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1.
D. Shepherd G. Kämper R. K. Murphey 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1988,162(1):1-11
Summary The regional distribution of cerebral glucose utilization, revealed by the14C-2DG technique, was compared between (i) toads after stimulus-specific long-term habituation of the orienting response toward a repeatedly presented prey dummy (habituation group) and (ii) non-habituated toads, readily orienting toward the repetitively presented prey stimulus (naive group). In the habituation group, the ventral medial pallium (vMP), a certain portion of the preoptic area (PO), and the dorsal hypothalamus (dHYP) showed a statistically significantincrease in14C-2DG-uptake;decrease was observed in the ventral layers of the optic tectum (vOT), a portion of the tegmental reticular formation (RET), the ventral cerebellum (vCB), and the striatum (STR). The results suggest that stimulus-specific long-term habituation of prey-catching affects both, components of thestimulus-response mediating circuit (e.g., involving OT), and structures extrinsic to it, (e.g., vMP, PO, dHYP), which may belong to amodulatory circuitry. Bilateral lesions to vMP strongly delay habituation. Our results are suggesting that damping of the adequate behavioral motor response during habituation involves active inhibitory processes of a modulatory system that develops in strength during stimulus repetition so as to suppress response output, which basically supports Sokolov's hypothesis (1975).Abbreviations
A
anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus
-
AL
amygdala, lateral portion
-
dCB
dorsal half of the cerebellum
-
vCB
ventral half of the cerebellum
-
DP
dorsal pallium
-
dHYP
dorsal hypothalamus
-
pLP
posterior half of the lateral pallium
-
Lpd
lateral postero-dorsal thalamus
-
Lpv
lateral postero-ventral thalamus
-
aMP
anterior third of the medial pallium
-
dMP
dorsal portion of the posterior medial pallium
-
vMP
ventral two-third of the posterior medial pallium
-
MS
medial septum
-
dOT
dorsal layers of the optic tectum
-
vOT
ventral layers of the optic tectum
-
P
posterior thalamic nucleus
-
PO
preoptic area
-
RET
tegmental portion of the medial reticular formation
-
STR
striatum, dorsal and ventral portion
-
vTEG
ventral tegmentum 相似文献
2.
Summary The septal region represents an important telencephalic center integrating neuronal activity of cortical areas with autonomous processes. To support the functional analysis of this brain area in the guinea pig, the afferent connections to the lateral septal nucleus were investigated by the use of iontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled perikarya were located in telencephalic, diencephalic, mesencephalic and metencephalic sites. The subnuclei of the lateral septum (pars dorsalis, intermedia, ventralis, posterior) receive afferents from the (i) medial septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis and pars ventralis), and the principal nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampus, and amygdala (nucleus medialis); (ii) the medial habenular nucleus, and the para- (peri-) ventricular, parataenial and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; the anterior, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas in particular, the medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, premammillary, and supramammillary nuclei; (iii) the periaquaeductal grey, ventral tegmental area, nucleus interfascicularis, nucleus reticularis linearis, central linear nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus; (iv) dorsal and medial raphe complex, and locus coeruleus. Each subnucleus of the lateral septum displays an individual, differing pattern of afferents from the above-described regions. Based on a double-labeling method, the vasopressinergic and serotonergic afferents to the lateral septum were found to originate in the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami and the raphe nuclei, respectively.Abbreviations
ARC
arcuate nucleus
-
BNST
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
-
CL
central linear nucleus
-
DBBh
diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis)
-
DBBv
diagonal band of Broca (pars ventralis)
-
DR
dorsal raphe nucleus
-
HC
hippocampus
-
IF
interfascicular nucleus
-
IP
interpeduncular nucleus
-
LC
locus coeruleus
-
LDT
laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
-
LHA
lateral hypothalamic area
-
LPO
lateral preoptic area
-
LSN
lateral septal nucleus
-
MA
medial amygdaloid nucleus
-
MH
medial habenular nucleus
-
MPO
medial preoptic region
-
MR
medial raphe nucleus
-
MSN
medial septal nucleus
-
PAG
periaquaeductal grey
-
PEN
periventricular nucleus
-
PHA
posterior hypothalamic area
-
PMd
premammillary region (pars dorsalis)
-
PMv
premammillary region (pars ventralis)
-
PT
parataenial nucleus
-
PVN
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
-
PVT
paraventricular thalamic nucleus
-
RE
nucl. reuniens
-
RL
nucl. reticularis linearis
-
SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
SMl
supramammillary region (pars lateralis)
-
SMm
supramammillary region (pars medialis)
-
SUB
subiculum
-
TS
triangular septal nucleus
-
VTA
ventral tegmental area
-
ac
anterior commissure
-
bc
brachium conjunctivum
-
bp
brachium pontis
-
cc
corpus callosum
-
fr
fasciculus retroflexus
-
fx
fornix
-
ml
medial lemniscus
-
mlf
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
mp
mammillary peduncle
-
mt
mammillary tract
-
oc
optic chiasm
-
on
optic nerve
-
pc
posterior commissure
-
pt
pyramidal tract
-
sm
stria medullaris
-
st
stria terminalis
-
vhc
ventral hippocampal commissure
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Nu 36/2-1) 相似文献
3.
Summary Mapping of monoaminergic systems in the brain of the newt Triturus alpestris was achieved with antisera against (1) thyrosine hydroxylase (TH), (2) formaldehyde-conjugated dopamine (DA), and (3) formaldehyde-conjugated serotonin (5-HT). In the telencephalon, the striatum was densely innervated by a large number of 5-HT-, DA-and TH-immunoreactive (IR) fibers; IR fibers were more scattered in the amygdala, the medial and lateral forebrain bundles, and the anterior commissure. In the anterior and medial diencephalon, TH-IR perikarya contacting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-C perikarya) were located in the preoptic recess organ (PRO), the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Numerous TH-IR perikarya, not contacting the CSF, were present in the posterior preoptic nucleus and the ventral thalamus. At this level, DA-IR CSF-C neurons were only located in the PRO. In the posterior diencephalon, large populations of 5-HT-IR and DA-IR CSF-C perikarya were found in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID); the dorsal part of the NID additionally presented TH-IR CSF-C perikarya. Most regions of the diencephalon showed an intense monoaminergic innervation. In addition, numerous TH-IR, DA-IR and 5-HT-IR fibers, orginating from the anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, extended ventrally and reached the median eminence and the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. In the midbrain, TH-IR perikarya were located dorsally in the pretectal area. Ventrally, a large group of TH-IR cell bodies and some weakly stained DA-IR and 5-HT-IR neurons were observed in the posterior tuberculum. No dopaminergic system equivalent to the substantia nigra was revealed. The possible significance of the differences in the distribution of TH-IR and DA-IR neurons is discussed, with special reference to the CSF-C neurons.Abbreviations
AM
amygdala
-
CAnt
commissura anterior
-
CH
commissura hippocampi
-
CP
commissura posterior
-
Ctm
commissura tecti mesencephali
-
DH
dorsal hypothalamus
-
DTh
dorsal thalamus
-
FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
Fsol
fasciculus solitarius
-
H
habenula
-
LFB
lateral forebrain bundle
-
ME
median eminence
-
MFB
medial forebrain bundle
-
NID
nucleus infundibularis dorsalis
-
nIP
neuropil of nucleus interpeduncularis
-
NPOP
nucleus preopticus posterior
-
NS
nucleus septi
-
OVLT
organum vasculosum laminae terminalis
-
PD
pars distalis
-
Pdo
dorsal pallium
-
PHi
primordium hippocampi
-
PI
pars intermedia
-
Pl
lateral pallium
-
PN
pars nervosa
-
PRO
preoptic recess organ
-
Ptec
pretectal area
-
PVO
paraventricular organ
-
Ra
nucleus raphe
-
Rm
nucleus reticularis medius
-
SCO
subcommisural organ
-
ST
striatum; strm stria medullaris thalami
-
strt
stria terminalis thalami
-
TM
tegmentum mesencephali
-
TO
tectum opticum
-
TP
tuberculum posterius
-
trch
tractus cortico-habenularis
-
trmp
tractus mamillopeduncularis
-
VH
ventral hypothalamus
-
Vm
nucleus motorius nervi trigemini
-
VTh
ventral thalamus
-
II
optic nerve 相似文献
4.
Hasunuma I Toyoda F Kadono Y Yamamoto K Namiki H Kikuyama S 《Cell and tissue research》2010,342(3):437-457
The distribution of three types of arginine vasotocin (AVT) receptors in the brain and pituitary of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster, namely, the V1a-, V2-, and V3/V1b-type receptors, was studied by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
mRNA signals and immunoreactive cells for the V1a-type receptor were observed in the telencephalon (mitral layer of the olfactory
bulb, dorsal and medial pallium, lateral and medial amygdala, bed nucleus of the decussation of the fasciculus telencephali,
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis), diencephalon (anterior preoptic area, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic
nucleus, ventral thalamus, dorsal and ventral hypothalamic nucleus), mesencephalon (tegmentum, interpeduncular nucleus), and
medulla oblongata (median reticular formation, nucleus motorius tegmenti). Cells expressing the V2-type receptor were found
in the telencephalon (medial pallium, lateral and medial amygdala, bed nucleus of the decussation of the fasciculus telencephali),
and mesencephalon (tegmentum trigemini and facialis). In the paraphysis (possibly the main site of cerebrospinal fluid production),
only V2-type receptor mRNA signal and immunoreactivity were detected. V3/V1b-type receptor mRNA was expressed in the diencephalon
(dorsal hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus tuberculi posterioris), mesencephalon (tegmentum, interpeduncular nucleus), and medulla
oblongata (raphe nucleus), whereas V3/V1b-type-receptor-like immunoreactivity was scarcely detectable in the entire brain.
The V3/V1b-type receptor was predominantly expressed in the anterior pituitary. V3/V1b-type receptor and proopiomelanocortin
mRNAs were co-localized in the distal lobe of the pituitary. This is the first report of the distribution of three types of
AVT receptor in the brain and pituitary of non-mammalian vertebrates. 相似文献
5.
The mammillary projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei were investigated in the rat, using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. Pars centralis of the medial mammillary nucleus projects to the medial portion of the ateromedial nucleus (AM). Pars medialis (Mm) of the medial mammillary nucleus sends fibers to the ipsilateral AM and sparsely to the medial portion of the contralateral side. The ventral and dorsal portions of Mm project to the anterior and posterior portions of AM, respectively. The pars latralis (Ml) and pars posterior (Mp) of the medial mammillary nucleus send fibers predominantly to the ipsilateral anteroventral nucleus and sparsely to the contralateral side. A slight difference between Ml and Mp projections was observed. The lateral mammillary nucleus projects bilaterally to the anterodorsal nucleus. 相似文献
6.
In order to understand better the organisation of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the ventral thalamus, this paper has examined the patterns of connections that this nucleus has with various nuclei of the dorsal thalamus in rats. Injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B were made into the parafascicular, central lateral, posterior thalamic, medial dorsal, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, dorsal lateral geniculate, anterior, ventral lateral, ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei of Sprague-Dawley rats and their brains were processed using standard tracer detection methods. Three general patterns of ventral lateral geniculate connectivity were seen. First, the parafascicular, central lateral, medial dorsal, posterior thalamic and lateral dorsal nuclei had heavy connections with the parvocellular (internal) lamina of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. This geniculate lamina has been shown previously to receive heavy inputs from many functionally diverse brainstem nuclei. Second, the visually related dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei had heavy connections with the magnocellular (external) lamina of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. This geniculate lamina has been shown by previous studies to receive heavy inputs from the visual cortex and the retina. Finally, the anterior, ventral lateral, ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei had very sparse, if any, connections with the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Overall, our results strengthen the notion that one can package the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus into distinct visual (magnocellular) and non-visual (parvocellular) components. 相似文献
7.
Following horseradish peroxidase iontophoretic application into the main olfactory bulb (MOB) retrograde neuronal labeling was examined in the telencephalon in the frog. Labeled neurons, the sources of the MOB afferents are found in the mitral cell layer of the contralateral MOB, pallial and some subpallial areas. Very heavy labeling is observed in the pars ventralis of the lateral pallium, and to a lesser extent in the medial pallium, pars dorsalis of the lateral pallium and in the dorsal pallium. In subpallium labeled neurons are found in the eminentia postolfactoria, the rostral part of the medial septal nucleus, and in the nucleus of the ventro-medial telencephalic wall, which is probably homologous to the nucleus of the diagonal band (Broca) of mammals. No labelled neurons were found in the caudal portion of the MOB granular layer, usually referred to as the anterior olfactory nucleus. The arrangement of the MOB centrifugal innervation in amphibians is discussed in comparison with that in mammals. 相似文献
8.
T. Finkenstädt N. T. Adler T. O. Allen S. O. E. Ebbesson J. -P. Ewert 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1985,156(4):433-445
Summary The (14C)2DG autoradiographic technique has been employed to quantitatively map glucose utilization in the mesencephalon, the diencephalon and the cerebellum, of toads in response to configurational moving visual stimuli: (i) a 0.4 cm × 2.8 cm worm-like stripe (W) which elicited prey catching responses, (ii) a 8.4 cm × 8.4 cm square (S) that released predator avoidance responses, and (iii) a 2.8 cm × 0.4 cm antiworm-like stripe (A) which elicited no motor activity.For various brain nuclei different relationships were obtained: The optic tectum showed statistical significant higher 2DG uptake during worm-stimulation (¯X
W) than during antiworm stimulation (¯X
A), i.e.¯X
W>¯X
A. The latter visual pattern led to a 2DG utilization that was statistically significant stronger than during stimulation with a square (¯X
S), i.e.¯X
A>¯X
S. Thus, in comparison between right and left hemisphere as well as between brains the following ratios were obtained:Optic tectum:¯X
W>¯X
A>¯X
S; nucleus isthmi:¯X
W>¯X
A-¯X
s; posterodorsal lateral thalamic nucleus:¯X
S>¯X
A>¯X
W; posteroventral lateral thalamic nucleus:¯X
S>¯X
A¯X
W; posterior thalamic nucleus:¯X
W>¯X
A¯X
S; anteripr division of the lateral thalamic nucleus:¯X
W>¯X
A¯X
S; anterior thalamic nucleus:¯X
A>¯X
S>¯X
W; nucleus of Bellonci and dorsal division of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus:¯X
W¯X
A¯X
S; cerebellum:¯X
S¯X
W>¯X
A.Abbreviations
A
anterior thalamic nucleus
-
Cb
cerebellum
-
Hyp
hypothalamus
-
Ist
nucleus isthmi
-
cl. Ist
contralateral Ist
-
La
lateral thalamic nucleus, anterior division
-
Lpd
lateral thalamic nucleus, posterodorsal division
-
Lpv
lateral thalamic nucleus, posteroventral division
-
MP
medial pallium
-
NB/VLd
nucleus of Bellonci and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, dorsal division
-
P
posterior thalamic nucleus
-
PO
preoptic area
-
Sna
snapping evoking area=ventrolateral tectum
-
Str
striatum
-
Tec
tectum opticum 相似文献
9.
The distribution of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the brain of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii has been studied with antibodies raised against noradrenaline and the enzymes dopamine--hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Noradrenaline-containing cell bodies were found in the anterior preoptic area, the hypothalamic nucleus of the periventricular organ, the locus coeruleus and in the solitary tract/area postrema complex at the level of the obex. Noradrenergic fibers are widely distributed throughout the brain innervating particularly the ventrolateral forebrain, the medial amygdala, the lateral part of the posterior tubercle, the parabrachial region and the ventrolateral rhombencephalic tegmentum. Putative adrenergic cell bodies were found immediately rostral to the obex, ventral to the solitary tract. Whereas the cell bodies and their dendrites were Golgi-like stained, axons were more difficult to trace. Nevertheless, some weakly immunoreactive fibers could be traced to the basal forebrain. A comparison of these results with data previously obtained in anurans reveals not only several general features, but also some remarkable species differences.Abbreviations
Acc
Nucleus accumbens
-
AP
area postrema
-
Apl
amygdala, pars lateralis
-
Apm
amygdala, pars medialis
-
ca
commissura anterior
-
Cb
cerebellum
-
cc
central canal
-
Dp
dorsal pallium
-
epl
external plexiform layer
-
gl
glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
-
H
ganglion habenulae
-
igl
internal granular layer
-
Ip
nucleus interpeduncularis
-
Lc
locus coeruleus
-
Ll
lateral line lobe
-
Lp
lateral pallium
-
Ls
lateral septum
-
ml
mitral cell layer
-
Mp
medial pallium
-
Ms
medial septum
-
nPT
nucleus pretectalis
-
NPv
nucleus of the periventricular organ
-
nV
nervus trigeminus
-
oc
optic chiasm
-
Poa
preoptic area
-
Ri
nucleus reticularis inferior
-
SC
nucleus suprachiasmaticus
-
sol
solitary tract
-
Str
striatum
- thd
thalamus dorsalis
-
thv
thalamus ventralis
-
To
tectum opticum
-
TP
tuberculum posterius
-
V
ventricle
-
VH
ventral hypothalamic nucleus
-
III
nucleus nervi oculomotorii
-
IXm
nucleus motorius nervi glossopharyngei
-
Xm
nucleus motorius nervi vagi 相似文献
10.
Terry T. Takahashi Clifford H. Keller 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1992,170(2):161-169
Summary In the barn owl (Tyto alba), the posterior nucleus of the ventral lateral lemniscus (VLVp) is the first site of binaural convergence in the pathway that processes interaural level difference (ILD), an important sound-localization cue. The neurons of VLVp are sensitive to ILD because of an excitatory input from the contralateral ear and an inhibitory input from the ipsilateral ear. A previously described projection from the contralateral cochlear nucleus, can account for the excitation. The present study addresses the source of the inhibitory input.We demonstrate with standard axonal transport methods that the left and right VLVps are interconnected via fibers of the commissure of Probst. We further show that the anesthetization of one VLVp renders ineffective the inhibition that is normally evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear. Thus, one cochlear nucleus (driven by the ipsilateral ear) appears to provide inhibition to the ipsilateral VLVp by exciting commissurally-projecting inhibitory neurons in the contralateral VLVp.Abbreviations
ABL
average binaural level
-
CP
commissure of Probst
-
DNLL
dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
-
IC
inferior colliculus
-
ILD
interaural level difference
-
IPc
nucleus isthmi, pars parvocellularis
-
ITD
interaural time difference
-
LSO
lateral superior olive
-
MNTB
medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
-
NA
nucleus angularis
-
SL
nucleus semilunaris
-
VLVa
nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis, pars anterior
-
VLVp
nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis, pars posterior 相似文献
11.
Summary The distribution of binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and angiotensin II (A II) was investigated in the central nervous system (CNS) of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis by means of in vitro autoradiography using [125I]-rat ANF(99–126) or [125I] [Val5] A II and [125I]human A II as labeled ligands. The highest densities of specific ANF-binding were detected in the nucleus habenularis, thalamic regions, hypophyseal pars nervosa and nucleus interpeduncularis. Moderate ANF-binding was found in the bulbus olfactorius, pallium, septum, striatum, lateral forebrain bundle, nucleus infundibularis, hypophyseal pars distalis and tectum. The highest levels of specific A II binding sites were observed in the nucleus praeopticus, nucleus habenularis, hypophyseal pars nervosa and pars distalis, whereas the amygdala contained moderate A II binding. The existence of specific binding sites for ANF and A II in the CNS of Xenopus laevis suggests that both peptides act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the amphibian CNS. The co-localization of dense binding sites for both peptides in the nucleus habenularis, hypophyseal pars nervosa and pars distalis supports the view that ANF and A II have opposite regulatory functions in these regions. 相似文献
12.
Walter Heiligenberg Clifford H. Keller Walter Metzner Masashi Kawasaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(2):151-164
Summary The complex of the diencephalic nucleus electrosensorius (nE) provides an interface between the electrosensory processing performed by the torus semicircularis and the control of specific behavioral responses. The rostral portion of the nE comprises two subdivisions that differ in the response properties and projection patterns of their neurons. First, the nEb (Fig. 1 B), which contains neurons that are driven almost exclusively by beat patterns generated by the interference of electric organ discharges (EODs) of similar frequencies. Second, the area medial to the nEb, comprising the lateral pretectum (PT) and the nE-acusticolateralis region (nEar, Fig. 1 B-D), which contains neurons excited predominantly by EOD interruptions, signals associated with aggression and courtship. Neurons in the second area commonly receive convergent inputs originating from ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, which respond to the low-frequency and high-frequency components of EOD interruptions, respectively. Projections of these neurons to hypothalamic areas linked to the pituitary may mediate modulations of a fish's endocrine state that are caused by exposure to EOD interruptions of its mate.Abbreviations
a
axon
-
ATh
anterior thalamic nucleus
-
CCb
corpus cerebelli
-
CE
central nucleus of the inferior lobe
-
CP
central posterior thalamic nucleus
-
Df
frequency difference between neighbor's EOD and fish's own
-
DFl
nucleus diffusus lateralis of the inferior lobe
-
DFm
nucleus diffusus medialis of the inferior lobe
-
DTn
dorsal tegmental nucleus
-
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
G
glomerular nucleus
-
Hc
caudal hypothalamus
-
Hd
dorsal hypothalamus
-
Hl
lateral hypothalamus
-
Hv
ventral hypothalamus
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
LL
lateral lemniscus
-
MGT
magnocellular tegmental nucleus
-
MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus
-
nB
nucleus at the base of the optic tract
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius
-
nEar
nucleus electrosensorius-acusticolateral region
-
nEb
nucleus electrosensorius-beat related area
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing rise of EOD frequency
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing fall of EOD frequency
-
nLT
nucleus tuberis lateralis
-
nLV
nucleus lateralis valvulae
-
PC
posterior commissure
-
Pd
nucleus praeeminentialis, pars dorsalis
-
PeG
periglomerular complex
-
PG
preglomerular nucleus
-
PLm
medial division of the perilemniscal nucleus
-
Pn
pacemaker nucleus
-
PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
-
PT
pretectal nucleus
-
PTh
prethalamic nucleus
-
R
red nucleus
-
Sc
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
SE
nucleus subelectrosensorius
-
TAd
nucleus tuberis anterior-dorsal subdivision
-
TAv
nucleus tuberis anterior-ventral subdivision
-
TeO
optic tectum
-
TL
torus longitudinalis
-
TSd
dorsal (electrosensory) torus semicircularis
-
TSv
ventral (mechanosensory and auditory) torus semicircularis
-
tTB
tecto-bulbar tract
-
VCb
cerebellar valvula
-
VP
valvular peduncle
-
VPn
nucleus of the valvular peduncle 相似文献
13.
Projections of the central cerebellar nuclei to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei were studied in cats with the use of light
and electron microscopy. Almost all intralaminar nuclei were shown to obtain cerebello-thalamic projections. The entire complex
of the central cerebellar nuclei serves as a source of such projections; yet, involvement of different nuclei is dissimilar.
Destruction of the central and, especially, caudal regions of the fastigial nucleus evoked in the intralaminar thalamic nuclei
degenerative changes in the nerve fibers (from swelling and development of varicosities up to total fragmentation). Pathological
phenomena could be noticed in the most caudal regions of the above thalamic nuclear group, including the medial dorsal nucleus.
Projections of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus were directed toward nearly the same regions of the intralaminar nuclei;
degeneration was more intensive (covered thecentrum medianum) when posterior regions of the interpositus nucleus were destroyed. Destruction of the lateral cerebellar nucleus evoked
a similar pattern of pathological changes, but degeneration was also observed in some structures of the ventral and anterior
nuclear groups of the thalamus. Electron microscopic examination showed that degeneration of dark and light types developed
in the fiber preterminals and terminals. It can be concluded that the central cerebellar nuclei project not only to the ventral
complex of the thalamic nuclei, but also to the anterior, medial, and intralaminar nuclear groups (rostral and caudal portions). 相似文献
14.
Walter Metzner Walter Heiligenberg 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(2):135-150
Summary In the context of aggression and courtship, Eigenmannia repeatedly interrupts its electric organ discharges (EODs) These interruptions (Fig. 1) contain low-frequency components as well as high-frequency transients and, therefore, stimulate ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, respectively (Figs. 2, 3). Information provided by these two classes of receptors is relayed along separate pathways, via the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of the hindbrain, to the dorsal torus semicircularis (TSd) of the midbrain. Some neurons of the torus receive inputs from both types of receptors (Figs. 14, 15), and some respond predominantly to EOD interruptions while being rather insensitive to other forms of signal modulations (Figs. 12, 13). This high selectivity appears to result from convergence and gating of inputs from individually less selective neurons.Abbreviations
CP
central posterior thalamic nucleus
-
Df
frequency difference between neighbor's EOD and fish's own
-
DPn
dorsal posterior nucleus (thalamus)
-
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
ELL
electrosensory lateral line lobe
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
LMR
lateral mesencephalic reticular formation
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius
-
nEb
nucleus electrosensorius, beat-related area
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing rise of EOD frequency
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing fall of EOD frequency
-
nEar
nucleus electrosensorius-acusticolateralis area
-
NPd
nucleus praeeminentialis, pars dorsalis
-
PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
-
PT
pretectal nucleus
-
SE
nucleus subelectrosensorius
-
TeO
optic tectum
-
TSd
dorsal (electrosensory) torus semicircularis
-
TSv
ventral (mechano-sensory and auditory) torus semicircularis 相似文献
15.
Iu K Mukhina 《Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i émbriologii》1985,88(1):25-34
Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the basal macrocellular and lateral nuclei of the amygdaloid complex (BLAC) in the cat brain has revealed their rich thalamic afferentation. On the BLAC there are massive projections of: a) nuclei of the middle line of the precommissural pole of the dorsal thalamus (anterior parts of the paratenial, interanteromedial and reunial nuclei), as well as the whole anterior paraventricular nucleus, medial part of the ventral posteromedial nucleus; b) postcommissural nuclei of the dorsal thalamus; some "nonacustical" nuclei of the internal geniculate body (ventrolateral nucleus, medial and macrocellular parts and the most caudal end of the internal geniculate body). Rather essential are projections of the "posterior group nuclei", those of the suprageniculate nucleus, of some parts of the ventral thalamus (subparafascicular nucleus, marginal and peripeduncular nuclei) and parabrachial nucleus. Scattered single projections are obtained from all hypothalamic parts (most of all the ventromedial nucleus), reticular nuclei of the septum, substantia innominata, substantia nigra, truncal nuclei of the raphe. Variety of the dorsal thalamic nuclei, sending their fibers to the BLAC reflects variety of sensory information, that gets here, according to its modality, degree of its differentiation and integrity. A number of the dorsal thalamus nuclei, owing to abundance of labelled neurons, can be considered as special relay thalamic nuclei for the BLAC resembling corresponding relay nuclei for the new cortex. 相似文献
16.
Following unilateral iontophoretic application of HRP into the optic tectum of Salamandra salamandra, retrogradely HRP-filled cells were found bilaterally in the pretectum, tegmentum isthmi, the reticular formation, pars medialis, and in the nucleus vestibularis magnocellularis. The area octavo-lateralis projects only to the caudal part of the tectum. Ipsilateral projections were noted from the dorsal gray columns of the cervical spinal cord, the dorsal tegmentum, the thalamus dorsalis pars medialis, thalamus dorsalis, pars anterior (to the rostral one-third of the tectum), the thalamus ventralis (in its entire rostro-caudal extent), and the preoptico-hypothalamic complex. Retrogradely filled cells were identified in deeper layers of the contralateral tectum. There are two telencephalic nuclei projecting ipsilaterally to the tectum via the lateral forebrain: the ventral part of the lateral pallium, and the posterior strioamygdalar complex. 相似文献
17.
Summary The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity was investigated in embryonic and juvenile locusts using an antibody raised against GABA-protein conjugates. GABA-like immunoreactivity was first detectable in the neuropile of embryonic ganglia at 55% development, and in neuronal somata at 62% development. The total number of immunoreactive somata increased between 62% and 85% embryonic development, and followed an anterio-posterior pattern of expression. At 85% development, the number of immunoreactive somata reached adult levels and no change in number was then seen. In embryonic stages and first and second juvenile instars two dorsal and four ventral groups of somata were labeled in all three thoracic ganglia, whilst in later juvenile instars one of the dorsal groups was visible as a separate entity only in the metathoracic ganglion. These early patterns were modified by alterations in the positions of some of the groups during late embryogenesis and during juvenile development to produce the adult pattern. The results show that the development of GABA expression is similar to that of other neurotransmitters. The characteristics of the development of immunoreactivity indicate that some of these immunoreactive clusters may be derived from clonally related neurones. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive somata and processes in embryos, which correspond to those of identified local and intersegmental interneurones studied in the adult.Abbreviations
Ab1–3
first-third abdominal ganglion
-
CON
connective
-
CI
1–3
common inhibitors 1–3
-
CTC
tract
-
DC I–VII
dorsal commissures I–VII
-
DIT
dorsal intermediate tract
-
DMT
dorsal median tract
-
LDT
lateral dorsal tract
-
LF
lateral fibres
-
o, iLVT
outer and inner lateral ventral tract
-
MVT
median ventral tract
-
N1–5
nerves 1–5
-
aPT
anterior perpendicular tract
-
PT
perpendicular tract
-
aRT
anterior ring tract
-
R1–5
nerve roots 1–5
-
PVC
posterior ventral commissure
-
SMC
supra-median commissure
-
T3
metathoracic neuromere
-
TT
T tract
-
aVAC
anterior ventral association centre
-
VC I
ventral commissure I
-
d,vVCII
dorsal and ventral parts of ventral commissure II
-
VF
ventral fibres
-
VIT
ventral intermediate tract
-
VLT
ventral lateral tract
-
VMT
ventral median tract
-
(d,v)LAG
(dorsal and ventral) lateral anterior group
-
LDG
lateral dorsal group
-
LVG
lateral ventral group
-
MDG
medial dorsal group
-
MPG
medial posterior group
-
MVG
medial ventral group 相似文献
18.
Evidence for Glutamatergic Projections from the Cochlear Nucleus to the Superior Olive and the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract: This study attempts to determine if projections ascending from the guinea pig cochlear nucleus (CN) could be glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic. Multiple radio frequency lesions were made to ablate the right CN. The ablation was verified histologically. To identify the principal targets of CN efferents, silver impregnation methods were used to localize the preterminal degeneration of fibers in transverse sections of the brainstem 5 and 7 days after CN ablation. CN efferents projected heavily to the lateral superior olive (LSO) ipsilaterally, the medial superior olive (MSO) bilaterally, and contralaterally to the medial (MNTB) and ventral (VNTB) nuclei of the trapezoid body, the ventral (VNLL) and intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc). There were smaller projections to the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body ipsilaterally, the dorsal and dorsomedial periolivary nuclei bilaterally, and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus contralaterally. There were sparse projections to the VNLL and ICc ipsilaterally and the CN contralaterally, and a very sparse projection to the contralateral LSO. To determine if CN efferents were glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic, the fresh brainstem was sectioned transversely and samples of the LSO, MSO, MNTB, VNLL, and ICc were taken to measure the electrically evoked release and the uptake of d -[3H]Asp and [14C]Gly or [14C]GABA 3–5 days after the CN ablation. The release studies suggest that only certain of the histologically identified projections ascending from the CN may be glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic. CN ablation depressed d -[3H]Asp release in the MSO bilaterally and in the contralateral MNTB and VNLL, suggesting that the CN efferents to these nuclei may use glutamate or aspartate as a transmitter. It was unclear whether a marginal depression of d -[3H]Asp release in the ipsilateral LSO reflected the presence of glutamatergic CN projections to this nucleus. d -[3H]Asp release in the ICc was unaffected, suggesting that CN efferents to this nucleus may not be glutamatergic. There were no deficits in d -[3H]Asp uptake. [14C]Gly release from the LSO and MSO was unchanged. [14C]Gly uptake was unchanged in the MSO and depressed only in the contralateral LSO, possibly reflecting subnormal uptake activity in endings contributed by contralateral MNTB cells that had lost their CN efferents. [14C]GABA uptake in the MNTB, VNLL, and ICc was unchanged. [14C]GABA release was unchanged in the VNLL and ICc. [14C]GABA release was depressed only in the contralateral MNTB, possibly reflecting the loss of a small complement of GABAergic CN efferents and the reaction of GABAergic projections from the contralateral VNTB to their loss of CN efferents. 相似文献
19.
Summary The anterograde Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) tracing technique was used to determine the distribution of efferent fibers originating in the lateral septal nucleus of the guinea pig. For complementary detection of the chemical identity of the target neurons, double-labeling immunocytochemistry was performed with antibodies to PHA-L and to vasopressin, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, serotonin or dopamine -hydroxylase, respectively. The hypothalamus received the majority of the PHA-L-stained septofugal fibers. Here, a specific topography was observed. (1) The medial and lateral preoptic area, (2) the anterior, lateral, dorsal, posterior hypothalamic and retrochiasmatic area, (3) the supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, dorsomedial, caudal ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, and (4) the tuberomammillary, medial and lateral supramammillary, dorsal and ventral premammillary nuclei always contained PHA-L-labeled fibers. The rostral portion of the ventromedial nucleus and the medial and lateral mammillary nucleus only occasionally showed weak terminal labeling. In other diencephalic areas, termination of PHA-L-labeled fibers was observed in the epithalamus and the nuclei of the midline region of the thalamus. In the mesencephalon, terminal varicosities occurred in the ventral tegmental area, interfascicular and interpeduncular nucleus, and periaqueductal gray. In addition, the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei of the metencephalon, together with the locus coeruleus and the dorsal tegmental nucleus, received lateral septal efferents. 相似文献
20.
Catherine R. Propper Richard E. Jones Kristin H. Lopez 《Cell and tissue research》1992,267(2):391-398
Summary The distribution of immunoreactive arginine vasotocin (AVT-ir) was determined in the brain of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Cells and fibers containing AVT-ir were found in the medial septal region, lamina terminalis, lateral forebrain bundle, preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, periventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Occasional AVT-ir cells were found in the interpeduncular nucleus. Fibers containing AVT-ir were found in the cortex, around the olfactory ventricle, in the diagonal band of Broca, amygdala area, dorsal ventricular ridge, striatum, nucleus accumbens, septum, ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, medial forebrain bundle, median eminence, pars nervosa, nucleus of the solitary tract, locus coeruleus, cerebellar cortex (granular layer), dorsal part of the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, substantia nigra, and myelencephalon. The intensity of AVT-ir staining was, in general, greater in males than in females. Comparison of AVT-ir distribution in A. carolinensis with those previously published for other reptilian species revealed species-specific differences in distribution of AVT. 相似文献