细胞受体介导的疱疹病毒侵入机制

疱疹病毒(Herpesviruses)是一类较大的双链DNA囊膜病毒,广泛感染人和多种动物,以皮肤、粘膜和神经组织的疱疹性病变为特征。病毒侵入宿主细胞为整个复制周期的首要环节,而受体是介导病毒吸附、内化以及膜融合等侵入过程的关键宿主因子。因此,对受体的研究已经成为了解病毒侵入机制以及开发抗病毒制剂的突破口。本综述介绍了与疱疹病毒侵入相关的受体分子以及在这些分子介导下的跨膜机制,同时讨论了目前疱疹病毒侵入方面仍存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒侵入和释放依赖细胞膜胆固醇

胆固醇是细胞膜脂质的重要组成成分.目前的研究发现细胞膜胆固醇在病毒的感染中扮演十分重要的作用.本研究对细胞膜胆固醇在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）感染MARC-145细胞中的作用进行了探讨.通过TCID50检测和Real-Time RT-PCR分析发现,用胆固醇萃取剂甲基-β-环糊精预处理消除细胞膜胆固醇可显著抑制PRRSV的感染,并呈剂量依赖性;而补充外源性胆固醇后可部分恢复PRRSV的感染性,提示PRRSV感染能力的下降确实是由于细胞膜胆固醇的去除而导致的.进一步的研究证实,细胞膜胆固醇的去除对PRRSV感染性的影响主要是通过影响PRRSV的侵入和释放过程.上述结果表明,细胞膜胆固醇是影响PRRSV感染的一个重要因子.     

麻疹病毒属相关自噬的研究进展

自噬是一种复杂的细胞内生物学过程,受众多基因调控,存在复杂的调控网络,在不同组织器官、生理和病理状态所起的作用也不同。对20多个病毒科的50多种DNA或RNA病毒的研究发现自噬是把双刃剑,但在研究麻疹病毒属病毒自噬相关内容时发现自噬有利于病毒的复制与传播,并且H和F蛋白在麻疹病毒属诱导自噬方面发挥着重要作用。麻疹病毒能够通过RNA病毒诱导自噬的关键调控分子IRGM诱发自噬,并且CD46作为麻疹病毒属的受体分子,在诱导自噬发生方面发挥了至关重要的作用。此外,麻疹病毒属病毒诱发的自噬与其引起的免疫抑制之间可能存在密切关系。本文为麻疹病毒属的免疫学研究提供了参考。     

麻疹病毒单克隆抗体的研究

获得6株麻疹病毒的单克隆抗体.用HI、HLI、PHA及NT等方法证明,其中X、Y、Z3株均同时有高效价的HI、HLI活性和中和病毒的能力。另3株T、U、V仅能凝集麻疹病毒致敏的血球。用免疫沉淀法进一步证明、Z株与H蛋白结合。     

EB病毒侵入宿主细胞机制的研究进展

EB病毒(Epstein-barr virus,EBV),与多种人类疾病尤其是恶性肿瘤相关,包括单核细胞增多症、伯基特淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌等,其进入宿主细胞的机制仍是研究的热点。经过多年的研究,已经确定了EBV侵入宿主细胞时的部分关键蛋白以及不同的模式。病毒包膜糖蛋白gp350/220(EBV glycoprotein 350/220)与B淋巴细胞表面受体CR2(Complement Receptor type 2)的相互作用以及其他病毒糖蛋白如gp42(EBV glycoprotein 42)、gB(EBV glycoprotein B)、gH(EBV glycoprotein H)和gL(EBV glycoprotein L)的相互作用,使得EBV能够有效侵入B淋巴细胞。由于绝大多数上皮细胞缺少CR2受体,病毒侵入上皮细胞的机制要比侵入B淋巴细胞复杂得多。主要有三种EBV进入上皮细胞的模式:①EBV通过感染的B淋巴细胞或郎罕氏细胞直接接触上皮细胞,"转移感染"进入上皮细胞;②EBV利用自身的相关蛋白与宿主相应的受体蛋白相结合后,通过膜的融合或内吞作用,感染上皮细胞;③感染EBV的上皮细胞经基底膜将病毒颗粒传递给邻近的细胞。本篇综述将介绍近年来在EBV进入B淋巴细胞与上皮细胞的相关机制的研究进展。     

麻疹病毒L4株血凝素基因的克隆与表达及免疫原性

从部分减毒的麻疹病毒Ｌ４株感染的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中提取ｍＲＮＡ,进行逆转录及ＰＣＲ扩增,克隆到了长１．９ｋｂ的４个血凝素基因克隆,ＤＮＡ序列分析发现,Ｌ４株的血凝素甘因有４个碱基与Ｅｄｍｏｎｓｔｏｎ株不一致。造成了３个氨基酸差异,这４个克隆在重组痘苗中的表达后,３个克隆的表达产物均表现出良好的血凝活性,助融合活性（Ｆｕｓｉｏｎｈｅｌｐｅｒ）和较强的免疫原性,表达血凝素分子量分别为未糖化的６８ｋＤ以及糖     

麻疹病毒分子流行病学研究进展

麻疹是可用麻疹疫苗预防的病毒性疾病,人类是该病毒的唯一宿主,其N、H基因存在着很高的核苷酸替代率。目前正是全球控制和消灭麻疹的关键时期,为监测和评估病毒蛋白抗原性和核苷酸潜在的变异,研究麻疹疫苗的病毒基因稳定性,探讨疫苗的保护效果,本文主要就麻疹病毒N、H蛋白分子流行病学研究进展作一综述。     

河南省麻疹病毒血凝素蛋白基因特征分析

为了解河南省流行的麻疹野病毒的血凝素基因特征,为制定消除麻疹策略提供依据,本文对2008~2012年河南省麻疹病毒分离株进行了血凝素基因核苷酸氨基酸特征研究。该研究采用病毒分离、RT-PCR方法获取病毒血凝素基因扩增产物,再对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果显示,河南省2008~2012年共分离麻疹病毒12株,测序结果显示均为H1a基因型,核苷酸同源性98.0%~100%,氨基酸序列同源性97.2%~99.8%,通过与Edmonston-wt.USA/54/A毒株进行比较,在氨基酸240位点发生丝氨酸(S)突变成天门酰胺(N)的突变。上述检测结果显示,河南省2008~2012年麻疹野病毒流行优势株为H1a基因型,同源性较高,而且氨基酸改变导致糖基化位点的缺失,是麻疹病毒变化的共同特征。     

浙江省麻疹病毒的基因特征分析

目的分析浙江省流行的麻疹病毒(MV)的基因特征,为更好地防控麻疹提供科学参考。方法从GenBank检索并下载浙江省所有麻疹病毒株、中国麻疹疫苗株和WHO推荐参考株的血凝素蛋白(H)和核蛋白(N)的基因组序列,利用MEGA 6.0软件进行比对分析,构建种系进化树,确定浙江省麻疹病毒流行的基因型别,并进行同源性和基因变异分析。结果浙江省麻疹病毒以H1基因型为主(27株),其他基因型为辅(2株B3型)。H1a亚型(21/27)占绝对优势,其次为H1b亚型(6/27)。浙江省所有毒株间H蛋白的氨基酸同源性为96.9%~100.0%,与疫苗株Shanghai-191和Changchun-47的同源性均为95.0%~96.0%。浙江省所有毒株间N蛋白羧基末端的氨基酸同源性为82.7%~100.0%,与疫苗株Shanghai-191的同源性为85.8%~89.5%,与疫苗株Changchun-47的同源性为87.3%~91.0%。结论麻疹病毒H1基因型为浙江省麻疹流行的优势株,与现行参考疫苗株(A基因型)差异较大,因此针对麻疹病毒H1基因型疫苗的研制是今后浙江省麻疹病毒防控的关键。     

Putative hepatitis C virus cell receptors

Virus entry into a host cell comprises the first step of the viral life cycle. Blockage of this process can stop or prevent the rise of the infection. Development of compounds exhibiting directed blocking activity requires information about host cell and viral molecules, which are involved into reciprocal recognition resulting in the virus entry into the cell. This review is devoted to the problems of the identification of plasma membrane molecules, involved in binding of hepatitis C virus and its subsequent transfer inside the cells. The putative role of these molecules as hepatitis C virus receptors and co-receptors in the beginning and development of the infection is discussed.     

Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor

Ebola and Marburg filoviruses cause deadly outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever. Despite considerable efforts, no essential cellular receptors for filovirus entry have been identified. We showed previously that Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a lysosomal cholesterol transporter, is required for filovirus entry. Here, we demonstrate that NPC1 is a critical filovirus receptor. Human NPC1 fulfills a cardinal property of viral receptors: it confers susceptibility to filovirus infection when expressed in non-permissive reptilian cells. The second luminal domain of NPC1 binds directly and specifically to the viral glycoprotein, GP, and a synthetic single-pass membrane protein containing this domain has viral receptor activity. Purified NPC1 binds only to a cleaved form of GP that is generated within cells during entry, and only viruses containing cleaved GP can utilize a receptor retargeted to the cell surface. Our findings support a model in which GP cleavage by endosomal cysteine proteases unmasks the binding site for NPC1, and GP-NPC1 engagement within lysosomes promotes a late step in entry proximal to viral escape into the host cytoplasm. NPC1 is the first known viral receptor that recognizes its ligand within an intracellular compartment and not at the plasma membrane.     

Development of antiviral carbon quantum dots that target the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein

Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that is prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific. Currently, there is no effective treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Curcumin (Cur) is a compound extracted from the roots of Curcuma longa, and many studies have reported its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the high cytotoxicity and very low solubility of Cur limit its biomedical applications. In this study, Cur carbon quantum dots (Cur-CQDs) were synthesized by mild pyrolysis-induced polymerization and carbonization, leading to higher water solubility and lower cytotoxicity, as well as superior antiviral activity against JEV infection. We found that Cur-CQDs effectively bound to the E protein of JEV, preventing viral entry into the host cells. In addition, after continued treatment of JEV with Cur-CQDs, a mutant strain of JEV was evolved that did not support binding of Cur-CQDs to the JEV envelope. Using transmission electron microscopy, biolayer interferometry, and molecular docking analysis, we revealed that the S123R and K312R mutations in the E protein play a key role in binding Cur-CQDs. The S123 and K312 residues are located in structural domains II and III of the E protein, respectively, and are responsible for binding to receptors on and fusing with the cell membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that the E protein of flaviviruses represents a potential target for the development of CQD-based inhibitors to prevent or treat viral infections.     

Measles virus-substance P receptor interactions: Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with substance P receptor cDNA enhance measles virus fusion and replication

1. We have demonstrated previously (Harrowe et al., 1990), using a lymphoblastoid cell line that constitutively expresses the substance P receptor (SPR) (Payan et al., 1984, 1986), that this receptor may facilitate measles virus (MV) fusion with these cells. In order to test this hypothesis further, a stable cell line transfected with SPR cDNA has been established, and various stages of MV infection in SPR positive and negative cells compared. 2. Jurkat cells, a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line, were transfected with a cDNA clone encoding the SPR. Cells transfected with only the plasmid were used as controls. Jurkat cells and Jurkat vector control cells (J-vo) failed to demonstrate any detectable 125I-SP binding, whereas a clonally selected population of cells transfected with SPR cDNA (J-SPR) expressed about 50,000 receptors/cell (Sudduth-Klinger et al., 1992). 3. Using the J-vo- and J-SPR-transfected cell lines, the following experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of SPR expression on MV infection. To determine if MV would preferentially attach to J-SPR as compared to J-vo, we absorbed virus to cells at 37 degrees C for various times and measured bound MV using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). Using this approach, we found that MV bound to a greater degree to J-SPR compared with J-vo. In addition to equilibrium being reached faster for J-SPR, the total amount of bound MV was higher on J-SPR. The effect was greater at lower MOIs, suggesting that there existed multiple binding sites for MV on these cells and that the affinity is higher for those cells expressing the SPR. 4. Since binding does not necessitate a successful viral infection, we needed to know if this difference in binding reflected a difference in infection. This was demonstrated by showing an approximate twofold increase in infected cells after a 2-hr binding period with J-SPR as compared to J-vo at an MOI of 1 in an infectious cell-center assay. Moreover, when both cells types were subjected to continuous infection in culture, J-SPR-infected cells produced a seven- to ninefold increase in measles viral titer in 24 hr as compared with J-vo. The observed increase in viral titer may have resulted in more of the J-SPR cells binding virus, as indicated by our binding and infectious cell-center data, or alternatively, the virus might have entered the J-SPR cells faster and begun replication before the J-vo-infected cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Lrp1 is a host entry factor for Rift Valley fever virus

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The 12 A structure of trypsin-treated measles virus N-RNA

Recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein (N) was produced in insect cells where it bound to cellular RNA to form helical N-RNA structures. These structures were observed by electron microscopy but were too flexible for high-resolution image analysis. Removal of the C-terminal tail of N by trypsin treatment resulted in structures that were much more rigid and seemed more regular. Several methods of image analysis were employed in order to make a helical reconstruction of the digested N-RNA. During this analysis, it became clear that the apparently regular coils of digested N-RNA consisted of a series of closely related helical states. The iterative helical real space reconstruction method allowed the identification of two helical states for which a reconstruction could be calculated. The model with the highest resolution shows N monomers that consist of three domains and that are connected to their neighbours by two narrow connections, one close to the helical axis and another toward the middle of the monomers. There are no connections between N molecules in subsequent helical turns. After labelling the RNA in the structure with cis-platinum, the connection closest to the helical axis increased in density, suggesting the position of the RNA. The shapes of the monomers of the nucleoproteins of influenza virus, rabies virus (both determined before) and that of measles virus (determined here) are all similar, whereas the overall shapes of their respective N-RNAs (nucleocapsids) is very different. This is probably due to the position and number of the connections between the N subunits in the N-RNA, one for influenza virus allowing much flexibility, two for rabies virus at either end of the N molecules leading to ribbons and two for measles virus leading to the typical paramyxovirus helical nucleocapsid.     

Efficiency of measles virus entry and dissemination through different receptors

The efficiency with which different measles virus (MV) strains enter cells through the immune cell-specific protein SLAM (CD150) or other receptors, including the ubiquitous protein CD46, may influence their pathogenicity. We compared the cell entry efficiency of recombinant MV differing only in their attachment protein hemagglutinin (H). We constructed these viruses with an additional gene expressing an autofluorescent reporter protein to allow direct detection of every infected cell. A virus with a wild-type H protein entered cells through SLAM two to three times more efficiently than a virus with the H protein of the attenuated strain Edmonston, whereas cell entry efficiency through CD46 was lower. However, these subtle differences were amplified at the cell fusion stage because the wild-type H protein failed to fuse CD46-expressing cells. We also proved formally that a mutation in H protein residue 481 (asparagine to tyrosine) results in improved CD46-specific entry. To define the selective pressure exerted on that codon, we monitored its evolution in different H protein backgrounds and found that several passages in CD46-expressing Vero cells were necessary to shift it in the majority of the MV RNA. To verify the importance of these observations for human infections, we examined MV entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells and observed that viruses with asparagine 481 H proteins infect these cells more efficiently.     

The role of cellular adhesion molecules in virus attachment and entry

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses must traverse the host-cell plasma membrane to initiate infection. This presents a formidable barrier, which they have evolved diverse strategies to overcome. Common to all entry pathways, however, is a mechanism of specific attachment to cell-surface macromolecules or ‘receptors’. Receptor usage frequently defines viral tropism, and consequently, the evolutionary changes in receptor specificity can lead to emergence of new strains exhibiting altered pathogenicity or host range. Several classes of molecules are exploited as receptors by diverse groups of viruses, including, for example, sialic acid moieties and integrins. In particular, many cell-adhesion molecules that belong to the immunoglobulin-like superfamily of proteins (IgSF CAMs) have been identified as viral receptors. Structural analysis of the interactions between viruses and IgSF CAM receptors has not shown binding to specific features, implying that the Ig-like fold may not be key. Both proteinaceous and enveloped viruses exploit these proteins, however, suggesting convergent evolution of this trait. Their use is surprising given the usually occluded position of CAMs on the cell surface, such as at tight junctions. Nonetheless, the reason for their widespread involvement in virus entry most probably originates in their functional rather than structural characteristics.     

病毒的细胞进入研究进展及其应用前景

病毒感染的初期事件包括病毒与细胞表面受体的相互作用和进入细胞的过程,而病毒的宿主细胞专一性很大程度上取决于这一阶段的专一识别特征和特殊要求。人乳头状瘤病毒、人免疫缺陷病毒和单纯疱疹病毒是感染人类的几种常见病原物,该文简要综述和讨论了与人体健康关系密切的这三种重要病毒表面的蛋白组分、宿主细胞表面受体及其相互作用和病毒的细胞进入的研究进展,以及在以病毒的细胞进入过程为靶点的抗病毒药物研发中的应用前景。