Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage from Ships in China: A Way Toward International Standards

China has made great efforts to establish a compensation system for oil pollution damage from ships. Several laws and regulations have come into effect since 2010 that have brought significant changes to the legal regime of compensation for oil pollution damage. In this article, the new legal regime for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships is examined to illustrate how China is moving closer to the international standard in this area.     

医疗损害赔偿立法存在的问题与完善建议

《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》虽然用专章规定医疗损害责任,但对医疗损害赔偿没有作出专门性规定,不能完全解决在司法实践中涌现的诸多医疗损害赔偿问题。拟从医学与法学理论及实践相结合角度,同时借鉴有关国家和地区医疗损害赔偿相关经验,对医疗损害赔偿立法存在的问题及完善进行分析、探讨。     

Using Nanotechnology for the Substitution of Hazardous Chemical Substances

It is often assumed that nanotechnology (NT) holds the potential to provide a substantial contribution to the solution of various ecological problems, including high consumption of energy and materials and the generation of waste. However, problems surrounding the use and release of hazardous substances remain largely unexplored. For this reason, the Scientific Technical Option Assessment (STOA) Panel of the European Parliament initiated a study on “The Role of Nanotechnology in Chemical Substitution.” The subject and aim of the study was an investigation into preexisting and potential applications of NT that could lead to a reduction in hazardous substances by providing substitutes for them. In terms of method, it was based on electronic searches of the literature, expert interviews, and an expert workshop. This article discusses the results of the project. It focuses on the methodological challenges and the principal problems resulting from a combination of the broad and ill‐defined concept of NT and the specific concept of hazardous substances. The hazardous substances addressed had to be reduced to a manageable number, and the term substitution was understood according to the characteristics of NT and the way in which the latter could reduce the use of hazardous substances. Although several applications of NT were identified that could lead to a considerable reduction in the use of hazardous substances, ambiguities in both the concept of NT and the concept of substitution in relation to NT prevent a comprehensive assessment of the potential of NT in respect to substitution.     

The Cement Industry as a Scavenger in Industrial Ecology and the Management of Hazardous Substances

The cement industry uses a variety of secondary materials and fuels, thus fulfilling the role of "scavenger" in industrial ecology (IE). The use of wastes in cement production has been advocated to reduce cement production costs and to achieve the degradation and immobilization of hazardous compounds. In dealing with hazardous elements contained in the wastes, this development has side effects such as relatively significant stack emissions of heavy metals and leaching of hazardous compounds during the life cycle of cement-derived products. Emissions and leaching potential may be substantially lowered by reducing levels of hazardous elements in wastes before they are included in cement production and by selectively capturing mercury from stack gases. An analogy to metabolic functions of selective uptake, sequestration, and selective excretion is presented.     

Compensation by locusts for changes in dietary nutrients: behavioural mechanisms

ABSTRACT. The detailed behavioural mechanisms underlying an instance of compensation for changes in dietary nutrients are described for the first time in an insect. Nymphs of Locusta migratoria L. were given one of four artificial diets on the third day of the fifth instar, and their feeding patterns recorded in detail for 12 h. The diets represented combinations of two protein and two digestible carbohydrate levels (28% and 14% dry weight) presented in an otherwise complete nutrient mix. At the nutrient levels used, locusts regulated their intake of food with respect to protein but not digestible carbohydrate in the diet. They ate more of the lower protein diets by eating the same sized meals more frequently than insects fed on the higher protein diets. Compensation was not complete over the 12 h observation period: insects on the lower-protein diets ingested and absorbed 72% as much nitrogen as those insects fed on the higher-protein diets. Possible physiological mechanisms underlying the behavioural mechanisms are discussed.     

Setting Up International (Adversary) Regimes in the South China Sea: Analyzing the Obstacles from a Chinese Perspective

If the sovereignty issue can be shelved, solved, or resolved, the six claimant states of the South China Sea will have to establish a series of international regimes. The following questions need to be answered: Do all the claimants understand the concept of international regimes? Would the regimes be imposed? Would there be hegemon(s) in the South China Sea? If so, which country or multiple entities will be involved? What would be the outcome of having international regimes in the South China Sea? Can the experience elsewhere be applied to the South China Sea?     

完善公立医院补偿机制改革的难点与思考

补偿机制改革是公立医院改革的重点和难点。在分析当前公立医院财政补助现状以及取消药品加成的影响的基础上,指出当前补偿途径在具体实施过程中还存在相当的困难。为保障公立医院补偿机制改革的顺利推进,应从医疗服务的公平性和效益出发,明确补偿范围,制定补偿标准,并在机制体制上确保补偿到位。     

Risk-Based Management of Site Soils Contaminated with a Mixture of Hazardous Substances: Methodological Approach and Case Study

A novel approach to improve the accuracy and to reduce the uncertainty associated with the assessment of ecotoxicological risks and the determination of remedial objectives was developed herein for a scenario involving multiple contaminants in soil. This approach used laboratory-derived site-specific toxicological data (i.e., obtained from toxicity testing using species in direct contact with soil such as plants and invertebrates) instead of the more traditional approach using generic toxicological benchmarks for corresponding groups of organisms. Inherent to this approach were the data exploration and reduction; the use of generalized linear models to integrate the data for stressors (site-specific chemical and edaphic characteristics with the potential for influencing toxicity) and effects (biological responses for multiple species and multiple endpoints); and the derivation of tools that could predict the level of impairment associated with any combination of metals’ concentrations measured on site and compare it to a pre-specified acceptable threshold. A case study is presented whereby this method was applied to a large site contaminated with a mixture of metals. Ultimately, the distributions of predicted levels of risk for both soil invertebrates and plants were determined for the entire site and compared to those obtained using the traditional approach using benchmarks.     

我国公立医院财政补偿机制与方法研究

财政补偿机制改革关系到公立医院改革目标的实现。在深入理解医院公益性内涵的基础上,针对财政补偿对医院公益性的影响,结合当前补偿思路存在的问题,以解决“看病难、看病贵”问题为目标,提出了基于时序比较的财政补偿机制,给出了相应的财政补偿方法。     

27家医院医疗纠纷发生率和赔付情况调查

目的 了解我国二、三级医疗机构医疗纠纷的发生水平、解决方式及赔偿情况,为公立医院医疗纠纷的解决和医疗责任的赔付模式的建立提供科学依据。方法 通过整群抽样选取山西、河北、福建、黑龙江、北京5个省市二、三级27所公立医院,采用统一的问卷调查方式,分别对二、三级医院2011—2013年的基本情况、医疗纠纷发生及医疗责任赔偿等进行调查分析。结果 二、三级医院百名医生医疗纠纷发生率分别为7.96和4.85,医疗纠纷非诉讼解决方式分别是92.72%和82.58%,医疗保险赔偿额分别占赔偿总额29.35%和24.41%。结论 目前我国仍处于医疗纠纷高发期, 医疗纠纷解决的主要途径是非诉讼解决方式,医疗责任的赔付主要来源是医院赔偿。     

Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Model Systems and Therapy: Redundancy and Compensation Have Implications

The multiplicity of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) encoded by vertebrate genomes is partly attributable to whole genome duplication events that occurred early in chordate evolution. By surveying the literature for the largest family of DUBs (the ubiquitin‐specific proteases), extensive functional redundancy for duplicated genes has been confirmed as opposed to singletons. Dramatically conflicting results have been reported for loss of function studies conducted through RNA interference as opposed to inactivating mutations, but the contradictory findings can be reconciled by a recently proposed compensatory mechanism involving nonsense‐mediated RNA degradation. Duplicated genes are often inactivated to become pseudogenes, and it is proposed that such is the fate of the USP15 gene of zebrafish, a commonly used model system. As it is reviewed here, these observations have implications not only for the interpretation of model system phenotypes but also for therapeutic interventions designed to target DUBs.     

以政策性亏损补偿为核心的公立医院财政投入测算模型研究

收集武汉市2007—2010年二、三级综合公立医院运行的财务数据,构建公立医院财政投入测算理论模型,预测2012年武汉市二、三级综合医院财政投入金额。结果表明,以现阶段的财政投入水平为参考,公立医院可以维持其正常运行。     

Training for transnationalism: Chinese children in Hungary

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted in the mid-2000s, this article discusses the educational strategies and emerging trajectories of Chinese children born or raised locally in Hungary. Born to small entrepreneurs who migrated to Hungary in the 1990s, these children exemplify a second generation issuing from a migration taking place in conditions sharply different from earlier migrant flows to Western Europe, North America and Southeast Asia. This first migrant generation came of age in the post-reform People's Republic of China (PRC) and generally maintains both Chinese citizenship and a political and emotional identification with the PRC. Based on findings in Hungary, this article argues that this cohort of migrants' children is being trained for a sustained transnationalism rather than for a minority position in the society of residence, and that, at least in countries that are semi-peripheral for global capitalism, this training appears to be largely effective.     

Prevention of Vessel-Source Marine Pollution: A Note on the Challenges and Prospects for Chinese Practice Under International Law

This article examines China's domestic legal regime for the prevention of vessel source pollution. It pays special attention to the recently adopted Regulation on Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution from Vessels. Potential challenges and emerging issues that China has to confront are addressed, including: application of the legislation to disputed sea areas between China and its neighbors, freedom of navigation in the exclusive economic zone, reduction of emission from ships, and prevention of invasive species from ballast water.     

大豆叶片CO2补偿点和光呼吸的关系

为了探讨CO2 补偿点 (Г)与光呼吸 (Rp)的关系 ,用CI 30 1光合气体分析系统观察了光强等因素对大豆叶片CO2 补偿点的影响。在高于生长光强的强光下 ,Г和Rp随着光强的增高而升高 ,实验表明这可能与强光下发生的无机磷限制有关 ;经 10mmol/L的甘露糖、0 .2 %PEG 6 0 0 0和 10mmol/L的DL 甘油醛处理后 ,Г显著上升 ,前两者使Rp下降 ,而后者使Rp上升 ;给叶片喂 5mmol/L的KH2 PO4 后 ,Г和Rp都降低。并且 ,衰老叶片的Г比刚完全展开的叶片高 ,但前者的Rp却比后者低。这些结果表明 ,光呼吸是影响CO2 补偿点的一个重要因素 ,但不是唯一因素 ,CO2补偿点总是随着光呼吸速率与羧化效率比值的变化而在同一方向上变化