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, the diurnal variation of the nodule activity could not be explained by change neither in the contents of sucrose and starch of the root nodules nor in the ambient temperature. The factor controlling the diurnal variation deserves further study.     

Microbial Diversity at a Deep-Sea Station of the Pacific Nodule Province

The Pacific nodule province covers about 4.5 million km² in the eastern tropical Pacific with abundance of polymetallic nodules. Microbes are believed to play large roles in the metal cycling in many environments, but the microbial community in the Pacific nodule province has never been studied. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, together with bacterial cultivation were used to study the microbial populations in the Pacific nodule province (A core) deep-sea sediment. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysisdemonstrated that Proteobacteria division mainly of γ-Proteobacteria dominated the microbial community of the nodule province A core. Among the γ-Proteobacteria, Shewanella species which were known as Fe(□), Mn(□) reducing bacteria were found prevalent. Besides Proteobacteria, Green nonsulfur bacteria, the candidate subdivision OP3, Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides bacteria and novel unidentified strains were also detected. Archaeal 16S rDNA sequence analysis data and results from hybridization with crenarchaeotal marine group I specific probe revealed that all archaea detected at the station belong to Crenarchaeota nonthermophilic marinegroup I. Bacteria assigned to the gamma Proteobacteria wereisolated, none of them showed capability of manganese oxidation. These authors contributed equally to this paper.     

脲酶抑制剂氢醌对大豆结瘤、固氮和木质部溶质氮形态的影响

首次报导了在白浆土和砂壤土上使用氢醌(HQ)抑制土壤脲酶活性,有效地缓解尿素分解产物及其随后的氧化产物对大豆结瘤和固氮活性的抑制效应,结果表明:1.HQ浓度在40PPM以内对大豆幼苗生长及初生结瘤表现促进作用;进一步提高HQ浓度将使大豆根系生长受阻变态而阻止结瘤。2.HQ(10—50PPM)提高了离体活性大豆根瘤类苗体悬液的耗氧量(79.4—86.1％)和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性(124.7—138.4％)。3.盆栽和田间试验证实,由于HQ缓解了尿素的分解,从而颇大减轻了尿素对大豆结瘤和固氮(乙炔还原活性)的抑制效应;通过大豆木质部中溶质氮形态(酰胺、酰脲和硝酸盐)的分析进一步证实了,大豆植株从根部向地上部运输的氮素形态同土壤氮转化强度和根瘤固氮强度(酰脲相对丰度)之间的紧密联系。4.由于麦秸还田土壤脲酶活性提高,故应提高HQ剂量;与此同时,通过麦秸的“氮因子效应”便能完全解除尿素对大豆结瘤固氮的抑制,并为大豆籽实发育提供了丰富的土壤氮源。     

野生大豆（Glycine soja）酰脲含量与根瘤固氮活力的关系

野生大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓｏｊａ）酰脲含量与根瘤固氮活力的关系朱长甫,苗以农,刘学军,许守民（东北师范大学生命科学学院,长春１３００２４）郑惠玉,徐豹（吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所,公主岭１３６１００）关键词：野生大豆,固氮活力,酰脲,蛋白质根据固氮豆...     

不同发育时期哲罗鱼卵黄的超微结构

应用透射电镜观察了不同发育时期哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)卵黄的超微结构.根据哲罗鱼卵黄物质在卵母细胞中的加工合成、积累以及卵母细胞中参与卵黄颗粒形成的细胞器的变化,可将该鱼卵黄发生分为4个特征时期,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄泡期、卵黄积累期和卵黄积累完成期.卵黄发生前期是指卵母细胞发育过程中的卵黄物质开始积累前的时期,此时期核仁不断分裂,出现线粒体云和早期的滤泡细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层;卵黄泡期特点主要是细胞器不断变化产生卵黄泡和皮层泡;卵黄积累期的滤泡膜由内向外依次为放射带、颗粒细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层,此时外源性卵黄前体物质不断经过血液汇集于鞘细胞层,后经微胞饮作用穿过胶原纤维组成的基层,经过多泡体作用转运至颗粒细胞内,在细胞内经过加工和修饰形成小的卵黄蛋白颗粒,卵黄蛋白颗粒经微胞饮穿过放射带进入卵母细胞边缘形成的空泡中,不断积累形成卵黄球;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄球体积变大,向细胞中心聚集,填满大部分卵母细胞,卵黄积累完毕.     

甲状腺结节行甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗的临床疗效分析

目的:观察甲状腺结节行甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗的临床疗效。方法:资料选取本院2013年2月-2014年2月收治的甲状腺结节患者共96例,随机分为研究组与对照组;研究组48例予甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗,对照组48例予甲状腺次全切术治疗;观察两组患者的手术相关指标、甲状腺激素水平及并发症情况。结果:研究组手术时间(122.18±6.23)min、出血量(73.69±5.47)m L,均显著低于对照组,比较差异明显具统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后研究组患者的甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)(65.87±21.06)IU/L、血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)(2.96±7.03)m IU/L,均显著优于对照组,比较差异明显具统计学意义(P0.05);研究组共出现并发症6例(12.50%),显著低于对照组,比较差异明显具统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:甲状腺结节行甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗手术创伤性较小,临床疗效显著,具实际应用价值。