休闲期深翻覆盖对旱地小麦土壤水分及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

采用大田试验研究旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻不同材料覆盖对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其生理机制。结果表明:前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻覆盖较15 d可提高播前120～300 cm土壤蓄水量,而降低开花期0～300 cm(除80 cm土层外)土壤蓄水量;显著提高籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、蛋白质产量、谷/醇比,提高旗叶GS活性及花后10～15 d、25 d旗叶GOGAT活性,均以渗水地膜覆盖效果较好。结果还表明,播前80～200 cm、开花期260～280 cm土壤蓄水量与旗叶GS、旗叶GOGAT活性显著相关,且与旗叶GS活性关系更密切。籽粒蛋白质组分含量、谷/醇比、蛋白质产量与旗叶GS、旗叶GOGAT活性显著相关,且与旗叶GS活性相关性较密切,尤其是谷/醇比。播前和开花期120～300 cm土壤蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量显著相关,播前60～220 cm、开花期240～300 cm土壤蓄水量与谷/醇比显著相关。总之,休闲期等雨后深翻覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降雨,有利于提高播前深层土壤水分,最终提高籽粒蛋白质品质及质量,且采用渗水地膜覆盖效果最好。     

土壤水分对强筋小麦‘豫麦34’氮素同化酶活性和籽粒品质的影响

 以强筋型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘豫麦34号’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了土壤水分对氮素同化酶活性及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明：旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性于花后呈下降趋势,且土壤含水量为田间持水量（FC）60%的处理活性最强,其次为40%FC,活性最低的是80%FC。旗叶和籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性于开花15 d前均呈下降趋势,15 d后均为上升趋势,各水分处理间酶活性大小关系是：80%FC＞60%FC＞40%FC。各水分处理间旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性的大小关系同GS。60%FC籽粒产量及品质最优,80%FC产量次之,40%FC产量最低;40%FC品质次之,80%FC品质最低。不同水分处理下籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片NR、GS 和籽粒GOGAT活性均呈正相关,与旗叶GOGAT活性呈负相关。且40%FC和80%FC下籽粒蛋白质含量只与旗叶GS活性相关性达显著水平, 60%FC下蛋白质含量则与旗叶NR和籽粒GS活性均达显著相关,与旗叶GS活性达极显著相关。     

氮、钾水平对小麦籽粒蛋白质合成关键酶活性的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以蛋白质含量差异的两个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种宁麦9号(低蛋白)和扬麦10号(中蛋白)为材料,研究了不同氮、钾施肥水平对小麦旗叶与籽粒中游离氨基酸含量、蛋白质合成关键酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其与开花期旗叶氮、钾营养的关系.结果表明,氮、钾施肥显著提高了小麦花后旗叶与籽粒中游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量、旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及籽粒GS和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,其中氮肥的作用大于钾肥、氮钾肥配合达到最大,对扬麦10号的效应大于宁麦9号.开花期旗叶氮/钾比随施氮水平的增加呈二次曲线变化,随施钾水平的增加呈下降趋势.旗叶GS活性和成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量与氮/钾比均呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系.因此,旗叶和籽粒中蛋白质合成关键酶活性受开花期旗叶氮/钾比的显著影响,是氮、钾素影响小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的重要生理原因.     

不同形态氮素对专用型小麦花后氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了氮素形态对不同专用型小麦开花后氮素同化关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:不同专用型小麦氮素同化关键酶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶对氮素形态的反应不同。强筋小麦豫麦34施用酰胺态氮对旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性具有明显的促进作用,最终籽粒蛋白质含量较高;中筋小麦豫麦4 9在施用铵态氮时,3种氮素同化关键酶活性均有较大增强,籽粒蛋白质含量最高;弱筋小麦豫麦5 0硝酸还原酶活性以铵态氮处理最高,而籽粒和旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性在酰胺态氮处理下明显增强,酰胺态氮对籽粒中蛋白质含量的增加具有明显的促进作用。相关性分析表明,籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性和籽粒GOGAT活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与旗叶NR活性和GS活性、籽粒GOGAT活性相关性不显著     

灌水时期和灌水量对小麦氮代谢相关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响

以高产强筋小麦品种'济麦20'为试验材料,在防雨池栽条件下研究了灌水时期和灌水量对小麦氮代谢相关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响.结果表明,随灌水时期增多和总灌水量增加,小麦开花后旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性显著增高,旗叶蛋白质水解酶内肽酶(EP)、氨肽酶(AP)、羧肽酶(CP)活性降低;小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量增加,而籽粒谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量、成熟期籽粒谷醇/清球比值(谷蛋白+醇溶蛋白含量/清蛋白+球蛋白含量)降低;面粉沉降值和面团稳定时间显著降低,籽粒产量显著增加.研究发现,在本试验条件下,小麦全生育期灌水3次处理(底墒水+拔节水+开花水)在灌浆前中期旗叶NR和GS活性、灌浆中后期旗叶EP、CP、AP 活性均较高,且成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量、谷醇/清球比值、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量亦较高,是获得小麦高产优质的最佳灌水处理.     

分蘖期冷水胁迫下施氮量对寒地粳稻氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

以寒地粳稻东农428、龙稻7和松粳10为试验材料,研究分蘖期冷水胁迫下不同施氮量处理对功能叶片氮代谢关键酶活性、籽粒蛋白质含量以及产量的影响,并探讨功能叶片氮代谢关键酶活性与籽粒蛋白质含量以及产量的关系。研究结果表明,分蘖期冷水胁迫使NR,GS活性及籽粒蛋白质含量升高,GOGAT和GDH活性下降。分蘖期冷水胁迫下,增加施氮量使各品种功能叶酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量均缓慢升高,其中NR、GS和GOGAT活性在N150处理下最高,GDH活性和籽粒蛋白质含量在N175处理下最高,可知,高施氮量不利于寒地粳稻抗冷。不同品种在冷水胁迫下酶活性表现不一,其中耐冷型品种东农428在各处理下氮代谢关键酶保持较高生理活性,龙稻7次之,松粳10最弱。分蘖期冷水胁迫下,纯氮施用量为100 kg/hm2,其产量表现最佳,3个品种表现一致。     

不同环境条件下小麦氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质

研究了两种环境条件下3个不同蛋白含量小麦品种的氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质的差异.结果表明,龙口试验点的小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)和籽粒谷胺酰氨合成酶活性均显著高于泰安试验点,3个品种间的酶活性顺序均为：济麦20＞优麦3号＞PH971942.优质强筋小麦品种的籽粒综合品质性状在龙口试验点的表现优于泰安试验点. 灌浆期环境因素与小麦籽粒品质和酶活性存在显著的相关性,灌浆期间的较高气温、适当干旱和寡照环境有利于提高小麦籽粒品质.龙口试验点的中、强筋小麦品种和泰安试验点的中筋小麦品种蛋白质含量与旗叶NR和GS活性均达显著正相关.小麦品种用途不同,对环境条件的要求不同,适宜的环境条件提高了氮代谢关键酶的活性,利于改善小麦品质.     

氮、磷、钾对豫麦50旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以豫麦50为对象,探讨了氮、磷、钾对小麦旗叶中蔗糖的积累及相关酶活性以及籽粒中淀粉含量和组分的影响.结果表明,施氮可以增加灌浆前期旗叶中的糖含量,施钾则提高了灌浆后期旗叶中的糖含量,而施磷则对旗叶中的糖含量影响不大.施氮、磷、钾均能增加蔗糖合成酶活性,但它们的作用时间不同：施氮活性增加在籽粒灌浆中期,施磷在灌浆前期,而施钾在灌浆前、中期.但氮亦可增加花后24 d的磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,施磷增加了灌浆前、中期磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,施钾则增加了灌浆后期旗叶磷酸蔗糖酶活性.施氮、磷、钾都提高了籽粒中总糖含量,增加籽粒中淀粉含量,其中施钾效果最为明显.施磷提高籽粒中直链淀粉的积累,而施钾则显著提高了籽粒中支链淀粉的含量.     

灌浆期不同水分处理对玉米籽粒蛋白质及其组分和相关酶活性的影响

蛋白质作为氮素代谢的终极产物,与玉米(Zea mays)籽粒品质呈正相关关系,其生物合成主要在硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)等一系列酶催化下完成,受制于品种自身遗传特性及环境因素,栽培管理措施和生态环境条件对玉米品质具有十分重要的影响。关于土壤水分供应状况对玉米籽粒主要品质成分的分布、积累动态和相关酶活性的影响的研究尚少见报道。以两种不同类型玉米:普通玉米‘掖单22’和高油玉米‘高油115’为研究对象,采用防雨棚池栽试验。水分处理以开花期为界线,设置3种水分处理,花后不浇水(W0)、花后浇1水(灌浆期,W1)、花后浇3水(灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期,W2)。结果表明:两种类型玉米籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的积累动态基本一致,且不受土壤水分供应状况的影响。玉米籽粒蛋白质及清蛋白、谷蛋白含量,均为‘高油115’较高,球蛋白含量为‘掖单22’较高,醇溶蛋白两类型玉米含量相近。在不同水分供应条件下,两种类型玉米叶片中NRase、GS酶活性和籽粒中GS、GDH酶活性的变化动态一致,NRase酶活性自灌浆初期至成熟期一直下降,GS、GDH酶活性呈单峰曲线,在授粉后20~40 d达到高峰,充足的水分供应有利于酶的活性维持较高水平;玉米叶片中NRase酶活性,‘掖单22’高于‘高油115’,叶片GS和籽粒GDH酶活性显著低于‘高油115’。研究表明:用玉米叶片中NRase和GS活性的高低表征籽粒蛋白质含量的高低不确切,土壤水分条件与不同类型玉米穗位叶和籽粒中GS 和GDH活性关系密切。     

旱地小麦深施磷肥对土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、利用的影响

为探明磷肥在旱地小麦生产上的作用,寻求旱地小麦最佳施磷方式,在山西省闻喜县进行了低磷(75kg·hm~(-2))、中磷(112.5 kg·hm~(-2))、高磷(150 kg·hm~(-2))3个施磷量条件下20 cm、40 cm 2个深度施磷的田间试验,研究其对旱地麦田土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、利用的影响。结果表明:增加施磷量,越冬期-孕穗期0~100 cm土层土壤蓄水量提高,且深层施磷效果较好,尤其有利于返青期土壤蓄水量提高。增加施磷量,各生育时期植株含氮率提高,各生育时期植株氮素积累量显著提高,且深层施磷效果较好,尤其开花期含氮率。增加施磷量,花前各器官氮素运转量显著提高,深层施磷叶片氮素运转量对籽粒的贡献率提高,成熟期叶片氮素积累量及其所占比例显著降低。40 cm深度施磷150 kg·hm~(-2)花后氮素积累量最高。此外,越冬-孕穗期0~100 cm土层土壤蓄水量与花前氮素运转量关系密切,尤其与叶片氮素运转量关系密切,开花期土壤水分与花后氮素积累量关系系数最大。总之,增加施磷量,有利于提高花前1 m内土壤水分,有利于促进植株氮素积累、运转,且深层施磷效果显著,尤其可促进叶片氮素转移到籽粒,有利于开花期含氮率提高,有利于花后氮素积累。最终,40 cm深度施磷150 kg·hm~(-2)可显著提高旱地小麦氮肥吸收效率、氮肥生产效率、氮素收获指数。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.