面包酵母催化羰基不对称还原合成手性醇的研究

以2-辛酮和4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为模型底物分别考察了酵母细胞对直链甲基酮和陆羰基酯中的羰基不对称还原情况。实验发现不对称还原2-辛酮的产物主要是S型的2-辛醇,且对映体选择性很高。不对称还原COBE生成的主要是S(D)-型产物,反应COBE的转化率、光学选择性都比较高。同时发现COBE的浓度和产物对不对称还原都有一定负面的影响。     

不对称还原前手性芳香酮微生物的筛选及反应特性

含芳香基手性醇是许多手性药物合成的关键手性砌块,生物催化不对称还原前手性酮是合成该类醇的重要方法之一.以4'-氯-苯乙酮为模型底物,从土壤中筛选得到一株能高效催化前手性芳香酮不对称还原合成相应手性醇的菌株,鉴定表明该菌株为白地霉( Geotrichum candid ).进一步考察了其催化4'-氯-苯乙酮不对称还原的反应特性,发现还原4'-氯-苯乙酮的产物主要为 S-4'-氯苯乙醇.在合适的反应条件下,其产率达到35%,对映选择性高于97%.     

马克斯克鲁维酵母羰基还原酶基因的克隆与表达

【目的】研究羰基还原酶基因的克隆、表达及其在不对称生物催化中的应用。【方法】对羰基还原酶氨基酸序列进行BLAST推导出核苷酸序列,设计引物,以马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyce marxianus)CGMCC 2.1977全基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增目的片段,与载体pET-28a连接,转化大肠杆菌获得重组菌BL21(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)和Rosetta(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)。【结果】扩增的序列与已报道的mer序列有100%同源性,全长1 038 bp,共编码345个氨基酸。目的蛋白在Rosetta(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)得到了高效表达,大小为42 kD。该酶最适反应温度为40°C,最适反应pH是8,热稳定性与pH稳定性较差。Ca2+对酶活具有明显的激活作用,且浓度为0.5 mmol/L时效果最好。重组菌可还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯[(S)-CHBE],光学纯度为100%,转化率为81.0%。重组菌在制备度洛西汀关键中间体(S)-氮,氮-二甲基-3-羟基-(2-噻吩)-l-丙胺[(S)-DHTP]中也得到初步应用。【结论】从菌株马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyce marxianus)CGMCC 2.1977中克隆获得了羰基还原酶基因,在大肠杆菌中成功表达,并可应用于不对称还原。     

一种来源于毕赤酵母的高对映选择性羰基还原酶的性质及底物谱分析

手性醇是一类非常重要的化合物,羰基还原酶催化酮的不对称还原生成对应的手性醇.从毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115基因组数据中找到一个潜在的NADPH依赖的羰基还原酶,研究毕赤酵母 P.pastoris GS115中的羰基还原酶.根据其核酸序列设计引物,从P.pastoris GS115基因组中扩增到目的基因ppcr,大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中表达,Ni-NTA纯化,对酶的性质和底物谱进行了研究.PPCR的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH为6.0,低于45℃时有很好的稳定性.对3-甲基-2-羰基丁酸乙酯的Km和kcat分别为9.48 mmol/L和0.12 s-1. PPCR表现出广泛的底物谱和很高的对映选择性,对醛、α-酮酯、芳香族β-酮酯及芳香族酮都表现出了很好的活性,在测定的底物中,除极少数底物外,ee值均达到97％以上.因此,PPCR具有较好的应用前景.     

高选择性不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺的重组氧化还原酶催化性质及其酶促转化

【目的】通过表达多种重组立体选择性氧化还原酶,分析其催化不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DKTP)的性质,从而构建酶促合成(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DHTP)的反应体系。【方法】基于已有立体选择性氧化还原酶重组大肠杆菌,通过Ni离子亲和层析法纯化得到重组氧化还原酶,以DKTP为底物,考察不同重组氧化还原酶对DKTP的催化活性和选择性,进一步对高选择性酶促合成(S)-DHTP的重组酶CR2进行性质分析,并考察其在最适条件下不对称还原DKTP的过程。【结果】筛选获得产物构型为(S)-型的催化活性最高的酶为CR2,该酶米氏常数Km为0.135 mmol/L,kcat/Km为3.689 L/(mmol·s),最适p H 8.4(0.1 mol/L三乙醇胺缓冲液),最适反应温度为35°C,在10-45°C条件下和p H 7.5-8.5较为稳定,Zn2+离子对酶活有促进作用。CR2催化DKTP不对称还原反应6 h后,DHTP的产率达92.1%、光学纯度达99.9%。【结论】基于活性和选择性分析,获得不对称还原DKTP的目标酶CR2,其催化特性有利于高立体选择性还原DKTP生成度洛西汀中间体(S)-DHTP,从而为进一步提高酶促不对称还原DKTP的转化效率提供研究基础。     

2-芳基-1,3-二氧环戊烷的合成与表征

以3-硝基-4-甲基苯甲酸为主要原料,依次通过乙硼烷还原、氯代反应将其中羧基转化为氯甲基,又经过缩争、氧化、醛基保护将甲基转化为缩醛等步骤合成了2-[2-硝基-(4-氯甲基)]苯基-1,3-二氧环戊烷.目标产物及某些重要中间体的结构已通过红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱的方法进行了表征.     

羰基还原酶产生菌Candida ontarioensis制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇

从实验室保藏的菌株中筛选获得Candida sp.PT2A,并通过18S rRNA鉴定为安大略假单胞菌Candida on-tarioensis。对C.ontarioensis不对称还原合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的发酵产酶条件和转化条件进行优化,确定了最适的发酵产酶条件和转化条件:温度30℃,初始pH 6.5,摇床转速180 r/min,菌体质量浓度200 g/L。采用2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙酮质量浓度为10 g/L时,还原反应72 h,(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的e.e.值为99.9%,产率为99%;底物质量浓度提高至30 g/L时,产率下降为84.3%。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对C.ontarioensis细胞进行通透性处理(CTAB g/L,4℃下处理20 min),在30 g/L底物下反应24 h,产物的e.e.和产率分别达到99.9%和97.5%。     

含硫香料——硫代芳樟醇及其衍生物的合成研究

本文对香叶醇转化为硫代芳樟醇(4)及其衍生物的合成方法进行了研究。香叶醇与N,N-二甲基琉代氨基甲酰氯反应生成N,N—二甲基琉代氨基甲酸-O-香叶基酯(5),(5)通过[3,3]-σ迁移反应转变成N,N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酸-S-芳樟基酯(6),(6)进一步还原得到硫代芳樟醇(4)。(4)转变成衍生物硫代芳樟醇乙酸酯(7a)及芳樟基甲基疏醚(7b)。(4)及(7b)在高度稀释时具有愉快的热带水果香味。     

买麻藤化学成分的研究

从买麻藤(Gnetum montanum Markgr)的藤茎中分离鉴定出4个新化合物:2-羟基(?)甲氧基-4-甲氧羰基吡咯(1),2-羟基-3-甲氧甲基-4-甲氧羰基吡咯(2),3,4-二羟基-4-(?)氧基二苄醚(3)和3,3',4'-三羟基-4-甲氧基二苄醚(4)以及两个已知化合物2,3-二苯基吡咯(5)和胺甲基甲醇(6)。化合物(1)、(2)和(6)是以盐酸盐形式分离得到。     

融合酶CR2-GDH合成度洛西汀前体的体系与过程调控

以具有高选择性的羰基还原酶(CR2)与可实现辅酶原位循环的葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)通过柔性连接肽得到的融合酶CR2-GDH为生物催化剂,催化N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DKTP)不对称还原合成手性药物度洛西汀重要中间体(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺((S)-DHTP)...     

Biochemical characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp.

Stereoselective reduction towards pharmaceutically potent products with multi‐chiral centers is an ongoing hot topic, but up to now catalysts for reductions of bulky aromatic substrates are rare. The NADPH‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp. (RADH) is an exception as it prefers sterically demanding substrates. Recent studies with this enzyme indicated outstanding potential for the reduction of various alpha‐hydroxy ketones, but were performed with crude cell extract, which hampered its detailed characterization. We have established a procedure for the purification and storage of RADH and found a significantly stabilizing effect by addition of CaCl₂. Detailed analysis of the pH‐dependent activity and stability yielded a broad pH‐optimum (pH 6–9.5) for the reduction reaction and a sharp optimum of pH 10–11.5 for the oxidation reaction. The enzyme exhibits highest stability at pH 5.5–8 and 8–15°C; nevertheless, biotransformations can also be carried out at 25°C (half‐life 80 h). Under optimized reaction parameters a thorough study of the substrate range of RADH including the reduction of different aldehydes and ketones and the oxidation of a broad range of alcohols was conducted. In contrast to most other known alcohol dehydrogenases, RADH clearly prefers aromatic and cyclic aliphatic compounds, which makes this enzyme unique for conversion of space demanding substrates. Further, reductions are catalyzed with extremely high stereoselectivity (>99% enantio‐ and diastereomeric excess). In order to identify appropriate substrate and cofactor concentrations for biotransformations, kinetic parameters were determined for NADP(H) and selected substrates. Among these, we studied the reduction of both enantiomers of 2‐hydroxypropiophenone in more detail. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1838–1848. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Purification and characterization of carbonyl reductase from Geotrichum candidum

Geotrichum candidum is well known for the reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohol with high yield and excellent enantioselectivity. Carbonyl reductase from G. candidum was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Gel filtration chromatography together with SDS-PAGE revealed this protein to be a dimer of 60 kDa subunits. Maximum enzyme activity was found in acetate buffer at pH 5.4 with t_1/2 of 7.13 h at 30 °C and t_1/2 of 2.8 h at 65 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and hydroxylamine indicating the involvement of thiol and carbonyl groups in the reduction reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Chelating agents also reduced the enzyme activity indicating the requirement of metal ions as cofactors. The purified carbonyl reductase was found to be highly selective for ketones containing naphthyl ring, whereas aryl or hetero-aryl ketones showed very less or no activity at all.     

Metabolism of hydroanthracenones in rabbits

1. The metabolism of 1-oxo-octahydro- and 2- and 9-oxoperhydro-anthracenes was investigated in rabbits. All compounds increased the urinary glucuronide content. 2. The 1-oxo and 2-oxo compounds were reduced to the corresponding alcohols whereas the 9-oxo compound was hydroxylated. 3. The reduction in vitro of these compounds and related ketones was investigated with three different enzyme systems (liver alcohol dehydrogenase, hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, aromatic aldehyde-ketone reductase) in an attempt to explain the results in vivo. 4. Successful reduction of many ketones with aromatic aldehyde-ketone reductase suggests that the kidney may be of importance in the reduction in vivo of certain cyclic carbonyl compounds.     

Immobilized bovine lactose synthase. A method of topographical analysis of the active site.

Bovine galactosyltransferase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B by reaction at pH 5.0 with the activated mixed disulfide Sepharose-glutathione-2(5-nitropyridyl)-disulfide. The Sepharose-protein conjugate was presumably coupled via the unique highly reactive cysteine of those thiols on the bovine enzyme. The gel-bound N-acetyllactosamine and lactose synthase activity of about 0.4% was consistent with the affects of diffusion and the 90% activity reduction noted upon thiol modification of the dissolved enzyme. The residual lactose biosynthetic activity of the bound enzyme appeared possible only if the reactive thiol were physically distinct from the active site since the bulky Sepharose-glutathione group must not obscure the alpha-lactalbumin binding region.     

Reduction of substituted benzaldehydes,acetophenone and 2-acetylpyridine using bean seeds as crude reductase enzymes

The reduction of substituted benzaldehydes, benzaldehyde, acetophenone and 2-acetylpyridine to the corresponding alcohols was conducted under mild reaction conditions using plant enzyme systems as biocatalysts. A screening of 28 edible plants, all of which have reductase activity, led to the selection of pinto, Flor de Mayo, ayocote, black and bayo beans because these enabled the quantitative biocatalytic reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. The biocatalyzed reduction of substituted benzaldehydes was dependent on the electronic and steric nature of the substituent. Pinto beans were the most active reductase source, reduced 2-Cl, 4-Cl, 4-Me and 4-OMe-benzaldehyde with a conversion between 70% and 100%. All the beans reduced 2- and 4-fluorobenzaldehyde at a conversion between 83% and 100%. The reduction of the ketones was low, but bayo and black beans yielded (R)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanol in enantiopure form.     

A novel NADH-dependent carbonyl reductase with unusual stereoselectivity for (R)-specific reduction from an (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol-producing micro-organism: purification and characterization

AIMS: To purify and characterize the (R)-specific carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis; to compare the enzyme with other stereospecific oxidoreductases; and to develop an available procedure producing optically active (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED). METHODS AND RESULTS: An (R)-specific carbonyl reductase was found and purified from C. parapsilosis through four steps, including blue-sepharose affinity chromatography. The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 35 kDa on gel-filtration chromatography and 37.5 kDa on Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme catalysed the reduction of various ketones, including alkyl and aromatic ketones, and was specific to short-chain and medium-chain alkyl ketones. The enzyme activity was inhibited by divalent ion of CuSO(4) and FeSO(4), whereas zincum ion stimulated its activity. For catalysing reduction, the enzyme performed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and the optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. The carbonyl reductase catalysed asymmetric reduction of beta-hydroxyacetophenone to the corresponding (R)-PED with the optical purity of 100% enantiomeric excess (e.e.). By analysing its partial amino acid sequences, the enzyme was proposed to be a novel stereospecific carbonyl reductase. CONCLUSIONS: The purified carbonyl reductase showed unusual stereospecificity and catalysed the NADH-dependent reduction of beta-hydroxyacetophenone to (R)-PED. The enzyme was different from other stereoselective oxidoreductases in catalytic properties. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The discovery of (R)-specific oxidoreductase exhibiting unusual stereospecificity towards hydroxyl ketone is valuable for the synthesis of both enantiomers of useful chiral alcohols, and provides research basis for the achievement of profound knowledge on the relationship between structure and catalytic function of (R)-specific enzymes, which is meaningful for the alteration of stereospecificity by molecular methods to obtain the enzymes with desired stereospecificity.     

Preparation of enantiopure Wieland-Miescher ketone and derivatives by the MalphaNP acid method: substituent effect on the HPLC separation

Enantiopure Wieland-Miescher ketone (4, W-M ketone) and derivatives were prepared by the enantioresolution with 2-methoxy-2-(1-naphthyl)propionic acid (MalphaNP acid 1). Various racemic derivatives of 4 were esterified with acid (S)-(+)-1 yielding diastereomeric MalphaNP esters, which were separated by HPLC on silica gel. It was clarified that the HPLC separation of diastereomers depended on the substituent of the derivatives, leading to the working hypothesis that MalphaNP acid esters of alcohols with less polar and more bulky aliphatic substituents are more effectively separated. The best separation was obtained in the case of tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) ether derivative (12a/12b): separation factor alpha=1.80, and resolution factor, Rs=1.30. The (1)H NMR spectra of separated MalphaNP esters showed anomalously large magnetic anisotropy effects, from which their absolute configurations were determined. Solvolysis or reduction of the separated MalphaNP esters yielded alcohols, which were converted to enantiopure W-M ketones 4. The results thus provided another route for preparation of enantiopure ketones (8aR)-(-)-4 and (8aS)-(+)-4.     

A Novel Carbonyl Reductase with Anti-Prelog Stereospecificity from Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061: Purification and Characterization

A novel carbonyl reductase (AcCR) catalyzing the asymmetric reduction of ketones to enantiopure alcohols with anti-Prelog stereoselectivity was found in Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 and enriched 27.5-fold with an overall yield of 0.4% by purification. The enzyme showed a homotetrameric structure with an apparent molecular mass of 104 kDa and each subunit of 27 kDa. The gene sequence of AcCR was cloned and sequenced, and a 762 bp gene fragment was obtained. Either NAD(H) or NADP(H) can be used as coenzyme. For the reduction of 4′-chloroacetophenone, the K_m value for NADH was around 25-fold greater than that for NADPH (0.66 mM vs 0.026 mM), showing that AcCR preferred NADPH over NADH. However, when NADH was used as cofactor, the response of AcCR activity to increasing concentration of 4′-chloroacetophenone was clearly sigmoidal with a Hill coefficient of 3.1, suggesting that the enzyme might possess four substrate-binding sites cooperating with each other The V_max value for NADH-linked reduction was higher than that for NADPH-linked reduction (0.21 mM/min vs 0.17 mM/min). For the oxidation of isopropanol, the similar enzymological properties of AcCR were found using NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as cofactor. Furthermore, a broad range of ketones such as aryl ketones, α-ketoesters and aliphatic ketones could be enantioselectively reduced into the corresponding chiral alcohols by this enzyme with high activity.     

Purification and characterization of S-phenacylglutathione reductase from rat liver

An enzyme catalyzing the reduction of S-(2,4-dichlorophenacyl)glutathione to 2',4'-dichloroacetophenone was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography from rat hepatic cytosol. The molecular weight was 30,000-37,000. The enzyme is distinct from the glutathione S-transferases, mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, and glyoxalase I. Substrate specificity studies showed that S-phenacylglutathiones are the preferred first substrates and that several thiols (glutathione, mercaptoethanol, L-cysteine, or cysteamine) serve as reducing substrates. The enzyme serves to convert toxic alpha-haloketones, which react rapidly and nonenzymatically with glutathione, to nontoxic alkyl ketones.     

Biocatalytic properties of a recombinant aldo-keto reductase with broad substrate spectrum and excellent stereoselectivity

In the screening of 11 E. coli strains overexpressing recombinant oxidoreductases from Bacillus sp. ECU0013, an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase (YtbE) was identified with capability of producing chiral alcohols. The protein (YtbE) was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity, and characterized of biocatalytic properties. The purified enzyme exhibited the highest activity at 50°C and optimal pH at 6.5. YtbE served as a versatile reductase showing a broad substrate spectrum towards different aromatic ketones and keto esters. Furthermore, a variety of carbonyl substrates were asymmetrically reduced by the purified enzyme with an additionally coupled NADPH regeneration system. The reduction system exhibited excellent enantioselectivity (>99% ee) in the reduction of all the aromatic ketones and high to moderate enantioselectivity in the reduction of α- and β-keto esters. Among the ketones tested, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate was found to be reduced to ethyl (R)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy butanoate, an important pharmaceutical intermediate, in excellent optical purity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ytbE gene-encoding recombinant aldo-keto reductase from Bacillus sp. used as biocatalyst for stereoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds. This study provides a useful guidance for further application of this enzyme in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral alcohol enantiomers.