D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐水解条件的优化及组分分析

采用响应面分析法对H_2SO_4水解壳聚糖制备D-氨基葡萄糖胺硫酸盐工艺参数进行了优化,探索提取时间(min)、提取温度(℃)、物料比(m L/g)和H_2SO_4质量分数对D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐得率的影响,建立了提取D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐的二次项数学模型,得到最优提取工艺参数,并采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS)对H_2SO_4水解壳聚糖制备的组分进行初步分析。研究结果表明:H_2SO_4水解壳聚糖制备D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐的最佳工艺条件为H_2SO_4质量分数53.29%、物料比(m L/g)6∶1、温度88.31℃、时间6 h,在此工艺条件下的D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐得率为43.86%。影响D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐得率的因素主次顺序为温度、时间、H_2SO_4质量分数、物料比。用HPLC-MS测定提取物,首次发现H_2SO_4水解壳聚糖可得到D-氨基葡萄糖硫酸盐、葡萄糖胺和葡萄糖胺二聚糖硫酸盐混合物。     

杏鲍菇菌丝体水溶性多糖提取及培养条件优化

以马铃薯葡萄糖综合培养基(PDP)为基础培养基,采用正交试验法优化杏鲍菇菌丝体多糖发酵条件,对接种量、摇床转速和培养时间等因素对多糖含量的影响进行了研究。采用水提醇沉法提取多糖,苯酚—浓硫酸法进行多糖含量测定。结果表明,最佳培养条件:接种量为每瓶1块直径为1cm的菌块,转速为140r/min,培养时间为8d。此时杏鲍菇菌丝体多糖含量最高,为75.1mg/g。     

新型婴儿双歧杆菌马铃薯酸奶的工艺化初步研究

目的以马铃薯和牛奶为主要原料,利用婴儿双歧杆菌进行发酵,制备一款新型酸奶。方法采用婴儿双歧杆菌作为发酵菌株,发酵马铃薯牛奶。进行马铃薯酸奶原料的比例、酸奶发酵的温度和时间的探索。结果当发酵温度42℃、发酵时间20h、马铃薯汁10%时,酸奶的感官及口味较好。结论利用10%马铃薯汁,牛奶等可初步制备出新型马铃薯汁酸奶。     

鸭毛梗制备复合氨基酸工艺条件的研究

采用正交试验方法 ,研究了鸭毛梗水解制备复合氨基酸的工艺条件 ,结果表明 :温度 /压力是影响氨基酸转化率最主要的因素。鸭毛梗水解制备的复合氨基酸转化率盐酸法最高 (82 .36 % ) ,氢氧化钠法最低 (5 8.4 6 % ) ,硫酸法与盐酸法接近(79.4 4 % )。硫酸法产率较高 ,操作方便 ,环境污染和设备腐蚀均小 ,适合大量生产 ,确定为水解制备复合氨基酸介质 ,其最佳工艺条件为 :水解时间 8.0h ,硫酸浓度 3.0mol·L-1,水解温度 12 5℃。氨基酸分析表明 ,水解液中均含有 18种以上氨基酸。     

肠膜明串珠菌蔗糖磷酸化酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

以肠膜明串珠菌基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增得到1 581 bp的蔗糖磷酸化酶(SPase)DNA片段.将该基因克隆到表达载体pET-22b(+)上,构建获得重组质粒pET-SPase.测序结果与GenBank上已公布的基因序列比较,有1个碱基发生变化,但该碱基的改变未引起氨基酸序列的改变.将pET-SPase转化到Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)感受态中,IPTG诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE分析,目的蛋白条带约为55 kD,与预期大小一致,结果表明SPase基因在大肠杆菌中进行了表达.酶活分析,产物的比活为1.8 U/mg,证明了表达产物具有预期的酶活性.进一步考察了IPTG浓度、诱导温度和时间等因素对重组菌表达的蔗糖磷酸化酶的影响.在优化条件下,该蔗糖磷酸化酶的比活可以达到16.6 U/mg,比优化表达条件前的酶比活提高了9.2倍,比已报道的肠膜明串殊菌粗酶液比活(7.1 U/mg)提高了2.34倍.     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子中cAMP提取条件优选

探究稻曲病菌(Ustiloginoidea virens(Cooke.) Takahashi)黑色(休眠)与黄色(非休眠)厚垣孢子中的环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)最佳提取条件,为进一步的研究cAMP功能奠定基础.采用超声-水浴法对cAMP进行浸提,按3因素3水平正交设计,用高效液相色谱法检测cAMP含量;在设定V(甲醇)∶V(0.05 mol/L KH2PO4)=20∶80、流速为0.8 mL/min、检测波长为254 nm、进样量为20 μL的条件下,以黄绿色厚垣孢子为提取样品,其提取cAMP效果最佳组合条件:超声破碎时间10 min(功率400 W、间歇时间2 s),水浴温度80℃,物料比为1∶100,提取的cAMP为6.827 6 μg/mL.在此最佳条件下,测定出黄色厚垣孢子的cAMP为12.805 0±0.533 2μg/mL,黑色厚垣孢子的cAMP为4.171 7±0.097 1μg/mL.此结果表明,由黄色转换为黑色,其厚垣孢子的cAMP含量显著降低.     

白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件的研究

对影响白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体制备和再生的条件：包括菌龄、水解酶液的种类及浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间、再生培养基的稳渗剂的选择进行了研究。通过单因素比较分析和正交实验得到最适合的白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件。结果表明：当菌龄为58h,采用1%纤维素酶和1%蜗牛酶(2：1)混合液,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间180min,用0．7mol/L氯化钠作渗透压稳压剂,白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体的形成数和再生率均比优化前大为提高,原生质体形成量为8．36×10~5个/mL,原生质体再生率为9．12%。     

腾冲嗜热杆菌热稳定海藻糖磷酸化酶的基因表达与酶的分子生物学性质研究

分离克隆了腾冲嗜热杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis)海藻糖磷酸化酶(TreP)的编码基因(treP), 该酶可催化以葡萄糖和α-1-磷酸葡萄糖为底物的海藻糖合成反应及其逆向的分解反应. 反向mRNA点杂交实验表明, 腾冲嗜热杆菌中treP基因在高盐胁迫条件下表达量增加, 而在海藻糖诱导条件下表达量降低. 将该基因导入不含TreP的大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达, SDS-PAGE表明, 异源表达的TreP分子量约为90 kD, 与预期值相同. 通过葡萄糖氧化酶法测定分解产物葡萄糖的产率表明: TreP催化海藻糖分解反应的最适温度是70℃, 最适pH值为7.0; 通过HPLC检测合成产物海藻糖的产率表明: TreP催化合成反应的最适温度为70℃, 最适pH值为6.0. 在最适反应条件下, 50 μg的TreP粗酶可催化25 mmol/L α-1-磷酸葡萄糖与葡萄糖在30 min合成11.6 mmol/L海藻糖; 而同量的酶在同样时间内仅能将250 mmol/L海藻糖分解生成1.5 mmol/L葡萄糖. 以上体内胁迫和诱导表达分析及体外酶学性质分析均证明该酶的主要功能是催化海藻糖的合成反应. 热稳定性实验表明, 该酶性质比较稳定, 在50℃下温育7 h还能保持77%以上的活性, 是一个有潜在工业用途的新的热稳定海藻糖合成酶.     

~(125)Ⅱ标记病毒DNA探针制备方法的研究

本文报道以油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒(BsNPV)DNA、单纯疤疹病毒(HSV)DNA、λDNA为材料,用国产~(125)I-碘化钠制备探针。探讨了离子强度,pH值、反应温度及时间诸因素对以三氯化铊为氧化剂核酸标记的影响。在pH值为4.8—4.9,离子强度(以Na~ 计)为0.1mol/L、反应温度为70℃、时间为30分钟条件下,可获得高比活性的产物。~(125)I的掺入率在10—30％之间,探针的比活性可超过10~6cpm/μgDNA。点杂交结果显示,探针最低可检测出1Pg同源DNA,探针的特异性强,存放于-20％冰箱的探针在两个月内最低检测量没有明显变化。     

紫色马铃薯中多酚提取工艺的优化

以紫色马铃薯为原料、以多酚含量为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,利用二次通用旋转试验设计,对紫色马铃薯多酚的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明：影响多酚提取效果大小的各因素依次为：提取时间>提取温度>液料比;最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度70℃、液料比为25∶1、提取时间49 min,在此优化条件下,测得多酚含量为3 038.84±23.85 μg 阿魏酸/g。     

Optimized enzymatic synthesis of geranyl butyrate with lipase AY from Candida rugosa

Response surface methodology (RSM) and five-level, five-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used to evaluate the effects of synthetic variables, such as reaction time (1-9 h), temperature (25-65 degrees C), enzyme amount (10-50%), substrate molar ratio of geraniol to tributyrin (1:0.33-1:1), and added water amount (0-20%) on molar percent yield of geranyl butyrate, using lipase AY from Candida rugosa. Reaction time and temperature were the most important variables and substrate molar ratio had no effect on percent molar conversion. Based on contour plots, optimum conditions were: reaction time 9 h, temperature 35 degrees C, enzyme amount 50%, substrate molar ratio 1:0.33, and added water 10%. The predicted value was 100% and actual experimental value was 96.8% molar conversion. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

胆酸钠和依地酸二钠复合用药的溶石效果研究

目的:探讨胆酸钠和依地酸二钠不同摩尔比、胆汁中不同药物浓度、溶解时间与胆管结石溶石效果之间的关系。方法:设计在一个月内胆汁中药物浓度为0.1%的、摩尔比分别为0:1、8:1、4:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4、1:8和1:0的九个等级的胆酸钠和依地酸二钠的溶石实验,摩尔比为1:1的这两种溶石药物在胆汁中药物浓度为0、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%、1.6%和3.2%的溶石实验,和摩尔比1:1的溶石药物在胆汁中浓度为0.1%的经过0、1、2、4、8、16、32和64d的溶石实验;评估这三个实验的各自溶石质量是否相等(P<0.05有显著性统计意义)。结果:胆汁中药物浓度、溶石时间相同时,单药依地酸二钠溶石效果比胆酸钠强,复合药物比单药效果好,越靠近摩尔比为1:1时的溶石能力越强,在摩尔比为1:1时溶石能力最强;在相同时间、摩尔比为1:1的复合药物中,药物浓度越大,溶石能力越强;在有充足溶石药物的条件下,相同摩尔比、相同药物浓度,溶解的时间越长,溶石能力越强(P<0.05,有显著性统计意义)。结论:胆酸钠和依地酸二钠摩尔比为1:1时,复合药物具有最大的溶石效果;在有充足溶石药物的条件下,药物浓度越大,溶解的时间越长,溶石能力越强     

Localized intracellular polyphosphate formation by Desulfovibrio gigas.

The dissimilatory sulphate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas, frequently sub-cultured, often contained spherical granules which stained metachromatically with some basic dyes. The granules were examined in situ by transmission electron microscopy of whole organisms and thin sections. The granules were isolated from broken bacteria as a water-insoluble, non-crystalline, white material containing magnesium, phosphorus and organic carbon, but devoid of sulphur and nitrogen. The molar ratio of phosphorus to magnesium (1 to 17) was close to the proportions in magnesium tripolyphosphate. Infrared absorption spectra for the white material and magnesium tripolyphosphate were similar.     

Formation of the exopolysaccharide ethapolan by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 on a fumarate-glucose mixture

Our studies enabled us to intensify the synthesis of the microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) ethapolan produced by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 grown on a mixture of fumarate (an energy-excessive substrate) and glucose (an energy-deficient substrate). Supplementing glucose-containing medium with sodium (potassium) fumarate at a molar ratio of 4:1 resulted in a 1.3-2.2-fold increase of the EPS amount synthesized and in a 1.3-2-fold increase of the EPS yield relative to the biomass compared to monosubstrate cultivation. The conversion of the carbon of both substrates to EPS was the highest if the carbon/nitrogen ratio in the cultivation medium was 70.5 and inoculum grown on glucose monosubstrate was used.     

Microwave assisted alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil for biodiesel production

In this study, microwave assisted transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil was carried out for the production of biodiesel. The experiments were carried out using methanol and two alkali catalysts i.e., sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The experiments were carried out at 6:1 alcohol/oil molar ratio and 60 °C reaction temperature. The effect of catalyst concentration and reaction time on the yield and quality of biodiesel was studied. The result of the study suggested that 0.5% sodium hydroxide and 1.0% potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration were optimum for biodiesel production from P. pinnata oil under microwave heating. There was a significant reduction in reaction time for microwave induced transesterification as compared to conventional heating.     

Permeability and integrity properties of lecithin-sphingomyelin liposomes.

The properties of multibilayered liposomes formed from mixtures of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine in varying mole ratio (all containing one mole dicetylphosphate per 10 moles of phospholipids) have been studied. The principal findings are: (1) Over the range 0 to 1 mole fraction sphingomyelin the liposomes exhibit multibilayer structure as visualized by electron microscopy using negative staining. (2) The two phospholipids differ in their interaction with dicetylphosphate in a bilayer structure. In mixtures of the two the effect of sphingomyelin is dominant. (3) The ability of sphingomyelin to form osmotically active liposomes depends on its fatty acid's composition. (4) Liposomes of all mole fractions of sphingomyelin are osmotically active if the C24: 1 fatty acid content of sphingomyelin exceeds 10% of the total acyl residues. The degree of osmotic activity, however, depends upon the molar ratio between the two phospholipids. The highest initial rate of water permeability was found for lecithin liposomes. The maximal change of volume by osmotic gradients was obtained for liposomes composed of 1:1 lecithin to sphingomyelin (mole ratio). (5) Permeability to glucose increased with increasing lecithin mole fraction. (6) Liposomes composed of 1:1 lecithin to sphingomyelin have the largest aqueous volume per mole of phospholipid as measured by glucose trapping. (7) The osmotic fragility of liposomes made of sphingomyelin is higher than for those made of lecithin but the highest osmotic fragility was obtained for liposomes containing lecithin and sphingomyelin in 1:1 molar ratio. (8) When the temperature is abruptly lowered to about 2 degrees C, lipsomes formed from phosphatidylcholine release about 20% of trapped glucose during a transient increase in permeability. Liposomes containing 0.5 mole fraction sphingomyelin release about 30% of the trapped glucose under these conditions. Liposomes composed of sphingomyelin alone do not exhibit this phenomenon.     

Determination of the structure and molecular weights of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus 5e2 when grown on different carbon feeds

Lactobacillus acidophilus 5e2 when grown on skimmed milk, skimmed milk supplemented with sodium formate and skimmed milk supplemented with glucose secretes a branched heteropolysaccharide having a weight average molecular weight less than 450 kDa. The exopolysaccharide has a heptasaccharide repeat unit and is composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the molar ratio 3:3:1. Using chemical techniques and 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy the polysaccharide has been shown to possess the following repeat unit structure:     

Formation of the exopolysaccharide ethapolan by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acinetobacter</Emphasis> sp. IMV B-7005 on a fumarate-glucose mixture

Our studies enabled us to intensify the synthesis of the microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) ethapolan produced by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 grown on a mixture of fumarate (an energy-excessive substrate) and glucose (an energy-deficient substrate). Supplementing glucose-containing medium with sodium (potassium) fumarate at a molar ratio of 4: 1 resulted in a 1.3–2.2-fold increase of the EPS amount synthesized and in a 1.3–2-fold increase of the EPS yield relative to the biomass compared to cultivation on monosubstrates. The conversion of the carbon of both substrates to EPS was the highest if the carbon/nitrogen ratio in the cultivation medium was 70.5 and inoculum grown on glucose monosubstrate was used.     

Crosslinking of alginic acid/chitosan matrices using polycarboxylic acids and their utilization for sodium diclofenac release

Three different ratios of alginic acid/chitosan matrices of ratios 3/1, 1/1 and 1/2, respectively, were crosslinked in their dry state using citric acid (CA)/sodium hypophosphite (SHP) at different conditions controlling the crosslinking process such as citric acid concentration, citric acid/sodium hypophosphite molar ratio as well as time and temperature of reaction. Results indicate that such matrices were crosslinked efficiently on curing at 180 °C for 9 min in presence of CA/SHP ratio 1 and the citric acid concentration of 0.6 based on the weight of any matrices. The crosslinked matrices were characterized by investigating their swelling properties, FT-IR and thermalgravimetric analysis. Furthermore, such crosslinked matrices were tested as drug release for sodium diclofenac.     

The effect of protons or calcium ions on the phase behavior of phosphatidylserine-cholesterol mixtures.

The influence of protons or calcium ions on the miscibility of cholesterol in phosphatidylserine has been examined using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. At pH 2.6, where the carboxyl group of the serine moiety is protonated, two endothermic transitions are observed in cholesterol-phosphatidylserine mixtures. The midpoint of the first is at 35 degrees C in the absence of cholesterol and decreases to approx. 15 degrees C for molar fraction of cholesterol 0.5. The second transition is centered at approx. 44 degrees C, almost independent of cholesterol content. The two lower temperature phases are lamellar and the high temperature phase has hexagonal symmetry. Cholesterol is more miscible in protonated phosphatidylserine than in the sodium form: cholesterol crystals are detected at a molar ratio of phosphatidylserine to cholesterol of about 1.7:1 as compared to about 2.3:1 at neutral pH. In the presence of calcium ions (1.3 Ca2+ per phosphatidylserine), a lamellar phase is observed with layer spacing 53 A which is independent of temperature (25 degrees C-65 degrees C) and of cholesterol content. Calcium ions cause reduced cholesterol solubility: crystallites are detected already at a molar ratio of 4:1.