微水相中杏仁醇腈酶催化不对称合成(R)-氰醇的研究

利用气相色谱手性分析,研究了微水相中来源于杏仁的(R)-醇腈酶催化醛与HCN不对称合成(R)-氰醇.结果表明,反应时间、添加乙酸、反应介质、反应体系水活度、反应温度和底物的结构对醇腈酶反应均有显著影响.杏仁醇腈酶对芳香族、脂肪族和杂环族醛均有良好的催化作用.其中,苯甲醛为杏仁醇腈酶的最适作用底物,在低温（0～5℃）下,转化率和产物对映体过剩值均在99%以上.     

微水相中杏仁醇腈酶催化不对称合成(R)-氰醇的研究

利用气相色谱手性分析,研究了微水相中来源于杏仁的（R）－醇腈酶催化醛与HCN不对称合成（R）－氰醇,结果表明,反应时间,添加乙酸,反应介质,反应体系水活度,反应温度和底物的结构对醇腈醇反应均有显著影响,杏仁醇腈酶对芳香族,脂肪族和杂环族醛均有良好的催化作用,其中,苯甲醛为杏仁醇腈的最和达作用底物,在低温（0－5℃）下,转化率和产物对映体过剩值均为99％以上。     

高选择性不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺的重组氧化还原酶催化性质及其酶促转化

【目的】通过表达多种重组立体选择性氧化还原酶,分析其催化不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DKTP)的性质,从而构建酶促合成(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DHTP)的反应体系。【方法】基于已有立体选择性氧化还原酶重组大肠杆菌,通过Ni离子亲和层析法纯化得到重组氧化还原酶,以DKTP为底物,考察不同重组氧化还原酶对DKTP的催化活性和选择性,进一步对高选择性酶促合成(S)-DHTP的重组酶CR2进行性质分析,并考察其在最适条件下不对称还原DKTP的过程。【结果】筛选获得产物构型为(S)-型的催化活性最高的酶为CR2,该酶米氏常数Km为0.135 mmol/L,kcat/Km为3.689 L/(mmol·s),最适p H 8.4(0.1 mol/L三乙醇胺缓冲液),最适反应温度为35°C,在10-45°C条件下和p H 7.5-8.5较为稳定,Zn2+离子对酶活有促进作用。CR2催化DKTP不对称还原反应6 h后,DHTP的产率达92.1%、光学纯度达99.9%。【结论】基于活性和选择性分析,获得不对称还原DKTP的目标酶CR2,其催化特性有利于高立体选择性还原DKTP生成度洛西汀中间体(S)-DHTP,从而为进一步提高酶促不对称还原DKTP的转化效率提供研究基础。     

Bacillus megaterium WZ009催化合成(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯

以外消旋4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯为唯一C源的富集培养筛选得到一株菌株WZ009,经16S rDNA测序鉴定为巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。B.megaterium WZ009静息细胞可以立体选择性催化(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯水解和脱氯反应得到光学纯的(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(e.e.≥99%)和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯(e.e.≥95%)。笔者对B.megaterium WZ009不对称催化反应影响因素(温度、pH、中和剂、底物浓度、时间进程以及细胞重复利用)进行优化研究,确定了该反应体系最优条件:底物浓度200 mmol/L,中和剂氨水,pH 7.2,40℃反应12 h,转化率达到50.6%,底物对映体过量值为99.6%。该生物催化合成(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯过程具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

重组固氮菌腈水合酶催化3-（4-氯苯基）戊二腈的选择性水解

通过基因数据挖掘方法（genome mining）获得了来源于固氮菌Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1中的腈水合酶基因hsn1。构建了hsn1／pETDuet-1／BL21的大肠杆菌共表达重组菌,经IPTG诱导获得了具有良好催化能力的Co^2＋依赖型腈水合酶HSN1。利用全细胞反应研究了HSN1的底物谱,发现HSN1对底物3-（4-氯苯基）戊二腈有良好的区域选择性及一定的对映选择性,它可以选择性地水解1个腈基得到3-（4-氯苯基）-4-氰基丁酰胺,该化合物可通过一步化学反应合成巴氯芬。     

转化奎宁酮为(R)-3-奎宁醇菌株的筛选及转化条件优化

(R)-3-奎宁醇是一种用于合成各类药物的重要手性砌块,以奎宁酮盐酸盐为唯一碳源,筛选得到一株能够将奎宁酮不对称还原为(R)-3-奎宁醇的菌株X15。常规生理生化鉴定和18S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株X15属于粘红酵母菌Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,定名为R.mucilaginosa X15。结果显示,菌株X15具有酮基还原能力和辅酶再生能力,在100 mL反应体系中可将奎宁酮还原为(R)-3-奎宁醇,转化率90%,ee值为88%。     

中国木薯醇腈酶在汉逊酵母中的表达

α-醇腈酶(α-hydroxynitrilelyase, HNL)是手性醇腈化合物生物合成十分有用的工具, 能够催化羰基化合物和HCN立体选择性的加工形成手性醇腈化合物。应用PCR扩增得到HNL基因, 连接到pMD18-T 中进行测序, 然后通过EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ将其连接到汉逊酵母表达载体pHMOXGαA中。通过在含有4 mg/mL的G418的YPD培养基上进行筛选获得阳性重组子, 用0.5%的甲醇诱导96 h。酶活测定和SDS-PAGE分析显示HNL在汉逊酵母NCYC495(leu1.1)中得到正确表达, 每毫升发酵液中获得2.015 U的醇腈酶。     

伴有辅酶原位再生的胞外酶耦合法制备（R）-苯基乙二醇

经5轮诱变筛选,从近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis CICC1676）中分离得到产NADH依赖型羰基还原酶（Carbonyl reductase,CR）菌株CP-9。所产羰基还原酶（CRCp-9）经两步快速纯化获得纯化倍数为11．5倍,比活力为1．84 U/mg的酶液,其还原反应的最适pH值为6．5,最适温度为40℃。该酶转化β-羟基苯乙酮制备手性化合物（R）-苯基乙二醇,因此是（R）-专一性羰基还原酶。该酶与NADH普适性再生酶-甲酸脱氢酶（For-mate dehydrogenase,FDH）在胞外相耦联,构建伴有辅酶再生与反复利用的CR/FDH双酶催化制备立体醇体系,底物β-羟基苯乙酮转化率达95．4％,产物（R）-苯基乙二醇得率为93％,辅酶的总转化数（Total turn number, TTN）达267,产物e．e．值为98．6％,批次耦合反应生产能力达0．8 g/L/h,较单酶催化有较大提高,与细胞转化法相比也具有较好的生产能力。因此,伴有辅酶再生的胞外酶耦合催化具有潜在的制备手性醇化合物的工业应用价值。     

羰基还原酶产生菌Candida ontarioensis制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇

从实验室保藏的菌株中筛选获得Candida sp.PT2A,并通过18S rRNA鉴定为安大略假单胞菌Candida on-tarioensis。对C.ontarioensis不对称还原合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的发酵产酶条件和转化条件进行优化,确定了最适的发酵产酶条件和转化条件:温度30℃,初始pH 6.5,摇床转速180 r/min,菌体质量浓度200 g/L。采用2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙酮质量浓度为10 g/L时,还原反应72 h,(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的e.e.值为99.9%,产率为99%;底物质量浓度提高至30 g/L时,产率下降为84.3%。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对C.ontarioensis细胞进行通透性处理(CTAB g/L,4℃下处理20 min),在30 g/L底物下反应24 h,产物的e.e.和产率分别达到99.9%和97.5%。     

白地霉G38生物转化制备抗忧郁药(R)-fluoxetine

从200株菌中筛选出具有双酮化合物还原活力较高的菌株7株,其中以白地霉(Geotrickum, sp. )G38活力最高,而且有较好的区域选择性和立体选择性。白地霉G38能对β-羰基苯丙酸乙酯进行不对称还原,生成(R)-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯,用于制备抗忧郁药(R)-fluoxetine。用二甲基硅橡胶包埋白地霉菌体取代游离菌体进行生物转化,可以提高反应的立体选择性,对映体过量值从49％提高到81％。     

Pharmacokinetic data of propranolol enantiomers in a comparative human study with (S)- and (R,S)-propranolol

The pharmacokinetics of (S)-propranolol were compared after the oral administration of a 40 mg dose of the pure enantiomer and an 80 mg dose of a racemic mixture of (R,S)-propranolol. The results of this study indicate that the bioavailability of (S)-propranolol, as expressed by the mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum serum concentration, is lower after 40 mg of the optically pure drug than after the racemic drug.     

New sources of (R)-oxynitrilase: capulin (Prunnus capuli) and mamey (Mammea americana)

(R)-Cyanohydrins were prepared from aldehydes and HCN in diisopropyl ether with high enantiomeric purity (89–98 %ee) by using the defatted meal from capulin (Prunnus capuli) or mamey (Mammea americana) as sources of (R)-oxynitrilase. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Identification and Characterization of a Mycobacterial (2R,3R)-2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase

Bacterial strain B-009, capable of using racemic 1,2-propanediol (PD), was identified as a rapid-growing member of the genus Mycobacterium. The strain is phylogenetically related to M. gilvum, but has slightly different physiological characteristics. An NAD⁺-dependent enantioselective alcohol dehydrogenase, which acts on R-PD, was purified from the strain. The enzyme was a homodimer of a peptide coded by a 1047-bp gene (mbd1). A highly conserved sequence for medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductases with a preference for secondary alcohols was found in the gene. Hydroxyacetone was produced from R-PD by an enzymatic reaction, indicating that position 2 of the substrate was oxidized. The enzyme activity was highest for (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol (R,R-BD), enabling the enzyme to be identified as (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (R,R-BD-DH). A homology search revealed M. gilvum, M. vanbaalenii, and M. semegmatis to have ORFs similar to mbd1, suggesting the widespread distribution of genes encoding R,R-BD-DH among mycobacterial strains.     

Synthesis and polymerization of benzyl (3R,4R)-3-methylmalolactonate via enzymatic preparation of the chiral precursor

β-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.2, (β-methylaspartase) from Clostridium tetanomorphum was used to produce a 40/60 molar ratio of (2S,3R) and (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acids, 2a and 2b , respectively, from mesaconic acid 1 as substrate, on a large scale. To prepare (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxetanone (benzyl 3-methylmalolactonate) 6, 2a and 2b were transformed, in the first step, into 2-bromo-3-methylsuccinic acids 3a and 3b and separated. After three further steps, (2S,3S)- 3a yielded the α,β-substituted β-lactone (3R,4R) 6 with a very high diastereoisomeric excess (>95% by chiral gas chromatography). The corresponding crystalline polymer, poly[benzyl β-(2R,3S)-3-methylmalate] 8 , prepared by an anionic ring opening polymerization, was highly isotactic as determined by ¹³C NMR. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lactone 6 yielded (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-carboxy-2-oxetanone (3-methylmalolactonic acid) 7 , to which reactive, chiral, or bioactive molecules can be attached through ester bonds leading to polymers with possible therapeutic applications. Because of the ability of β-methylaspartase to catalyse both syn- and anti-elimination of ammonia from (2S,3RS)-3-methylaspartic acid 2ab at different rates, the (2S,3R)-stereoisomer 2a was retained and isolated for further reactions. These results permit the use of the chemoenzymatic route for the preparation of both optically active and racemic polymers of 3-methylmalic acid with well-defined enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric compositions. Chirality 10:727–733, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile via asymmetric transcyanation of acetyltrimethylsilane with acetone cyanohydrin in an aqueous/organic biphasic system catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal was successfully carried out for the first time. The optimal volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase, buffer pH value and reaction temperature were 15% (v/v), 5.0 and 30°C, respectively, under which both substrate conversion and product enantiomeric excess (ee) were 99%. Silicon atom in the substrate showed great effect on the reaction. Acetyltrimethylsilane was a much better substrate for (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica than its carbon analogue.     

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile via asymmetric transcyanation of acetyltrimethylsilane with acetone cyanohydrin in an aqueous/organic biphasic system catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal was successfully carried out for the first time. The optimal volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase, buffer pH value and reaction temperature were 15% (v/v), 5.0 and 30°C, respectively, under which both substrate conversion and product enantiomeric excess (ee) were 99%. Silicon atom in the substrate showed great effect on the reaction. Acetyltrimethylsilane was a much better substrate for (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica than its carbon analogue.     

C(2)-Symmetric dialkoxyphosphoramide and dialkoxythiophosphoramide derivatives of (1R, 2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as chiral ligands for the titanium(IV) alkoxide-promoted asymmetric addition reactions of diethylzinc to arylaldehydes.

C(2)-Symmetric chiral diethoxyphosphoramide 4, diethoxythiophosphoramide 5, and diisopropoxyphosphoramide 6 of (1R, 2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane were prepared by the reactions of diethoxyphosphinic chloride, diethoxythiophosphinic chloride, and diisopropoxyphosphinic chloride with (1R, 2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, respectively. They were used as catalytic chiral ligands in the asymmetric addition reactions of diethylzinc to aldehydes in the presence of titanium(IV) isopropoxide to give the corresponding sec-alcohols with 43-70% ee. Chiral ligands 4 and 5 gave the sec-alcohols with opposite absolute configuration.     

The asymmetric synthesis of (R,R)‐formoterol via transfer hydrogenation with polyethylene glycol bound Rh catalyst in PEG2000 and water

(R,R)‐formoterol was synthesized in seven steps with 4‐hydroxyl‐3‐nitro‐acetophenone as the starting material. The key intermediate, the chiral secondary alcohol 4 , was prepared via Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation with (S,S)‐PEGBsDPEN as the ligand and sodium formate as the hydrogen donor under mild conditions. With a mixture of PEG 2000 and water as the reaction media, the catalyst system could be recycled four times. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.