苏云金芽胞杆菌高效表达载体的构建

[目的]通过比较cry1A、cry3A、cry4A和cry8E四个基因的启动子转录活性,筛选出一个强启动子,利用强启动子构建一个苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)高效表达载体.[方法]利用启动子融合lacZ技术检测了4种启动子的转录活性.通过扫描电子显微镜观察晶体、SDS-PAGE、蛋白定量和生物活性测定等方法对新建高效表达载体进行功能验证.[结果]构建了Pcry1A、Pcry3A、Pcry4A和Pcry8E4个启动子融合报告基因lacZ的表达载体,经β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析得知,启动子活性从高到低依次为Pcry8E＞Pcry1A＞Pcry4A＞Pcry3A.选取cry8E启动子,以pHT315作为基础载体构建苏云金芽胞杆菌高效表达载体pHT315-8E21b,将cry1Ac基因连接到pHT315-8E21b和广泛应用的cry3A启动子指导的pSXY-422b上,分别转入无晶体突变株HD-73-,获得菌株HD-8E1Ac和HD-422-1Ac.扫描电子显微镜观察显示,HD-8E1Ac菌株可以形成菱形晶体,说明正确表达了cry1Ac基因.SDS-PAGE分析结合蛋白定量实验表明pHT315-8E21b表达效率高于pSXY-422b.对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)的生物活性测定表明HD-8E1Ac菌株对小菜蛾有生物活性,且菌株活性高于HD-422-1Ac.[结论]利用强启动子Pcry8E构建了一个能在Bt中高效表达的穿梭载体pHT315-8E21b,该载体可正确表达cry1Ac基因,其表达效率高于被广泛应用的pSXY422b.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌大型质粒DNA的小量提取

以苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克亚种、猝倒亚种及以色列亚种为材料,介绍了低拷贝大型质粒DNA的小量提取方法,该法采用PEG 6000进行质粒纯化,省略了苯酚和氯仿抽提过程。实验证明,该法结果稳定,提取的质粒DNA产量和质量均符合大多数分子生物学实验的要求。     

Bt4.0718 cry1Ac基因的克隆与表达分析

在基因库中比对14种cry1Ac基因序列,发现了同源性很高的上游启动子区域和下游终止子区域。根据这一同源序列设计引物,从B t4.0718中扩增出包含双启动子和终止子的4.2 kb片段,用PCR-RFLP检测确定其中含有cry1Ac基因。然后将此片段克隆到穿梭载体pHT304中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α和B t无晶体突变株XZM-101。同时,利用原子力显微镜观察发现重组菌株BXZM34能够产生菱形晶体。     

B.thuringiensis穿梭载体的构建及cry1C基因的表达

以ＵＣ１９为母体,克隆了Ｂｔ ｋｅｎ－Ａｇ（Ｂ。．ｔｈｒｕｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｋｅｎｙａｅ Ａｇ）的复制起始区（～１．６ｋｂ）、ｐＵＣ４Ｋ的ａｐｈ１基因,构建成穿梭载体ｐＨＶ－１,ｐＨＶ－１在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中经１００个世代,质粒保持率在８０％以Ｂｔｉ ４Ｑ８（Ｂ．ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｉｓｒａｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ ４Ｑ８）中经４０个世代,质粒保持率在８０％以上,将Ｂ．ｌｉｃｈ     

Construction of a novel shuttle vector based on an RCR-plasmid from a haloalkaliphilic archaeon and transformation into other haloarchaea

The pNB101 is the first plasmid to be isolated from an haloalkaliphilic archaea. With insertion of the ColE1 replicon of Escherichia coli, as well as two antibiotic resistance genes at its unique Hin dIII site, a novel shuttle vector between haloarchaea and E. coli was developed. This vector, named pNB102, was successfully transformed into two non-alkaliphilic haloarchaea, Halobacterium salinarum SNOB and Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960. The presence and stability of pNB102 in the transformants were confirmed by PCR identification, Southern blotting and restriction endonuclease digestion. Results also indicated that the presence of restriction-modification (R-M) systems in some Halobacterium species prevented this transformation. It is the first report that the replicon of pNB101 has such a wide host range, and has taken the first step for construction of the vector/host system in haloalkaliphilic archaea.     

Identity of hemolysins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus

A hemolysin (Bt-hemolysin) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 producing crystalline toxin(s) was purified by successive treatments of ammonium sulfate (45-65%) and column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and KB-002 (a hydroxyapatite column for fast protein liquid chromatography). A hemolysin (Bc-hemolysin) produced by B. cereus HG-6A was also purified by the same procedure. The purified Bt-hemolysin and Bc-hemolysin, both of which are thiol-activated hemolysins, were biologically, physicochemically and immunologically identical. These findings provide further evidence of the similarity of B. thuringiensis, which is being used as a biological insecticide, to B. cereus, a toxigenic organism of food poisoning.     

含质粒复制起始区ori44的苏云金芽胞杆菌解离载体的构建

将苏云金芽胞杆菌转座子Tn4430的解离酶识别位点res分别插入克隆载体pRSET B和pUC19得到质粒pBMB1201和pBMB1202。这两个质粒分别经BamHI/Hin dⅢ和EcoRI/HindⅢ双酶切回收含res位点的小DNA片段,与穿梭载体pHT3101经EcoRI/HindⅢ双酶切后加收的含大肠杆菌复制起始区、氨苄青霉素抗性基因和红霉素抗性基因的3．3kb片段连接,获得重组质粒pBMB1203。封闭pBMB1203两res位点外的BamHI和EcoRI位点后,得到解离载体pBMB1204。将来源于苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种YBT－1520的质粒复制起始区ori44片段插入pBMB1204的两res位点之间,得到解离穿梭载体pBMB1205。该解离载体插入壮观霉素抗性基因后电转化无晶体突变株,在辅助质粒所提供的解离酶作用下可发生解离消除抗性基因,解离频率为100％,解离后的质粒稳定性为93％。利用解离穿梭载体pBMB1205可在用抗性筛选到转化子后特定消除抗性标记基因和其它非苏云金芽胞杆菌DNA片段。     

A pangenomic study of Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.thuringiensis) is a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium and its plasmid-encoded toxins (Cry) are commonly used as biological alternatives to pesticides.In a pangenomic study,we sequenced seven B.thuringiensis isolates in both high coverage and base quality using the next-generation sequencing platform.The B.thuringiensis pangenome was extrapolated to have 4196 core genes and an asymptotic value of 558 unique genes when a new genome is added.Compared to the pangenomes of its closely related species of the same genus,B.thuringiensis pangenome shows an open characteristic,similar to B.cereus but not to B.anthracis; the latter has a closed pangenome.We also found extensive divergence among the seven B.thuringiensis genome assemblies,which harbor ample repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).The identities among orthologous genes are greater than 84.5％ and the hotspots for the genome variations were discovered in genomic regions of 2.3-2.8 Mb and 5.0-5.6 Mb.We concluded that high-coverage sequence assemblies from multiple strains,before all the gaps are closed,are very useful for pangenomic studies.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的一个新亚种(Btsubsp.sinensis)

198 9年自云南昆明市石林的红棕壤中分离到数株苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎ ｓｉｓ,Ｂｔ)菌株[1] ,对其中的一株ＹＫ30 0 4进行了生物学特性、杀虫特性研究及分类鉴定。1　材料与方法1.1　供鉴定的Ｂｔ菌株由云南昆明市石林的红棕壤中分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌ＹＫ30 0 4菌株。1.2　标准Ｂｔ菌株血清型Ｈ1 Ｈ4 1、Ｈ4 4 Ｈ55及Ｈ57 Ｈ69标准Ｂｔ菌株由法国巴斯德研究院ＤｒＬｅｃａｄｅｔ提供 ,其余为本实验室保存。1.3　生物测定用昆虫小菜蛾 (Ｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｘｙｌｏｓｔｅｌｌａ) 3龄幼虫 ;斜纹夜盗蛾 (Ｐｒ…     

极端嗜盐古菌质粒pSCM201衍生穿梭表达载体的构建及应用

摘要：【目的】利用有自主知识产权的嗜盐古菌θ型复制质粒和启动子,构建在极端嗜盐古菌模式菌株西班牙盐盒菌（Haloarcula hispanica）中方便使用、功能完善的基因表达载体。【方法】以pSCM201的最小复制子为基础,通过引入莫维诺林抗性基因,大肠杆菌质粒复制子以及氨苄抗性基因,构建了一个新的嗜盐古菌-大肠杆菌穿梭载体。利用定点突变和末端补平法依次将其中多余的酶切位点去除后,再添加hsp5启动子核心序列、人工合成的多克隆位点以及蛋白纯化标签His?Tag等重要元件成功构建了嗜盐古菌表达载体pSCM307。将报告基因bgaH插入到该载体的多克隆位点中并转化H. hispanica AS2049,通过X-gal平板筛选和β-半乳糖苷酶酶活实验检测pSCM307的表达能力。【结果】pSCM307具有独立的自主复制能力,其多克隆位点方便实用,报告基因bgaH在hsp5启动子控制下实现了高效表达。【结论】成功构建了嗜盐古菌领域中第一个方便使用的基因表达载体。     

苏云金杆菌生物农药生产和应用现状

苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）生物农药在全国乃至全世界都是被公认为最安全、最有效、工业化程度最高、最廉价因而也是应用范围最广、使用量最大的微生物杀虫剂,而中外专家和政府在设施害虫IPM计划和无公害农产品生产的推广杀虫剂首选就是Bt。因此,它在生物防治的作用和地位不可忽略。我国生产推广应用的Bt厂家一直对国内外Bt产品的应用状况十分关注。为此,本文就多年来国内Bt生产菌株及其防治对象,生产厂家及其生产能力、市场范围以及应用水平,存在问题以及发展前景等方面做综述。     

Transformation of Bacillus thuringiensis by electroporation

Plasmids were transformed by electroporation into various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with frequencies of up to 10(5) transformants/micrograms. pC 194 transformed all strains tested at a high frequency and cells could be stably transformed with pC194 and pUB110 simultaneously by electroporation with a frequency of 10(2) pC194+ pUB110 transformants/micrograms DNA. Low transformation frequencies observed with some plasmids, especially those grown initially in Escherichia coli, could be increased by passage through B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis and in acrystalliferous mutant of the same strain transformed at frequencies of 10(4)-10(5)/micrograms DNA with most of the plasmids tested. A cloned israelensis 27-kDa delta-endotoxin gene was introduced into the israelensis acrystalliferous mutant and a kurstaki acrystalliferous mutant by electroporation. Both transformants were shown to express the endotoxin gene and to be toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌/大肠杆菌穿梭型启动子探测载体构建

从质粒pXZ10145和pUC19出发,构建了一个谷氨酸棒杆菌/大肠杆菌穿梭载体pAK6。pAK6的大小为5684bp,带有卡那霉素和氨苄青霉素抗性选择标记,以及多克隆位点。在pAK6基础上,构建了以氯霉素乙酰转移酶为报告基因的启动子探测载体pAKC6,pAKC6的大小为6474bp。采用鸟枪法,将经Sau3AI消化的谷氨酸棒杆菌基因组片段连入pAKC6;根据谷氨酸棒杆菌对氯霉素的抗性,从中分离出两个具有启动子功能的插入片段。通过测定报告基因氯霉素乙酰转移酶的活性,对两个启动子片段在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的强度进行了初步的判断;测序后,用启动子预测软件对其结构进行了预测,证实了启动子序列的存在。     

苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白的多样性

苏云金杆菌是生物防治中应用最为广泛的一种杀虫剂,其杀虫蛋白具有广泛的多样性。本文就苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白的基因、基因分布、杀虫蛋白结构以及作用机制的多样性进行了概述。     

A Bacillus thuringiensis strain producing a polyglutamate capsule resembling that of Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Monterrey strain BGSC 4AJ1 produced a microscopically visible capsule that reacted with a fluorescent antibody specific for the poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule of Bacillus anthracis. PGA capsule biosynthesis genes with 75%, 81%, 72%, 65% and 63% similarity, respectively, to those of the B. anthracis capBCADE cluster were present on a plasmid (pAJ1-1). Strain BGSC 4AJ1, together with five strains of Bacillus cereus that hybridized to a PGA cap gene probe, were analyzed phylogenetically using six housekeeping genes of a B. cereus multilocus sequence typing scheme. Bacillus thuringiensis BGSC 4AJ1 shared four identical alleles with B. anthracis and was the second most closely related to this bacterium of the 674 isolates in the multilocus sequence typing database. The other cap+ strains were distributed among various lineages of Clade 1 of the B. cereus group.     

苏云金杆菌的一个新生物型—SD—5菌株

从霜天蛾病死幼虫中分离到1株能形成伴孢晶体毒素的芽孢杆菌,杀虫效力和发酵性能优良,经生理生化特性测定和血清学研究,SD-5菌株的晶体蛋白特性不同于7216和HD-1菌株,属于库斯塔克亚种(H303b)的1个新生物型.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌毒力检测方法综述

苏云金芽孢杆菌是目前世界上研究最多、产量最大、应用最广的生物杀虫剂,它具有专一性强、对人畜无害、防治效果好以及生物降解无残毒等优点。本综合叙述了苏云金芽孢杆菌的毒力检测方法,包括生物测定法、HPLC法、免疫分析法、质谱法和电泳法,其中生物测定法是国际标准方法,已被普遍采用;HPLC法、免疫分析法、质谱法和电泳法是检测伴孢晶体或外毒素的含量,属于间接毒力测试方法。