衣原体质粒的研究进展

衣原体质粒是一个分子量约为7.5 kb,基因序列高度保守,非整合性的DNA分子,广泛存在于沙眼衣原体的各个血清型中,鼠衣原体和鹦鹉热衣原体也携带该质粒.近年来,人们发现衣原体质粒是一种毒力因子,可以导致小鼠输卵管积水.动物实验显示质粒缺失株可作为减毒活疫苗来预防衣原体感染所致的生殖道和眼睛的病变.不仅如此,衣原体质粒还是一种有效的基因操纵工具,可用于沙眼衣原体致病机制的研究.因此,开展对衣原体质粒的研究具有重要的意义.     

Proposal of Chlamydia pecorum sp. nov. for Chlamydia strains derived from ruminants.

Chlamydia pecorum sp. nov. is proposed as the fourth species of the genus Chlamydia on the basis of the results of a genetic analysis of Chlamydia strains that were isolated from cattle and sheep which had various diseases, including sporadic encephalitis, infectious polyarthritis, pneumonia, and diarrhea. The levels of DNA-DNA homology between C. pecorum and strains of C. psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis were less than 10%. Several DNA probes were used to identify C. pecorum. The C. pecorum strains were distinguished from C. psittaci strains by the results of immunological assays, including an immunofluorescence antibody assay performed with monoclonal antibodies and an immunoblot analysis of the immunological specificity of the major outer membrane protein. Species identification was based on results obtained from DNA analyses and serology. The type strain of C. pecorum is strain ATCC VR628.     

Identification of a major envelope protein in Chlamydia spp.

A major cell envelope protein of Chlamydia psittaci with a molecular weight of approximately 43,000 was identified and partially characterized. It was present at all stages of the C. psittaci developmental cycle. A major protein with a similar molecular weight was also observed in two Chlamydia trachomatis strains.     

Full Genome Sequences of All Nine Chlamydia psittaci Genotype Reference Strains

Chlamydia psittaci primarily infects birds, but zoonotic transmission occurs in people in close contact with infected birds. The clinical outcome ranges from inapparent disease to pneumonia. Here we report the genome sequences of all 9 Chlamydia psittaci genotype reference strains.     

Zinc and Chlamydia trachomatis

Zinc was noted to have significant effects upon the infection of McCoy cells by each of two strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. With a high or low Chlamydia inoculant, the number of infected cells increased up to 200% utilizing supplemental zinc (up to 1 X 10(-4) M) in the inoculation media compared with standard Chlamydia cultivation media (8 X 10(-6) M zinc). Ferric chloride and calcium chloride did not effect any such changes. Higher concentrations of zinc, after 2 hr of incubation with Chlamydia, significantly decreased the number of inclusions. This direct effect of zinc on the Chlamydia remained constant after further repassage of the Chlamydia without supplemental zinc, suggesting a lethal effect of the zinc. Supplemental zinc (up to 10(-4)M) may prove to be a useful addition to inoculation media to increase the yield of culturing for Chlamydia trachomatis. Similarly, topical or oral zinc preparations used by people may alter their susceptivity to Chlamydia trachomatis infections.     

IFA筛选经EMS诱导的沙眼衣原体突变株

目的:用甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethylmethylsulfone,EMS)诱导D型沙眼衣原体突变,利用间接免疫荧光法筛选出突变菌株,为研究不同衣原体基因的功能提供实验依据。方法:将D型沙眼衣原体标准株接种Mc Coy细胞,加入EMS诱导突变,收集存活菌株,利用空斑实验进行衣原体的分离和纯化,并用不同衣原体蛋白单克隆抗体做间接免疫荧光实验筛选突变株。结果:用间接免疫荧光筛选经EMS作用的沙眼衣原体,筛选出三株包涵体形态偏小的菌株(56#、58#、95#),一株圆形包涵体的突变株(61#)和一株D413N表达阴性的突变菌株(83#)。结论:用EMS作为诱导剂诱导D型沙眼衣原体突变,并成功筛选出三种突变株。为寻找衣原体功能基因与衣原体表型之间的联系奠定了实验基础。     

Inhibitory effect of heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycans on the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae in HL cells varies between strains

Glycosaminoglycans are known to participate in the attachment of several chlamydial strains. We studied the effect of heparin, enoxaparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, and heparinase I on the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain CWL029 and two Finnish isolates, Kajaani 7 and Parola, in an HL cell line which is epithelial in origin. Two Chlamydia trachomatis strains, L2 and E, were used for comparison. The infectivity of all C. pneumoniae strains and C. trachomatis serovar E was inhibited not only by heparin derivatives but also by chondroitin sulfate A and heparinase treatment. Treatment of host cells with heparin derivatives and heparinase was also inhibitory. Different chlamydial strains and species seem, however, to vary in their ability to use heparin in their attachment to host cells.     

Plasmid diversity within the genus Chlamydia

Examination of 12 Chlamydia psittaci strains recovered from nine different host species (three avian and six mammalian) revealed the presence of a 7.5 kb plasmid in all isolates except two ovine abortion strains, the human strain IOL207 and the Cal 10 strain. Restriction mapping analysis distinguished four different plasmids that were associated with avian, feline, equine and guinea-pig C. psittaci isolates, respectively. The restriction maps of these four C. psittaci plasmid types all differed from that of the plasmid recovered from C. trachomatis L2/434. Despite this plasmid diversity, which is likely to be of taxonomic importance, all four plasmids identified within the species C. psittaci were found to share some sequence homology, which was mapped to two separate regions in the plasmid molecules. One region, which showed a high degree of homology between C. psittaci plasmids and also detectable homology with the C. trachomatis plasmid, may represent a common replication control region for plasmids of this genus.     

Cloning and antigenic expression of two genes from Chlamydia psittaci avian strain

Abstract: Genes from Chlamydia psittaci P-1041 were cloned into the Bam HI site of pUC19 and were transformed to host Escherichia coli JM109. Two recombinant plasmids that expressed protein antigens of Chlamydia were isolated. The sizes of the DNA fragments were 1350 and 1710 bp, and encoded for polypeptides of M _r 25 and 42 kilodaltons (kDa), respectively. The 25-kDa protein had cross-reactivity with antisera to ten C. psittaci strains and two C. trachomatis strains, whereas the 42-kDa protein reacted only with homologous antiserum to the C. psittaci P-1041 strain. Furthermore, in Southern hybridization analysis these two fragments as probes hybridized with DNA of ten C. psittaci strains and four C. trachomatis strains. These results indicated that the two fragments shared a DNA sequence common to the chlamydial genus.     

Monoclonal antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci

Five monoclonal antibodies were prepared against Chlamydia (C.) psittaci strain Pigeon-1041 isolated from a feral pigeon in Sapporo. Reactions of these antibodies to chlamydiae were examined using five strains of C. psittaci and two strains of C. trachomatis in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, microimmunofluorescent test and complement fixation test. The antibodies were divided into two groups: three genus-specific (A2, D2, and I21) and two strain-specific (F2 and H9) antibodies. The antigenic determinant site of A2 was KIO4 sensitive, but those of D2, F2, and H9 were not affected greatly by KIO4 treatment. Nine C. psittaci strains from feral pigeons and 16 strains from budgerigars were classified into three groups and four groups, respectively, by reaction patterns against the monoclonal antibodies.     

Sphingomyelin trafficking in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected cells

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a bacterial obligate intracellular parasite with a developmental cycle common to all members of the genus Chlamydia . Like other chlamydiae, the developmental cycle of C. pneumoniae occurs entirely within a membrane-bound intracellular vacuole, termed an inclusion, that is non-fusogenic with endosomal or lysosomal compartments. To characterize the vesicular interactions of the C. pneumoniae inclusion, we used a fluorescent analogue of ceramide, { N -[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)]-6-aminocaproyl- d erythro -sphingosine (C₆-NBD-Cer), that has previously been used to characterize the endogenous synthesis and transport of sphingolipids from the Golgi apparatus to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci inclusions. Sphingolipids are trafficked to C. pneumoniae inclusions in a time-, temperature- and energy-dependent manner with properties very similar to the delivery of sphingomyelin to C. trachomatis inclusions. These results indicate that interactions of the inclusion with a subset of sphingomyelin-containing exocytic vesicles is a property common to all species of chlamydiae.     

In vitro susceptibility of 7.5-kb common plasmid-free Chlamydia trachomatis strains

Using a new plaque cloning technique, we obtained unique Chlamydia trachomatis strains which were confirmed to be free of the 7.5-kb common plasmid and glycogen in inclusions. The in vitro susceptibility of these strains to various chemotherapeutic agents was tested by comparison with their parent strains and clinical isolates possessing the common plasmid. No difference was detected for any of the agents tested, indicating that the 7.5-kb common plasmid is unrelated to the drug resistance of C. trachomatis.     

Divergence without difference: phylogenetics and taxonomy of Chlamydia resolved

Members of Chlamydiaceae have been extensively characterized by complete genome sequencing. This information provides new understanding concerning their natural evolutionary history. Comparative genome analysis is consistent with the conclusion that host-divergent strains of Chlamydiae are closely related biologically and ecologically. The previous taxonomic separation of the genus based on ribosomal sequences is neither consistent with the natural history of the organism revealed by genome comparisons, nor widely used by the Chlamydia research community 8 years after its introduction; thus, it is proposed to reunite the Chlamydiaceae into a single genus, Chlamydia .     

Amoebal host range, host-free survival and disinfection susceptibility of environmental Chlamydiae as compared to Chlamydia trachomatis

The term 'Chlamydia-like organisms' encompasses obligate intracellular bacterial species phylogenetically close to Chlamydiaceae. Most are associated with free-living amoebae, and several could be responsible for respiratory tract infections and abortion in human and animals. Despite increasing concern about their pathogenic role, the prevalence, biodiversity and ecology of Chlamydia-related bacteria still remain largely unknown. In this study, six members of the Chlamydiales were tested, including Parachlamydia acanthamoebae (two different strains), Protochlamydia naegleriophila, Waddlia chondrophila, Criblamydia sequanensis and Chlamydia trachomatis as a reference. Intracellular growth was tested in 11 different Acanthamoeba strains, demonstrating significant differences in host susceptibilities to infection depending on strains investigated. Survival of host-free bacteria in suspension or dried onto surfaces was also explored, demonstrating that Chlamydia-like organisms present better survival capacity than C. trachomatis. Longer survival times were observed for bacteria suspended in rich culture medium, with survivors being detected after 10 weeks incubation. We also tested susceptibility of host-free Chlamydia-like organisms to several disinfection treatments. Each chemical biocide tested reduced viability of host-free Chlamydia by more than 4 logs. Conversely, all Chlamydia-like organisms tested resisted exposure at 55 °C for 10 min, while C. trachomatis was completely inactivated.     

泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体omp1基因多态性研究

从中国不同城市收集疑为沙眼衣原体(Ct)感染的泌尿生殖道标本323份,巢式PCR扩增Ctomp1基因片段(包括4个变异区),测定其中96份阳性标本omp1基因序列,根据同源性分型并分析其多态位点;根据氨基酸序列,用Mega 3软件构建进化树,分析临床株与相应参考株之间的亲缘关系。从96份沙眼衣原体阳性标本中,检出28种基因变体,其中E型最常见;同时发现Ct E、F型omp1基因高度保守,而其它基因型都显示一定的变异性。进化树分析发现,各临床株与相应参考株之间遗传距离较近。实验结果表明沙眼衣原体omp1基因呈现较大的多态性,可为其疫苗的研制及感染的防治提供重要的实验依据。     

Distribution of plasmid sequences in avian and mammalian strains of Chlamydia psittaci

Plasmid DNA from an avian strain of Chlamydia psittaci was purified and estimated to be 7.9 kb in size using restriction endonuclease analysis. A 5.9 kb fragment of this plasmid was cloned, mapped and used to screen a range of chlamydial strains. Hybridizing DNA was absent from ovine abortion and arthritis isolates and also from the Cal 10 strain but related sequences were detected in C. psittaci strains of feline pneumonitis, guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis, ovine conjunctivitis and C. trachomatis serovar L2. The plasmid DNA from the feline strain was shown to have a distinct restriction endonuclease profile. Similar plasmid sequences were detected in all avian isolates tested: thus the clone may have a useful diagnostic role for the detection of the pathogen in its natural host and in zoonotic episodes.     

Detection of Chlamydia psittaci using DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction

Fewer than 10(5) elementary bodies of Chlamydia psittaci could be detected by using DNA hybridisation with a plasmid probe specific for avian chlamydial strains. PCR amplification of chlamydial DNA using primers specific for conserved regions of the major outer membrane protein gene enabled the detection of fewer than 10 elementary bodies. DNA could be amplified from 22 of the 24 chlamydial strains tested including avian, feline, ovine, caprine, koala and lymphogranuloma venereum strains.     

Immunotyping of Chlamydia psittaci by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test with monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies against pigeon and budgerigar strains of Chlamydia psittaci were used to classify the immunotypes of C. psittaci strains by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. Thirty-three C. psittaci strains from pigeons and 24 from budgerigars were divided into three immunotypes (P-I, P-II, and P-III) and (B-I, B-II, and B-III), respectively. Two strains from human psittacosis patients were identified as P-III and B-I, coinciding with the epidemiological evidence of each human infection. Two strains from psittacine birds, a parrot and a parakeet, were identical to the B-II immunotype. Other mammalian strains were quite distinct from avian strains in their IFA reaction with the monoclonal antibodies.     

Plaque Formation in Chick Embryo Fibroblast Cells by Chlamydia Isolated From Avian and Mammalian Sources

Fifteen strains of chlamydial agents, 2 Chlamydia trachomatis and 13 Chlamydia psittaci, were tested for plaque formation on chick embryo fibroblast cells. C. trachomatis strains did not form plaques; 12 strains of C. psittaci did form plaques and 1 strain did not. The distribution of plaque sizes with C. psittaci strains was studied and it was found that the 12 strains could be tentatively grouped into three plaquing types: small (<0.50 mm), intermediate (0.50 to 0.90 mm), and large (>0.90 mm). Small plaques were predominantly associated with strains M56, ET, CP3, CT4, EBA, CS1, and CT2. Intermediate size plaques were predominantly associated with strains NJ1, VT1, and H81. Large plaques were predominantly associated with strains WC and OG. Plaque size appears to be related to virulence of Chlamydia for laboratory animals.     

Stimulation of the cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan, Nod1, by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia muridarum

Infection of epithelial cells by the intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, leads to activation of NF-kappaB and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We find that overexpression of a dominant-negative Nod1 or depletion of Nod1 by RNA interference inhibits partially the activation of NF-kappaB during chlamydial infection in vitro, suggesting that Nod1 can detect the presence of Chlamydia. In parallel, there is a larger increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes following Chlamydia infection when primary fibroblasts are isolated from wild-type mice than from Nod1-deficient mice. The Chlamydia genome encodes all the putative enzymes required for proteoglycan synthesis, but proteoglycan from Chlamydia has never been detected biochemically. Since Nod1 is a ubiquitous cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan from Gram-negative bacteria, our results suggest that C. trachomatis and C. muridarum do in fact produce at least the rudimentary proteoglycan motif recognized by Nod1. Nonetheless, Nod1 deficiency has no effect on the efficiency of infection, the intensity of cytokine secretion, or pathology in vaginally infected mice, compared with wild-type controls. Similarly, Rip2, a downstream mediator of Nod1, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR4, increases only slightly the intensity of chlamydial infection in vivo and has a very mild effect on the immune response and pathology. Thus, Chlamydia may not produce sufficient peptidoglycan to stimulate Nod1-dependent pathways efficiently in infected animals, or other receptors of the innate immune system may compensate for the absence of Nod1 during Chlamydia infection in vivo.