遗传学第一个十年中的W.贝特森

在遗传学的第一个十年间,贝特森在捍卫、诠释、发展和推广孟德尔理论中作出了杰出贡献。他和孟德尔一样,是超越其时代的人。 Abstract：During the first decade of the history of genetics,B ateson made a notable contribution to the defending,interpreting,developing and spreading of Mendels laws.He,like Mendel,was ahead of his time.     

嫁接杂交与果树遗传的特殊性

在介绍近年来植物嫁接杂交研究新进展的基础上,着重阐述了嫁接杂交与果树遗传特殊性的关系。砧木中的遗传物质转移并整合到接穗生殖细胞和胚胎细胞的染色体组中,是杂种后代出现大量野生植株和果树遗传不遵守孟德尔定律的主要原因。还讨论了嫁接杂交在果树育种中的重要意义。 Abstract：Emphatically discusses the relationship between graft hybridization and the specificity of heredity in fruit trees on the basis of introducing the recent achievements in plant graft hybridization. We propose that genetic materials in rootstock being translocated and integrated into the genome of the germ cells and embryonic cells in scion are the main reasons why the majority of the hybrid seedlings have wild properties and the heredity of fruit trees violate Mendel’s laws of heredity. The potential of graft hybridization in fruit breeding are also discussed.     

Systems Biology Brings Life Sciences Closer——Report on the China-UK Systems Biology Workshop 2005

The China-UK Systems held during June 20-21 Biology Workshop 2005 was in the National Science Park of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. It was organized by the Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, and was initiated by Prof. Dr. Jun Zhu （Zhejiang University） and Prof. Dr. John Findlay （University of Leeds, UK）. The workshop was part of the program called UK-China Partners in Science, a one-year campaign that was initiated by the British government to explore more collaborations between UK and China on science and technology. It was attended also by a representative of this program, Mr. Frank Yuan, senior science ＆ innovation officer. The idea of the workshop was to bring together experts with specialists in systems biology in order to promote the ＂natural partnership＂ between scientists from the two countries. The most important items of systcms biology considered at the workshop were： （1） New technologies and advances in systems biology; （2） Research developments in genomics and proteomics; （3） New methodologies and software in computational biology; （4） Research collaboration on systems biology between China and UK.     

Contents of volume 16, 2006

EOITORIALA journey to a brighter futureGang Pei尺石功石的呀3 GATA·3PromotesTh2resPonsesthroughthreedifferentmeehanisms:inductionofThZeytokine Production,Selective growth of ThZ cells and inhibition of Thl eell·sPecific怕etors Jinfang Zhu,刀友论hiro Yamane,Javiel’ Cole一Sierra.Liying Guo,川llia脚E Paul1 1 The quantal theory of immunity 人治ndallA肠力ith20 Cytokines as critieal eo·stimulatory moleeules in modulating the immune resPonse of natural k川6F C6!!S Howa)汀A Young,…     

Editorial

It is my great pleasure to bring to you the newly vitalized Journal after several important changes. Firstly,following careful consideration and discussions with concerned colleagues and organizations, the Editorial Board has decided to appoint a new publisher, the internationally recognized Blackwell Publishing, to rejuvenate the journal. This first issue of Insect Science (INS) in 2005 initiates a new era of the Journal. Secondly, you will notice that both the appearance and the format of the Journal have changed substantially, as has the editorial team.     

Editorial： New Opportunities and a New Beginning

As we begin 2005, plant biologists have great opportunities to unlock the secrets of plant life. The realization of the importance of biodiversity and global ecology has promoted increasing efforts in understanding individual, population, and community plant biology. At the same time, the advances in plant molecular biology, genetics,     

On the Genus Euchresta Benn. (Leguminosae) with “Wallace's Line”

The present paper discusses the classification, distribution, systematic relationship and origin of the genus Euchresta Benn. Euchresta is distributed roughly in East and Southeast Asia. The Chinese name “Shan-dou-gen”(山豆根) first appeared in “The Medicinal Herbs of Sichuan “(蜀本草) in the Song Dynasty. Afterwards there were accounts of this name in “A Materia Medica of kaibao”（开宝本草）, and “The Illustrated Classic Herbal”(图经本草) by Su Sung (苏颂). In the MingDynasty, “Shan-dou-gen” was adopted in “ Materia Medica with Commentaries” (本草纲目) by Li Shih-chen (李时珍)^［1］and it has recorded for quite a long time until now. However, because the root of Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel. is a Chinese medicine used for detoxification, and relieving pain and pharyngitis, many medicinal plants, whose roots have the same effect, are also called “Shan-dou-gen” . They are Arcisia (Myrsinaceae), Cyclea, Pericampylus, Stephania, Menispermum (Menispermaceae), Helicteres (Sterculiaceae) , Beesia (Ranunculaceae) , Sarcococca (Buxaceae) , Sophora, Atylosia (Leguminosae), etc. However, the name should be used only for Euchresta japonica according to the Chinese botanical literature. The genus was established by J. J. Bennett in 1838, based on Andira horsfieldii Lesch. (1810) ( =E. horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) from Java, It was classified in the subtribe Geoffroeeae of the tribe Dalbergieae by Bentham (1860) and Bentham et Hooker (1865). There were two species then, i. e. E. horsfieldii and E. japonica. In 1970-1978, H. Ohashi and his co-workers published a series of outstanding works on Euchresta, in which H. Ohashi established a new tribe-Euchresteae Ohashi, that contains only one genus-Euchresta, and suggested a clearly close relationship between the genus under study and the tribe Sophoreae, especially Sophora, and also considered that the ancient group of Euchresta was in between New Guinea and Australia and extended northwestwards to islands and the continent of Asia. He described 4 species and reduced two species, i. e. E. trifoliolata Merr. (1922) from Guangdong, China (=E. japonica) and E. strigillosa C. Y. Wu. Wen (1984) published E. longiracemosa S. Lee et H. Q. Wen ex H. Q. Wen from Guangxi, China, as new. Five species are included so far in this genus. This paper reports 4 species and 3 varieties: i. e. E. japonica, E. horsfieldii, E. horsfieldii var. laotica, E. formosana, E. tubulosa, E. tubulosa var. longiracemosa, and E. tubulosa var. brevituba, which are grouped into two sections (Fig. 3). i. e. Sect. Euchrestae and Sect. Tubulosae. Sect. I. Euchrestae without a long tube at the base of calyx, comprises 3 species, 1 variety and is distributed in southern Honshu of Japan, southern Yunnan of China, northern Indochina Peninsula, and Java of Indonesia. The section forms three discontinuous distribution patterns: 1) E. japonica is of Sino-Japanese discontinuous distribution; 2) E. horsfieldii is of Himalayas-Indochina-Java discontinuous distribution; 3) E. formosana is of Taiwan-Ryukyu-Philippines discontinuous distribution (Fig. 2). From what has been stated above, this section may be the primitive group, of which E. horsfieldii and E. formosana have evolved from E. japonica. Sect. II, Tubulosae, with a long tube at the base of calyx, comprises 1 species, 2 varieties and forms an island disjunction with its centre in Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan of China. The two sections are considered to have stemed from the same extinct primitive group and developed along different directions, with the distribution centre in Central and South China (Fig. 3) There are many opinions on the systematic position of Euchresta. Bentham and Hooker (1865) placed it in the tribe Dalbergieae. Baker ( 1878), Nakai (1940) and Hutchinson (1964) holded Bentham and Hooker’s opinion, while Nakai (1940) established a subtribe, Euchrestinae Nakai, and considered Euchresta related to Mullera Linn. F. and Andira A. L. Juss. According to the morphological, cytological and biochemical data, Ohashi (1970-1978) clearly suggested a close relationship between the tribe Euchresteae and the tribe Sophoreae, which are different from the genera in the tribe Geoffroeeae as well as the tribe Dalbergieae (s. l.). He also recognized the similarity between Euchresta and Sophora, especially S. bhutanica and its allied species. Polhill and Raven (1981) holded Ohashi’s opinion, but the relationship of the tribe Euchresteae was put between the tribe Crotararieae and the tribe Thermopsideae hermopsideae, far from the tribe Sophoreae. We agree with Ohashi, but we think that Euchresta is most closely related to the genus Maackia, especially judged from the chromosomal number and the chemical composition, which is in accordance with M. Tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand. -Mazz. ( Mizuno et al. 1990). Therefere, the relationship of Euchresta with its allied genera is suggested as in Fig. 4. Based on the habitat and distributional area of Euchresta, it is inferred that its ancestor was a member of the Tertiary-paleotropical mountain forest flora and then distributed in the whole forest region. It is considered that the genus originated in Cathaysia. The distributional area of Euchresta lies in the area west of “Wallace’s Line”, a famous biogeographic line. Many botanists and zoologists have discussed this line, but they have also proposed many modified biogeographic lines for this area (Brown and Gibson 1983) e. g. “Huxley’s line” (including modifications); “Sclater’s line”(1858); “Weber’s line” (1902); “Lydekker’s line”; Merrill’s line” (1923) etc., (Fig. 2), of which “Wallace’s Lin” and “Lydekker’s line” are accepted by many zoogeographers. However, Schuster (1972) expounded “Wallace’s line”based on more pieces of evidence from geology, zoography, and distribution of land plants (including Hepaticae, Conifers, and Angiospermae). Thus Schuster stated: (1) The narrow channel between the Australian bloc and Eurasian one was still an effective barrier for many groups of organisms as recently as 10-15 m. y. ago. (2)The amount of movement-or transgression-across this barrier varies from group to group. Organisms -presumably “modern” and “successful”-with strong powers of movement have transgressed to a larger extent than taxa belonging to old, “senescent”and (usually) stenotypic groups. Thus it can be said that Euchresta is an age-older group and distributed only in the area west of “Wallace’s Line”. It is also known from the information of paleogeography and paleobiogeography: up to about 50 m. y. ago Australia and New Guinea moved progressively northward from warm temparate into the tropics, crossing the Tropic of Capricorn at about the beginning of the Miocene (25 m. y.), and coming into more or less direct contact with the proto-Indonesian at the middle Miocene (-15m. y.) (Axelrod & Raven, 1982). At that time, Euchresta was only distributed in Asia (including Philippines and Java) and formed the present dispersal-patterns, but it has never reached New Guinea and Australia (i. e. southeast of“Wallace’s Line”, because New Guinea and Australia plates were still on the way northward. Therefore, we think that the original place of Euchresta could not lines between New Guinea and Australia, and thus the actual significance of “Wallace’s Line” is not only a demarcation line between Laurasia and Gondwanaland but also a demarcation line between the Laurasia Flora and the Gondwana Flora for Asia and Australia.     

Acknowledgement to all reviewers for Virologica Sinica in 2013

In the fruitful year of 2013,the impact of Virologica Sinica （VS） as been largely extended.The successful publication of VS with high-quality articles is largely benefited from the efforts made by experts listed below,who were committed in managing the editorial process and/or in peer-reviewing.Apology was offered to any reviewer whose name has been inadvertently omitted.The time and expertise of all the experts devoted to Virologica Sinica are greatly appreciated!     

会议报道:北京生物入侵国际研讨会:2004年6月6日-11日

Scientists and policy-makers are now well aware of the ecological and societal problems associated with the introduction of species by humans across natural barriers to dispersal. Some introduced species spread abundantly in their new habitats and have negative effects on existing species, both agricultural and natural. Such introduced,invasive species can alter fire, nutrient, and hydrological regimes and have large economic costs.     

Prototype Design and Experimental Study on Locust Air-Posture Righting

Locust has the capacity to maintain a righting posture and glide through attitude adjustment after leaping. A prototype inspired by the dynamic mechanism of attitude adjustment of locusts was developed. The prototype consists of a pair of wings driven by a four-bar mechanism, and a 2 Degree of Freedom （DOF） tail to imitate the movement of the locust abdomen. The power source, microcontroller, wireless data transmission module, and attitude sensors are contained in the fuselage. Experiments imitating the flight of locust were conducted to determine the mechanism of locust Subsequent Attitude Adjustment （SAA）. The tethered prototype was driven by the movement of the tail and the flapping of the wings. Results show that the pitch and yaw of the tail, and the asymmetric action of the flapping wings significantly influence the posture of the prototype. These findings suggest that both the wiggling abdomen and flapping wings contribute to the locust SAA in the air. This research lays the groundwork and technical support for the probable design and development of practical jumping robots with attitude adjustment function.