鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属形态与生物有效性

采用TessierA连续提取法对鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr）化学形态进行了测定。同时对土壤pH值、重金属含量和公路绿化植物重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As和Se）含量进行了分析,对该区域重金属的生物有效性与潜在生态风险进行预测。结果表明：土壤重金属有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在绿化植物中含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非完全趋于一致。不同公路段土壤重金属与其不同形态存在较大的变幅。公路沿线表层土壤中重金属的有效态占其总量为G109（东胜-准格尔段）15．7％～46．1％,G210（达拉特-东胜段）8．0％-40．9％,G109（东胜-鄂托克段）9．1％～33．9％,而且以有机态和Fe—Mn氧化结合态的比例较大,为各元素有效态的主要形态特征。Cu在不同植物不同器官中的含量较高,可能在鄂尔多斯地区特定环境条件下随植物的蒸腾拉力、水分和营养盐运移的生理生态作用下使其在植物体中富集。土壤重金属Zn的有效态含量较高,而残渣态含量低,须特别注意其对区域生态系统的潜在影响。     

单一与复合污染条件下两种敏感性植物对Cd、Zn、Pb的吸收效应

为了进一步研究镉、锌、铅 3种重金属元素间的相互作用以及对植物吸收重金属能力的影响 ,在模拟单一重金属污染试验研究的基础上 ,采用正交回归设计方案 ,研究了 Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染情况下紫花苜蓿和披碱草两种敏感性植物对 3种重金属的吸收效应。结果表明 ,在单一污染条件下 ,镉元素对紫花苜蓿生长的影响大于锌、铅 ,铅元素对披碱草生长的影响大于锌、镉 ;紫花苜蓿对于镉的吸收累积显著高于披碱草 ,植物内镉元素浓度最高达到 1 0 88.5 mg/kg,而披碱草对于铅元素的吸收则高于紫花苜蓿 ,植物内铅元素浓度最高达到 1 3 4 5 .5 mg/kg。在复合污染条件下 ,两种植物对铅、锌和铅、镉的吸收在不同浓度范围内分别存在存在着协同效应和拮抗效应 ;同时两种植物对锌、镉元素在实验涉及浓度范围内都存在着拮抗效应。这对于深入研究复合污染条件下重金属的土壤环境化学行为 ,对植物的综合毒性以及不同植物对重金属的吸收累积效应等 ,具有一定的参考意义     

施用污泥对土壤重金属形态分布和生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽技术和BCR连续浸提法研究了污泥的添加对土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn形态分布的影响及重金属在黑麦草-施污泥土壤中迁移转化规律.结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物有效态的Cd和Zn含量显著增加,生物有效态Pb含量显著降低,残渣态Pb的比例较CK增加了33.3％～74.5％,而可交换态和可还原态Cu含量在污泥与土壤添加比为1∶1时,仅占总量的0.7％和0.2％.污泥的添加能促进黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,抑制对Pb的吸收.多元线性回归分析结果表明,黑麦草体内Cd、Zn和Cu含量分别与土壤中可还原态Cd、Zn和可氧化态Cu含量存在正相关,草体中Pb的含量则受土壤中可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量共同影响.种植黑麦草后根际土中可氧化态Cd和Cu分别向可交换态Cd和残渣态Cu转化,可交换态和可还原态Zn向可氧化态Zn转化,Pb的生物有效性基本未受影响.     

石灰配施猪粪对Cd、Pb和Zn污染土壤中重金属形态和植物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究在镉、铅和锌污染土壤上,石灰和猪粪配施对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在蔬菜中累积的影响.结果表明:施入石灰(L)、石灰加低量猪粪(LP1)、石灰加高量猪粪(LP2)后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn含量明显降低,土壤中铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Cd、Pb和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用.单施石灰处理,石灰用量为5 g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好;石灰配施猪粪处理,其中石灰5 g·kg-1土配施猪粪7.5 g·kg-1土以及石灰5 g·kg-1土配施猪粪15 g·kg-1土对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好.研究同时发现,低量猪粪配施石灰的效果强于高量猪粪配施石灰的效果.     

单一与复合污染条件下两种敏感性植物对Cd、Zn、Pb的吸收

为了进一步研究镉、锌、铅3种重金属元素间的相互作用以及对植物吸收重金属能力的影响,在模拟单一重金属污染试验研究的基础上,采用正交回归设计方案．研究了Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染情况下紫花苜蓿和披碱草两种敏感性植物对3种重金属的吸收效应。结果表明,在单一污染条件下．银元素对紫花苜蓿生长的影响大于锌、镉、铅元素对披碱草生长的影响大于锌、镉,紫花苜蓿对于镉的吸收累积显著高于：披碱草,植物内银元素浓度最高达到1088．5mg/kg。而披碱草对于铅元素的吸收则高于紫花苜蓿。植物内铅元素浓度最高达到1345．5mg/kg。在复合污染条件下．两种植物对铅、锌和铅、镉的吸收在不同浓度范围内分别存在存在着协同效应和桔抗效应;同时两种植物对锌、银元素在实验涉及浓度范围内都存在着拮抗效应。这对于深入研究复合污染条件下重金属的土壤环境化学行为,对植物的综合毒性以及不同植物对重金属的吸收累积效应等,具有一定的参考意义。     

稻麦轮作下水稻土重金属形态特征及其生物有效性

在成都平原稻麦轮作下86个土样中重金属全量和各形态含量分析的基础上,采集分析相应点位上种植的主要粮食作物小麦和水稻籽粒的重金属含量,通过描述性统计分析、相关性分析及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤中重金属的形态分布特征及其生物有效性。统计分析结果表明：土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn各形态含量的分配顺序为：残渣态〉有机物结合态〉铁锰氧化物结合态〉碳酸盐结合态〉可交换态,而Cd各形态含量的分配顺序为：铁锰氧化物结合态〉残渣态〉碳酸盐结合态〉有机物结合态〉可交换态。若以活性态（非残渣态含量）而论,Cd的活性最高,Cr的活性最低。除Cr外,各元素全量与各活性形态之间的关系较为密切。土壤中全Cd含量与4种活性形态Cd含量间的相关性均达极显著水平;Cu、Zn全量分别与其铁锰氧化物和有机物结合态含量,Pb全量分别与其可交换态和铁锰氧化物含量间的相关系数达显著或极显著水平。用卫生部颁布的食品中重金属限量卫生标准评价稻麦籽粒重金属累积情况,其结果表明,小麦籽粒（旱作）中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb分别超标14.71%、8.70%、6.50%和17.40%,而水稻籽粒（水作）仅有Pb和Cd含量超标10.90%和8.70%。不同形态重金属对水稻和小麦籽粒中重金属累积的影响效应不同,从多元线性回归方程的回归系数来看：稻一麦籽粒中Cd含量受到土壤中各活性形态Cd含量的影响。除铁锰氧化态Cd和有机物结合态Cd含量分别对小麦和水稻籽粒中Cd的累积表现出负效应外,其余均为正效应。可交换态Cu含量对稻-麦籽粒Cu累积的效应最大,其次受碳酸盐结合态Cu含量的影响。稻一麦籽粒Pb含量的累积受土壤各活性态Pb含量影响效应的差异不甚明显。稻-麦籽粒Zn含量与土壤各活性态Zn含量间无显著线性关系。     

Cd、Zn复合污染对水车前叶绿素含量和活性氧清除系统的影响

主要研究了重金属Cd、Zn单一及复合污染对水车前叶绿素含量和活性氧清除系统的影响。超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性都在 0 1mg·L-1Cd处理浓度时达到峰值 ,随培养浓度的增加 ,活性下降。叶绿素含量则随处理的浓度的上升而呈递减趋势。在各Cd处理梯度中加入Zn后 ,随加入Zn浓度的增大 ,上述各指标与单一Cd处理差异显著性增强 ,表明Zn增强了Cd的毒害作用 ,显示出协同作用的趋势     

环境重金属污染物的生物有效性

利用生态系统研究了白银有色金属冶炼矿区周围环境中重金属的分布及生物有效性。结果表明 ,工厂在冶炼过程中已造成 Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn对周围环境不同程度的污染 ,其含量与距工厂的距离呈负相关 ;重金属在各种生物体内均有不同程度的吸收和累积 ,其吸收累积量随重金属和生物种类的不同而有差异 ;土壤的污染 ,使农作物和牧草中 Pb、Cd含量超过动物的最大耐受量和中毒的临界值 ;动物研究发现 ,肾脏、骨骼和肝脏是机体内重金属蓄积的主要器官。因此 ,放牧动物可作为环境重金属污染状况的标识 ,对评价重金属环境污染对当地人群的危害也有重要意义     

菌根植物根际环境对污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd形态的影响

采用根垫法和连续形态分析技术,分析了生长在污灌土壤中菌根小麦和无菌根小麦根际Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的形态分布和变化趋势。结果表明,下对照土壤相比,菌根际土壤中交换态Ｃｕ含量显著增加,交换态Ｃｄ呈减少的趋势;与非菌根际相比,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的有机结合态在菌根根际中显著增加,而４种测定金属２的碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态都没有显著改变,该结果表明,植物根系能影响根际中金属形态的变化,且菌根比无菌根的影响程度大     

Sequential extraction and speciation of Ba,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn in soil contaminated with automotive industry waste

Abstract

Sequential extraction or fractionation of heavy metals in the solid phase and their speciation in soil solution are important tools for assessing changes resulting from land use and/or pollution. The distribution of the various forms of Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated in soil samples taken from a polluted area, and the speciation of cations and anions in a soil solution contaminated with automotive industry waste. We evaluated the sequential extraction and speciation of Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in a Leptosol associated with a Cambisol and contaminated with automotive industry waste. Soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m (a mix of soil and waste); 0.2-0.4 m (waste only), and 0.4-0.6 m (soil only) both in the polluted area and in two contiguous unpolluted areas: a sugarcane plantation and a forest fragment. Total concentrations of metals in the polluted area were above limits for intervention established by European Community regulations. Cu was mostly distributed in the residual and in the oxide-bonded fractions, except for the waste-only sample, in which the carbonate-bonded fraction was significant. Zn was concentrated in the residual and carbonate-bonded fractions, while Ba, Ni and Pb predominated in the residual fraction of the contaminated samples. Metals in the soil solution were predominantly in the hydroxyl forms, except for Ba, which was mostly in the ionic form (Ba²⁺).     

The distribution and bioavailability of Cd and Zn in cultivated soil of Henan Province

Abstract

Concentrations of surface soil Zn and Cd from agricultural areas of the Henan Province were measured. About 234 soil samples were collected. Total metal analyses, sequential chemical fractionation which were divided into seven fractions according to the method of the Geological Survey Technical Standard (DD2005-03) set by the China Geological Survey were carried out on the samples. Total Cd and Zn concentrations of the topsoil were 0.1909 (0.1–0.549) and 63.07 (33.3–344.3) mg kg^?1 respectively. Compared with the values permitted in China’s control standards for soil (GB 15618–1995) and background value in Henan Province, the soil samples showed high levels of Cd. The soil organic carbon has a significantly positive correlation with Cd and Zn concentration in the soil. Significant positive correlation between pH and Cd, Zn concentration was observed. On average, the order of Cd in each fraction was exchangeable, (27.3%)>weakly bound to organic matter; (22.7%)>strongly bound to organic matter; (16.4%)>residual; (15.1%)>carbonate; (12.1%)>Fe/Mn oxide bound; (4.5%)>water soluble; (2.0%), Zn was residual; (66.3%)>Fe/Mn oxide bound; (10.9%)> weakly bound to organic matter; (9.4%)> exchangeable; (6.0%)> strongly bound to organic matter; (3.9%)> carbonate (2.9%)> water soluble (0.6%). The accuracy of the sequential extraction was judged by the relative error (RE). RE for Cd ranged from 0 to 45% with a mean of 16.3%. RE for Zn ranged from 0.1 to 11.4% with a mean of 3.4%. On average, bioavailability index (BI) for Cd and Zn was 39.1% and 9.0% respectively. The mobility of the elements in the order Cd> Zn corresponds with the plant-availability of individual elements. Comparisons between activities of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ calculated by Sauve semi-mechanistic equations and that of the water soluble fractions were demonstrated. The activities of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ calculated by the semi-empirical equation are lower than its water soluble fraction.     

Effects of organic amendments on Cd, Zn and Cu bioavailability in soil with repeated phytoremediation by Sedum plumbizincicola

Organic materials with different functional groups can be used to enhance metal bioavailability. Traditional organic materials (rice straw and clover) and ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) were applied to enhance metal uptake from polluted soil by Sedum plumbizincicola after repeated phytoextraction. Changes in pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and metal concentrations were determined in the soil solution after EDDS application. Amendment of the soil with ground rice straw or ground clove resulted in higher concentrations of Cd only (by factors of 1.92 and 1.71 respectively) in S. plumbizincicola compared to control soil. Treatment with 3 mmol kg(-1) EDDS increased all the metals studied by factors of 60.4, 1.67, and 0.27 for Cu, Cd, and Zn, respectively. EDDS significantly increased soil solution DOC and pH and increased soil plant-available metals above the amounts that the plants could take up, resulting in high soil concentrations of soluble metals and high risk of ground water contamination. After repeated phytoremediation of metal contaminated soils the efficiency of metal removal declines as the concentrations of bioavailable metal fractions decline. Traditional organic materials can therefore be much more effective and environmentally friendly amendments than EDDS in enhancing phytoremediation efficiency of Cd contaminated soil     

Heavy Metals (Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb, and Zn) Fractionation in River Sediments,Hamedan, Western Iran

Five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in river sediments from Abshineh River, Hamedan, western Iran, were fractionated by a sequential extraction procedure. Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn existed in sediments mainly in residual fraction (mean 92%, 86%, 77%, and 65%, respectively), whereas Cd occurred mostly as organic matter (mean 41%) and exchangeable (mean 25%) fractions. The mean percent of mobile fraction of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in contaminated sediments was 25, 13, 4, 24, and 10, respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the five metals in sediments probably decline in the following order: Cd = Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni. The metal levels were also evaluated according to the contamination factor, which revealed significant anthropogenic pollution of Cd and Pb.     

Distribution patterns of Cd,Cu, Mn,Pb and Zn in wood fly ash emitted from domestic boilers

Abstract

Wood fuels being a renewable source of primary energy have been considered environmentally friendly. However, wood combustion in domestic boilers is a source of air pollution. The lack of a dust collection device is the reason why flue gases emit a significant load of particulate pollutants into the air, including heavy metals. The aim of this research was to assess the environmental hazard caused by both emissions of heavy metals during wood combustion in domestic boilers and their chemical forms present in fly ash.

From the various wood fuels burnt in domestic boilers, the fly ash selected for this study came from the combustion of briquettes of softwood from non-polluted areas, and from burning hardwood fuel from trees exposed to pollutants from heavy traffic. The wood fuels satisfy the quality demands determined in the EN 14961 Solid Biofuels - Fuel quality assurances. However, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the fly ash are considerably higher than the appropriate limit values determined for soil improvers. Sequential extraction shows that Cd and Zn are associated mainly with the water leaching and carbonate fractions, regarded as mobile and bioavailable, and pose the potentially greatest hazard to the environment and human health. Cu, Mn and Pb associated with less mobile fractions may not pose a direct air quality hazard but, due to their high concentrations, medium-term and long-term effects on soils and surface and subsurface waters should be considered.     

Phytoextraction of Ni,Pb and,Cd by duckweeds

Abstract

Heavy metals phytoextraction potential of swollen duckweed (Lemna gibba Linn.) and lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.) was determined under greenhouse conditions by exposing to untreated industrial/municipal effluent for a period of 21?days. The nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in water samples were measured weekly and in plant biomass at the termination of experiments. Significant differences (p?<?0.05) between initial and final physicochemical parameters and in heavy metal concentrations of plant and water samples were observed. Periodically measured metal concentrations in mediums revealed that removal percentage was dependent on initial Ni (2.15?mg L^?1), Pb (1.51?mg L^?1), and Cd (0.74?mg L^?1) concentrations. The final metal removal percentages were in the sequence of Ni (97%) > Pb (94%) > Cd (90%) when treated with Lemna gibba L. as compared to control (9–12% reduction). High biomass production of Lemna gibba L. resulted in a large metal reduction in the growth medium and the total plant metal contents were in the sequence of Ni (427?µg) > Pb (293?µg) > Cd (105?µg). The lesser duckweed did not survive under experimental conditions. Based on these results, we concluded that Lemna gibba L. is a good candidate for phytoremediation of wastewater.     

Phytoremediation of Cd,Ni, Pb and Zn by Salvinia minima

Most metals disperse easily in environments and can be bioconcentrated in tissues of many organisms causing risks to the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems even at low concentrations. The use of plants to phytoremediation has been evaluated to mitigate the environmental contamination by metals since they have large capacity to adsorb or accumulate these elements. In this study we evaluate Salvinia minima growth and its ability to accumulate metals. The plants were cultivated for about 60 days in different concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn (tested alone) in controlled environmental conditions and availability of nutrients. The results indicated that S. minima was able to grow in low concentrations of selected metals (0.03 mg L^?1 Cd, 0.40 mg L^?1 Ni, 1.00 mg L^?1 Pb and 1.00 mg L^?1 Zn) and still able to adsorb or accumulate metals in their tissues when cultivated in higher concentrations of selected metals without necessarily grow. The maximum values of removal metal rates (mg m² day^?1) for each metal (Cd = 0.0045, Ni = 0.0595, Pb = 0.1423 e Zn = 0.4046) are listed. We concluded that S. minima may be used as an additional tool for metals removal from effluent.     

小麦不同生育时期Cd、Cr、Pb污染监测指标体系

以小麦为供试材料,分别采用发芽试验、溶液培养、土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,研究了小麦萌芽期、幼苗期及成株期受重金属污染毒害的指标体系。结果表明,①小麦根伸长抑制率可作为萌芽期重金属污染评价的一项生物指标;Cd、Cr、Pb对小麦根生长的7d半效应浓度(EC50)值分别为1.39、0.20mmo.lL-1和2.75mmol.L-1,据此得到3种重金属对小麦同一性状的毒性次序为CrCdPb;此外各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用双曲线模型y=x/(a+x/100)或指数曲线模型y=a(1-exp(-bx))较好模拟。②Cd、Cr、Pb单一污染胁迫对小麦幼苗性状的毒性次序均以影响叶面积和冠部干重为主,表明叶面积和冠部干重为幼苗期污染监测的敏感指标;重金属对除根干重外所有性状的毒性次序:CrCdPb,该毒性次序是根据引起50%抑制的临界浓度即EC50值确定的;各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用直线模型、或双曲线模型、或指数曲线模型较好模拟。③重金属单一污染胁迫造成小麦籽粒产量下降幅度是CdCrPb;二元互作对产量影响的重要性次序为CdCrCdPbCrPb;在Cd、Cr、Pb复合污染胁迫条件下,穗数可以作为成株期重金属污染监测的首选指标。以上指标可为农田小麦重金属污染的监测和综合治理提供一些理论依据。     

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤.采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3 COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律.通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性.结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3％-40.0％;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低.污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4％时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍.抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5％时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍.Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用.     

Sorption behavior of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn and their interactions in phytoremediated soil

The aim of our study was to compare the sorption properties of a contaminated soil before and after two types of phytoremediation (natural phytoextraction vs. phytostabilization with dolomite limestone (DL) application). Soil from a pot experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions performed for two vegetation periods was used for the study. Lead, as the main contaminant in the studied soil, was easily desorbed by Cu, especially due to the increased affinity of Cu for soil organic matter; hence input of Cu to the studied soil can present another environmental risk in soils contaminated with other metals (such as Pb). In addition, the sorption behavior of chosen metals from single-element solutions differed from multielement solutions. The obtained results proved the different sorption behavior of metals in the single-element solution compared to the multi-element ones. Soil sorption behavior of Cd, Cu, and Zn decreased with the presence of the competitive metals; nevertheless, Pb sorption potential was not influenced by other competitive metals. Natural phytoextraction showed no significant effect on the sorption of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn onto the soil On the other hand, phytostabilization associated with DL application improved the soil sorption efficiency of all chosen metals, especially of Cu.