山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

从新屠宰的雌山羊脑垂体中提取总RNA ,反转录获得cDNA .以此cDNA为模板用PCR法扩增目的片段 ,获得长为 380bp的山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基cDNA片段 .将它克隆至pMD 18 T Verctor.随机挑选 3个阳性重组子进行测序 ,将测序结果与绵羊、牛、猪等多种哺乳动物该基因的核苷酸序列及相应氨基酸序列进行比较 .结果表明 ,山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基基因氨基酸序列与绵羊、水牛的同源性最高 ,达 96 % ,与牛的同源性达 95 % ,与人的同源性较低 ,为 74 % .山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基基因编码区的核苷酸与绵羊的同源性最高 ,达 95 % ,与水牛、牛的同源性达 94 % ,与马和大鼠的同源性较低 ,为 85 % .总体来看 ,在哺乳类动物中FSHα亚基基因同源性还是很高的 .     

山羊卵泡刺激素β-亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

从新屠宰的母山羊脑垂体中提取总RNA,反转录获得cDNA,以皮cDNA为模板用PCR法扩增目的片段,获得长为390bp的山羊卵泡刺激素β－亚基cNDA片段,与预期的目的片段大小一致。将它克隆至pMD-18-T-Verctor中,随机挑选2个阳性重组子进行测序,并将测序结果与绵羊,牛等多种哺乳动物该基因的核苷酸序列及相应氨基酸序列进行比较。结果表明,山羊的卵泡刺激素β－亚基因与绵羊的该基因氨基酸同源性最高,达99．9％,只有1个氨基酸不同,与牛,猪,马,虎,人,大鼠的该基因氨基酸同源性分别为92.5%,91.7%,89.9%,89.1%,86.0%,83.7%。从核苷酸同源性来看,山羊的卵泡刺激素β－亚基因与绵羊该基因的同源性了高,达98％;与牛,猪,马,虎,人,大鼠的核苷酸同源性为95％,90％,90％,88％,86％,84％。结果表明,尽管β－亚基基因有种的特异性,但在哺乳动物中其同源性还是很高的。     

犬β防御素-1真核表达载体的构建及其在HEK293T细胞中的表达

哺乳动物的β-防御素是一类具有广谱抗微生物活性的阳离子小肽.为了克隆和分析犬β防御素-1基因,并建立一套在HEK293T细胞中高效表达犬β防御素-1的方法,本研究采用RT-PCR方法从犬睾丸组织中扩增出犬β防御素-1(cBD-1)的cDNA基因,并将其克隆到pcDNA3.1A载体中,构建了犬β防御素-1基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A-cBD-1,经磷酸钙介导转染HEK293T细胞进行表达.结果表明:克隆的犬β防御素-1基因序列与已发表序列(GenBank 编号:NM-001024641)的同源性为99.7%.表达犬β防御素-1经Western-blot检测,证明构建的犬β防御素-1基因表达载体能够在真核细胞中表达,表达产物能够分泌到细胞外.为进一步研究犬β防御素的功能奠定了基础.     

荷斯坦奶牛中性粒细胞β-防御素cDNA的克隆与序列分析

为研发牛β-防御素生物制剂,防治奶牛乳腺炎。根据已发表的牛β-防御素基因序列设计一对引物。收集患乳腺炎奶牛乳静脉血液中性粒细胞,用试剂盒提取总RNA。经RT-PCR扩增牛β-防御素cDNA片段,回收纯化PCR产物,连接pMD18-T载体,转化感受态细胞JM109。在含X-Gal、Amp及IPTG的LB平板上筛选阳性克隆,经菌落PCR及双酶切鉴定后,对目的片段进行测序。结果表明RT-PCR扩增出的cDNA片段碱基数为189bp,含有一个完整的ORF,能编码63个氨基酸的多肽,多肽中含6个保守半胱氨酸残基。用Blast程序进行检索比较,表明扩增序列与GenBank中发表的BNBD-7编码区序列96.3%相同。结果成功克隆出奶牛β-防御素家族的成员BNBD-7基因,为重组牛β-防御素的开发奠定了基础。     

蒙古牛BMPR-IB基因部分cDNA的克隆和序列分析

BMPR-IB基因主要在哺乳动物卵巢中表达,对卵泡的发育和分化起重要作用。该研究从影响卵巢生长发育和调控的BMPR-IB基因出发,以牛卵巢的RNA为模板,按照不同物种BMPR-IB基因的相似性设计特异引物,运用RT-PCR技术扩增并获得了特异片段,该片段经PCR、酶切和测序验证,证实所克隆序列为牛BMPR-IB序列,包含有953bp组成的部分cDNA序列,同源性分析结果表明,牛BMPR-IB基因序列与绵羊、山羊、人、猪、小鼠的BMPR-IB基因分别为98%、97%、92%、93%、88%的同源性。这为克隆其他物种的BMPR-IB基因提供了依据,同时牛骨形态发生蛋白的测序为更好地理解牛的生殖机理提供帮助。     

长爪沙鼠β-防御素（defβ-83）基因的克隆与鉴定

目的克隆长爪沙鼠β-防御素基因序列,并对其进行鉴定及分析。方法从长爪沙鼠小肠中提取总RNA,根据GeneBank中大小鼠的β-防御素的基因序列,通过防御素基因的保守性设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术得到预期的PCR产物,将所得的片段进行克隆、测序,并应用相关生物信息学软件对序列进行鉴定和分析,序列提交genbank。结果Blast比较发现最终测序的结果与小鼠β-防御素-1和大鼠β-防御素-1的同源性全都大于80％,genebank登录号为EU834052。结论经测序鉴定证实该PCR产物为长爪沙鼠阻防御素基因1的一部分。本研究为深入探讨长爪沙鼠β-防御素的生物学活性奠定基础。     

绵羊fertilin β基因编码区的钓取与结构分析

Fertilin β与精卵的结合和融合有密切关系。为探讨fertilin β蛋白在绵羊受精过程中的作用机理, 采用RACE技术, 首次钓取了该基因的编码区。结果绵羊fertilin β基因的编码区cDNA全长为2,217 bp。同源性分析显示, 绵羊的fertilin β氨基酸序列与牛、猪和人的fertilin β具有79.4%、66.7%和58.1%的同源性。系统发育分析表明, 绵羊fertilin β与牛属于同一分支, 并且也显示了绵羊和牛分类地位最近, 这和传统的分类一致。Fertilin β蛋白结构域分析显示, 绵羊fertilin β去整合素识别序列为TDE, 与牛的序列相同。除了上述三肽序列外, 紧随X-D/E-E的ECD保守序列, 从而形成了X-D/E-ECD五肽保守序列, 在绵羊fertilin β中该五肽序列为TDECE。     

猪β防御素2成熟肽在酵母中的表达

【目的】将猪β防御素2成熟肽基因片段正确整合到酵母基因组染色体上,从而得到稳定的猪β防御素2成熟肽的毕赤酵母表达株。实现猪β防御素2成熟肽的表达。【方法】首先参考酵母偏爱密码子,设计3段引物序列,利用PCR技术扩增得到β防御2成熟肽基因,构建了重组质粒pPIC9k-GST-pBD-2和pPIC9k-pBD-2。将线性化的重组质粒电转化到毕赤酵母KM71细胞中。最后筛选得到酵母阳性克隆,通过不断调节表达条件,实现猪β防御素2成熟肽的表达。【结果】将GST-pBD-2基因序列和pBD-2基因序列分别成功整合到酵母KM71基因组中,重组毕赤酵母工程菌构建成功;重组酵母蛋白GST-pBD-2和PBD-2都成功获得了表达;PBD-2成熟肽表达上清对猪霍乱沙门氏菌弱毒株C500有一定的抑制作用。【结论】获得表达pBD-2成熟肽的酵母菌株,本实验是用真核细胞表达pBD-2成熟肽的一次探索,为后续大量表达pBD-2成熟肽方法的研究打下了基础。     

蒙古绵羊 tnp1基因cDNA全编码区的克隆及序列分析

过渡蛋白1基因(tnp1)是圆形精子细胞特异表达的基因.绵羊tnp1基因的DNA序列至今尚未报道.为了开展绵羊圆形精子细胞标记基因的研究,根据其他物种tnp1基因cDNA的保守序列设计引物,从成年蒙古绵羊睾丸中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR和分子克隆方法,克隆了蒙古绵羊tnp1基因cDNA全编码区.该基因cDNA 长246 bp,包含一个168 bp的ORF,编码含有54个氨基酸的多肽链.DNA序列测定结果与牛的核苷酸序列比对,同源性为94.0%.绵羊tnp1基因的cDNA克隆和序列测定为进一步研究绵羊精子发生过程奠定了基础.     

绵羊tnp2基因的克隆及其在体外共培养系统中圆形精子细胞的转录分析

过渡蛋白2基因（tnp2）是圆形精子细胞特异表达的基因。为了开展绵羊圆形精子细胞标记基因的研究,根据GenBank上已公布的牛的cDNA序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR和分子克隆方法,克隆了蒙古绵羊tnp2基因cDNA部分编码区序列。DNA 序列测定结果与牛的核苷酸序列比对,同源性为95.3%。根据绵羊tnp2基因的cDNA序列设计引物,对共培养的四月龄绵羊睾丸生殖细胞进行RT-PCR鉴定。结果显示体外共培养的绵羊睾丸生殖细胞一直到第十周后仍有圆形精子细胞产生。绵羊tnp2基因的cDNA克隆和序列测定为进一步研究绵羊精子发生过程奠定了基础。     

非核糖体肽合成酶的末端硫酯酶与多肽环化

非核糖体肽合成酶（nonribosomal peptide synthetases,NRPSs）能以多载体巯基化模板机制合成各种结构复杂、种类繁多的次生代谢非核糖体环肽.根据环肽末端环化的方式,可分为两大类：大环内酯型和内酰胺型.负责非核糖体环肽最终环化的硫酯酶（thioesterase,TE）属于α/β水解酶超家族.该家族包括：脂酶、蛋白酶、酯酶等,其共有特征是含有保守的催化三元件（Ser-His-Asp）,起到终止反应和释放产物的功能. TE具有区域定向性（regiospecific）、化学定向性（chemospecific）及立体定向性（stereospecific）的特点,在非核糖体肽（nonribosomal peptide,NRP）的合成反应中具有决定性作用,直接影响到最终环肽的生成. 同时,TE由于其特有的环化和水解的双重活性,在体外的线性多肽环化中越来越受到众多学者的关注. 综合国内外相关文献,本文着重从TE介导下的产物释放机制和影响因素两个方面综述非核糖体末端硫酯酶的研究进展及其应用.     

Contribution of Peptide Backbone to Anti-Citrullinated Peptide Antibody Reactivity

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting approximately 1–2% of the world population. One of the characteristic features of RA is the presence of autoantibodies. Especially the highly specific anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs), which have been found in up to 70% of RA patients’ sera, have received much attention. Several citrullinated proteins are associated with RA, suggesting that ACPAs may react with different sequence patterns, separating them from traditional antibodies, whose reactivity usually is specific towards a single target. As ACPAs have been suggested to be involved in the development of RA, knowledge about these antibodies may be crucial. In this study, we examined the influence of peptide backbone for ACPA reactivity in immunoassays. The antibodies were found to be reactive with a central Cit-Gly motif being essential for ACPA reactivity and to be cross-reactive between the selected citrullinated peptides. The remaining amino acids within the citrullinated peptides were found to be of less importance for antibody reactivity. Moreover, these findings indicated that the Cit-Gly motif in combination with peptide backbone is essential for antibody reactivity. Based on these findings it was speculated that any amino acid sequence, which brings the peptide into a properly folded structure for antibody recognition is sufficient for antibody reactivity. These findings are in accordance with the current hypothesis that structural homology rather than sequence homology are favored between citrullinated epitopes. These findings are important in relation to clarifying the etiology of RA and to determine the nature of ACPAs, e.g. why some Cit-Gly-containing sequences are not targeted by ACPAs.     

内毒素结合肽模拟肽P11的体外活性研究

目的对从噬菌体展示随机肽库筛选获得的内毒素结合肽模拟肽进行体外拈抗内毒素活性鉴定。方法采用FMOC固相合成法化学合成内毒素结合肽模拟肽P11,并进行拮抗内毒素活性和细胞毒性测定。结果亲和ELISA检测显示P11与LPS有较高的亲和力,通过生长曲线和流式细胞学分析细胞周期显示P11对人U937细胞生长无明显影响。流式细胞检测显示P11呈剂量依赖性抑制FITC—LPS与人外周血单核细胞（PBMC）结合。细胞因子生成抑制实验显示10μg/mlP11可显著抑制LPS诱导PBMC和U937细胞TNF—αmRNA转录和蛋白表达。结论体外活性鉴定结果表明化学合成的模拟肽P11可抑制LPS诱导的炎性反应。     

生物抗菌多肽

对微生物、动物、植物等产生的抗菌多肽的抗菌谱、作用机理进行了综述.     

Peptide siderophores

Siderophores are low molecular weight iron chelators, produced by virtually all bacteria, fungi and some plants. They serve to deliver the essential element iron, barely soluble under aerobic conditions, into microbial cells. Siderophores are therefore important secondary metabolites which are very often based on amino acids and their derivatives. Biosynthesis, transport, regulation and chemical synthesis of natural siderophores and their analogues is of considerable interest for the protein and peptide chemist. This review gives an overview of the structural classes of peptidic siderophores, along with data on their biosynthesis. On a number of representative examples, strategies and schemes of their chemical synthesis are described. ©1998 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物抗菌多肽

对微生物、动物、植物等产生的抗菌多肽的抗菌谱、作用机理进行了综述。     

Peptide motifs

Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) form at the plasma membrane, where they select cargo for endocytic entry into cells, and at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the endosomal system, where they generate carrier vesicles that transport proteins between these compartments. We have used subcellular fractionation and tandem mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with brain CCVs. The resulting proteome contained a near complete inventory of the major functional proteins of synaptic vesicles (SVs), suggesting that clathrin-mediated endocytosis provides a major mechanism to recycle SV membrane proteins following neurotransmitter release. Additionally, we identified several new components of the machineries for clathrin-mediated membrane budding, including enthoprotin/epsinR and NECAP 1/2. These proteins bind with high specificity to the ear domains of the clathrin adaptor proteins (APs)-1 and-2, and, intriguingly, they each utilize novel peptide motifs based around the core sequence ØXXØ. Detailed mutational analysis of these motifs, coupled with structural studies of the ear domains, has revealed the basis of their specificity for clathrin adaptors. Moreover, the motifs have now been recognized in multiple proteins functioning in clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking, revealing new mechanisms in the formation and function of CCVs. Thus, proteomics analysis of isolated organelles can provide insights ranging from peptide motifs to global organelle function.