首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
农业活动及转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
农田生物多样性是生态系统生物多样性的重要组成部分,但较少受到关注.近50年来,由于农业活动引起的环境污染、生境破碎和单一化种植等严重威胁着农田生物多样性.为了了解各因素对农田生物多样性的影响程度,优化农田管理措施,以提高农作物产量并降低环境影响,本文综述了种植方式、地膜覆盖、农药和化肥使用等农业活动及转基因作物对我国农田生物多样性的影响.农药和化肥的过度使用对农田生物多样性的影响最大;而转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响受诸多因素影响,如携带的转基因性状等.需要加强转基因作物生态环境影响评价研究,特别是对农田生物多样性的潜在影响.农业生产活动应当与农田生物多样性保护密切结合,不仅有利于提高农作物产量,同时也可减少对环境的负面影响.  相似文献   

2.
转基因抗虫水稻对生物多样性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Zhang L  Zhu Z 《遗传》2011,33(5):414-421
水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,然而虫害造成的产量损失每年高达一千万吨以上。研究表明,转基因抗虫水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等水稻主要鳞翅目害虫具有高抗性,可以大幅度减少化学杀虫剂的使用。在不使用农药的情况下,在抗虫转基因水稻田中的害虫密度大幅度减少的同时,可以显著地增加中性昆虫及捕食性天敌数量和种类,显示出稻田生态系统和生物多样性的向良性发展的趋势。转基因水稻花粉向非转基因水稻品种的基因飘流实验表明,随着栽种距离的增大而显著减小,到间隔6.2 m时基因飘流频率已低于0.01%。转基因抗虫水稻的应用,对于保障我国粮食安全,保持农业可持续发展,保护生物多样性和生态环境尤其是在大幅度减少农药使用量方面具有重要意义。文章综述了转基因抗虫水稻研制进展及其对生物多样性的影响,并对农作物害虫防治的未来研究方向和发展趋势进行展望,以期为转基因抗虫水稻更好的应用提供借鉴。  相似文献   

3.
转基因植物对农业生物多样性的影响   总被引:17,自引:3,他引:17  
论述了近年来转基因植物对农业生态系统生物多样性影响的研究进展.主要在遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个层次上予以评述.包括转基因植物对作物遗传多样性的影响;转基因植物的外源基因向杂草和近缘野生种转移;转基因抗虫植物对目标害虫的影响。抗除草剂转基因植物对作物和杂草的影响,抗病毒转基因植物对病毒的影响;转基因植物对非目标生物的影响,对土壤生态系统的影响等.  相似文献   

4.
转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响   总被引:40,自引:7,他引:40  
综述了转基因作物对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展,包括转基因作物中的外源基因在土壤中的活性,转基因作物对土壤微生物区系有土壤酶活性的影响以及转基因作物对土壤动物区系的影响,转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响与导入的外源基因特性和土壤类型相关,转基因产物进入土壤后引起的土壤生物变化的程度依赖于许多因素,最重要的决定因素是生态系统的复杂性和稳定性,评价不同转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响具有重要的生态学意义,急需发展和完善以分子生物学为主的风险评价方法。  相似文献   

5.
转基因作物和利弊分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
1995年后转基因作物的商品化种植迅猛发展。优良的农艺性状和巨大的经济效益,日益显示出转基因作物是解决21世纪不断膨胀人口对食物需求的主要途径之一。转基因作物的潜在生态风险及对人体健康影响的急讼随和物的商品化也日趋耨税。为保护转基因作物知识产权发展起来的“终止子技术”引垆经三世界国家的强烈反对。《生物多样化约》缔约国对生物安全有关问题半急激烈,迟迟达不成协议。围绕转基因作物的斗急已悄仅是科学技术之  相似文献   

6.
中国转基因作物,机遇与挑战   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
2008年7月9日中国政府正式启动转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项,这是中国在生物技术领域的重大举措之一.在中国分子植物育种领域面临如此重要的标志性机遇之时,本文回顾了全球转基因技术发展的历史和中国转基因作物发展的现状,对中国今后转基因作物研发与商业化中知识产权和研发模式两大瓶颈问题进行了讨论.作者还列举了近期国内有关转基因作物生物安全和生态风险方面争论的各方观点,阐明了在中国当前情况下,通过完善相应的法规并强化贯彻落实来规范转基因研发和商业化的必要性.毫无疑问,中国转基因作物又迎来了一个值得期待的春天,机遇与挑战并存.  相似文献   

7.
转基因作物的安全是全球的热点问题之一。土壤微生物在土壤有机质转化、养分矿化、腐殖质形成和土壤结构改良等几个过程中发挥着重要作用。虽然转基因作物在提高农业生产方面具有巨大的潜力,但它们对土壤安全和土壤微生物的潜在影响还有待进一步的深入研究。本文综述了抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂等3类转基因作物对土壤微生物多样性和群落结构产生的影响,提出了转基因作物土壤生态安全评价中还应考虑的问题,并对今后的工作做了展望。  相似文献   

8.
转基因作物对遗传多样性可能造成的负面影响及对策   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
1997年以来,转基因作物的商业化取得迅速发展,一方面它具有优良的农艺性状和巨大的经济效益,但同时可能造成的负面影响也引起极大的争议。本文从转基因作物的基本特征、目前国内外发展状况,分析其对遗传多样性可能造成的负面影响,并提出我国应当采取的若干对策。  相似文献   

9.
提高转基因作物生物安全性的分子策略   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
随着各类转基因作物的问世及其农产品的不断上市,转基因作物的安全性问题已成为公众关心的焦点。综述了提高转基因作物生物安全性的几种分子策略,其中包括选择标记的去除,转基因的组织特异表达和诱导性表达以及转基因逃逸的控制等。  相似文献   

10.
包括转基因油菜"超油1号"、受体油菜"浙优油1号"、非受体油菜"浙双72"等3个油菜品种的随机区组田间试验显示,蚜虫、潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等7种油菜主要昆虫的发生情况,转基因油菜与其受体油菜均无显著性差异;转基因油菜与其非受体油菜,蚜虫以前者为多,潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等6种昆虫则无显著性差异。初步结果表明转基因油菜转入基因不影响油菜上主要昆虫的多样性,转基因油菜通过改变其非靶标生物的多样性从而导致农田生态系统可观改变的风险很小。  相似文献   

11.
王磊  杨超  卢宝荣 《生物多样性》2010,18(3):215-139
转基因技术及其产品是解决世界粮食问题的重要途径之一, 但是包括食品和环境安全在内的转基因生物安全评价是转基因技术及其产品商品化应用的前提和保证。现有的人为生物安全评价方法存在着一定的不足, 难以应对数量日益增加和内容日趋复杂的转基因产品的安全评价需求, 因此找寻一种客观和高效的评价方法势在必行。决策树(decision tree)方法是现今广泛使用的数据挖掘和分析的决策方法之一, 通过将需要解答问题的层层分解并分别解决, 最终得到理想的决策结果, 在处理复杂问题方面具有独特的优势。本文旨在通过介绍决策树的概念、特性、种类及其构建方法, 探索将决策树方法应用于建立转基因植物环境生物安全评价诊断平台的可行性, 并分析构建的诊断平台在高效、准确和客观地进行转基因植物环境生物安全评价, 以及对新一代转基因产品环境安全性的预测和普及环境安全知识等方面的优势, 为进一步推动转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的安全利用奠定基础。  相似文献   

12.
蝴蝶对全球气候变化响应的研究综述   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
全球气候变化以及生物对其响应已引起人们的广泛关注。在众多生物中,蝴蝶被公认为是对全球气候变化最敏感的指示物种之一。已有大量的研究结果表明,蝴蝶类群已经在地理分布范围、生活史特性以及生物多样性变化等方面对全球气候变化作出了响应。根据全球范围内蝴蝶类群对气候变化响应的研究资料,尤其是欧美一些长期监测的研究成果,综述了蝴蝶类群在物种分布格局、物候、繁殖、形态特征变化、种群动态以及物种多样性变化等方面对气候变化的响应特征,认为温度升高和极端天气是导致蝴蝶物种分布格局和种群动态变化的主要因素。在此基础上,展望了我国开展蝴蝶类群对气候变化响应方面研究的未来发展趋势。  相似文献   

13.
Previous work suggested differences in allozyme frequencies between samples of monarch butterflies collected at different times of the day. This study examines the prediction that some individuals are active consistently earlier in the day than others. Four specific hypotheses were tested: (1) Individuals caught early on one day were more likely than those caught late to be caught early on subsequent days. This was true in some experiments. (2) Individuals caught early in the field were more likely than those caught late to fly early in outdoor flight cages. This was true when outdoor temperatures were low (between 10 and 20oC) but not when they were above 20oC. (3) Individuals caught early in the field were more likely to be able to fly at low body temperatures than those caught late. This was not true. (4) Individuals that flew early in outdoor flight cages were more likely to be able to fly at low body temperatures. This was not true. Overall we conclude, on the basis of field and flight cage experiments, that some individuals are active consistently earlier in the day than others. The lack of a relationship between field and temperature cabinet results indicates that this is not purely a result of differences in ability to fly at low body temperatures. The implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
    
  1. Recent declines in the size of overwintering colonies of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America have stimulated calls for greater conservation efforts of the migratory phenomenon. Conservation decisions, however, should be guided by sound science, and the migratory phase of this population is the least‐studied part of its life cycle.
  2. Data from large‐scale citizen science programs can help address this knowledge gap. For over 20 years, volunteers have been tagging migrating monarchs with numbered stickers from MonarchWatch ( www.monarchwatch.org ), who oversees the management of tagging and recovery records. These data have the potential to vastly improve scientific understanding of the migratory phase (such as identifying spatial and temporal trends in mortality) and help target conservation efforts, but this potential has not yet been fully realised, based on a review of published studies in the last 20 years.
  3. Since citizen science programs are often understaffed and operate on minimal budgets, data analysis may not be a high priority for project staff. To stimulate scientific investigations using tagging data, there are alternative solutions that could be implemented including making data publicly available or soliciting assistance from external scientists. Such efforts would not only benefit research into monarch biology, but would lend scientific credibility to tagging activities.
  4. Tagging monarchs is a popular activity with clear educational value. In my opinion these data could be, however, better utilised to improve the conservation of the migratory phenomenon itself.
  相似文献   

15.
    
The physiological basis for pigment synthesis in lepidopteran wing scales is well‐studied, although less is known about the reasons why individuals of the same species vary in pigmentation. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) show subtle variations in the shade of orange on their wings and this is known to predict flight ability and mating success. The present study tests the possibility that the shade of orange is associated with the amount of residual energy reserves carried over from the larval stage. Using monarchs reared in captivity under identical conditions (n = 207), the residuals of a regression of wing size and mass at eclosion, which indicate larval energy reserves, are obtained. This measure is positively related to adult longevity without feeding, indicating the importance of this reserve to the monarchs, as well as the value of the measure for this investigation. The shade of orange (i.e. hue) is determined on scanned wings using image analysis. Importantly, orange hue is predicted significantly by residual mass at eclosion (individuals with more mass are redder). The linkage between these traits may explain previous findings whereby redder monarchs fly further and mate more because both behaviours would be enhanced with greater energy stores. The findings of the present study add to a growing body of work showing how intraspecific variation in pigmentation has biological significance to monarchs, and possibly other butterflies. Although much remains to be investigated regarding the physiological underpinnings of this variation, the results of the present study indicate that future efforts should be rewarding.  相似文献   

16.
    
The general increase of the cultivation and trade of Bt transgenic plants resistant to Lepidoptera pests raises concerns regarding the conservation of animal and plant biodiversity. Demand for biofuels has increased the cultivation and importation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), including transgenic lines. In environmental risk assessments (ERAs) for its potential future cultivation as well as for food and feed uses, the impact on wild Brassicaeae relatives and on non‐target Lepidoptera should be assessed. Here we consider the potential exposure of butterflies as results of possible cultivation or naturalization of spilled seed in Sicily (Italy). Diurnal Lepidoptera, which are pollinators, can be exposed directly to the insecticidal proteins as larvae (mainly of Pieridae) through the host and through the pollen that can deposit on other host plants. Adults can be exposed via pollen and nectar. The flight periods of butterflies were recorded, and they were found to overlap for about 90% of the flowering period of B. napus for the majority of the species. In addition, B. napus has a high potential to hybridise with endemic taxa belonging to the B. oleracea group. This could lead to an exposure of non‐target Lepidoptera if introgression of the Bt gene into a wild population happens. A rank of the risk for butterflies and wild relatives of oilseed rape is given. We conclude that, in environmental risk assessments, attention should be paid to plant–insect interaction especially in a biodiversity hotspot such as Sicily.  相似文献   

17.
18.
转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
袁一杨  戈峰 《应用生态学报》2010,21(5):1339-1345
转Bt基因作物已经在世界范围内广泛种植.随着转基因作物的快速发展与推广,有必要深入研究其对土壤生态系统的影响.本文概述了转Bt作物对土壤动物群落以及蚯蚓、线虫、虫兆虫、螨类和甲虫等重要类群的种群动态影响的研究进展,介绍了转Bt基因作物的发展历史,分析了Bt蛋白进入土壤的途径及其在土壤环境中的残留与降解的动态,阐述了未来转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物影响的生态风险分析的重要领域,旨在为研究转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物影响提供参考.  相似文献   

19.
转基因逃逸是转基因作物环境释放的主要潜在生态风险,一旦把转基因和它的地理信息结合起来,地理信息系统(GIS)就成为监控转基因逃逸的理想工具,首先,可以根据转基因作物商业化生产情况建立一定数量的观察站,并在特定的地点和时间内检测野生近缘植物和其它一些相关植物中是否存在转基因,这样就可以获得在特定的地区和时期内转基因逃逸的大致状况,然后在此基础上,可以建立地区(省)或国家级转基因逃逸地理信息系统,国家级系统可能在风险管理中更有实际意义。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号