Cuticular studies in some Nelsonioideae (Acanthaceae)*

The foliar epidermis and cuticle of Staurogyne longifolia (Nees) Kuntze, Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau var. acaulis, E. acaulis var. lyrata (Nees) Bremek. and Nelsonia campestris R.Br, have been investigated, revealing broad similarities with those of the rest of the Acanthaceae; the presence of diacytic stomata in the Nelsonioideae is evidence of its affinity with the Acanthaceae in general-, while the presence of panduriform glandular hairs and the absence of the cystoliths in Nelsonioideae indicate its particular affinity with the Thunbergioideae. Substantial evidence is provided to support the retention of Nelsonioideae as a subfamily of the Acanthaceae, rather than its transfer to the Scrophulariaceae.     

国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

Comparative leaf anatomical studies of Acinos species (Labiatae) from Wkey

A comparative study was undertaken on the leaves of six Acinos taxa in order to assess anatomical variations which may be a useful feature to identify each one and to evaluate their significance for the taxonomy of the genus. All species have glandular and non-glandular trichomes, diacytic stomata, and dorsiventral leaves.
The results of this survey show that trichomes not only are different in cell numbers within the species but also in density. When transverse sections are compared, some differences in their midrib shapes, the protruding midrib, the number of palisade and spongy layers and upper anticlinal epidermal wall may provide interesting starting points for the characterisation of the species.     

Structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in some Indian Amaranthaceae

The structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in 45 taxa belonging to 19 genera have been studied. In all, six stomatal types have been recognized viz., anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, paracytic, hemiparacytic and brachyparacytic. The majority of the taxa are amphistomatic whereas hypostomatic leaves are confined to only three taxa. Stomatal diversity is common but most of the taxa show either dominance or codominance. Stomatal distribution is helpful in distinguishing the three tribes of the Amaranthaceae. The tribe Celosieae shows exclusive presence of anomocytic and anisocytic stomata whereas Amarantheae and Gomphreneae show other stomatal types viz., paracytic and diacytic in addition to anomocytic and anisocytic stomata. Further, the latter two tribes are each distinguishable into two subtribes on the basis of stomata.     

Leaf micromorphology and taxonomy of North African species of Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae)

REJDALI M., 1991. Leaf micromorphology and taxonomy of North African species of Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae). This study reports on the structure of trichomes, epidermal cells, stomata and venation patterns. The trichomes are either glandular or eglandular. The latter are unicellular or multicellular, soft or rigid pointed hairs. The glandular hairs are short or long stalked, the latter are generally flattened and may be sessile. The epidermal cells are variously shaped with sinuous or straight walls usually randomly orientated. Stomata are either anomocytic or diacytic and evenly distributed throughout the epidermis without any definite pattern of orientation. Venation is of the semicraspedodermous type.     

Glandular hairs in the genusDrosera (Droseraceae)

On the leaves and sepals of 52 species, representing all sections of the genusDrosera except one, 14 different types of glandular hairs were found: two-celled papillae, peltate scales, several types with unbranched, bi- or multiseriate stalk with a two- or multicellular gland, and one type with a multiseriate stalk and a two-armed gland. The combination of these hairs and the presence of non-glandular hairs confirm the actual classification of the genus. In combination with simple morphological characters (e.g., the type of insertion of the petiole) glandular hairs facilitate the identification of species even in the pharmaceutically important cut crude drug.     

国产野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示：叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

29种中国野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示:叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

Comparative anatomical and micromorphological studies on Teucrium creticum and Teucrium orientale var. orientale (T. sect. Teucrium, Lamiaceae)

Teucrium creticum L. and T. orientale L. var. orientale are two related taxa in Teucrium sect. Teucrium . In this study, the value of anatomical and micromorphological characters for distinguishing between these two taxa is analysed. Transverse sections of the stem, as well as both transverse and surface sections of the leaves were examined anatomically. According to the data obtained, collenchyma and sclerenchyma do grow more in T. creticum than in T. orientale var. orientale . The leaves of T. creticum are hypostomatic and have a characteristic hypodermis, which is under the upper epidermis, as well as abundant spherocrystals in the upper epidermis. The leaves of T. orientale var. orientale are amphistomatic, yet no spherocristals exists in epidermal cells and the hypodermis is absent. The results obtained from studies carried out under scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that the nutlet micromorphology varies between the two taxa. In both taxa, the nutlet surfaces are reticulate and glandular. Eglandular hairs do occur. However, in T. orientale var. orientale , 20–60 μm long eglandular hairs with scabrid surface occur only along the margins of the nutlets, whereas the ¾ dorsal sides of the nutlets in T. creticum are all covered with 90–500 μm long, smooth-surfaced hairs. Additionally, while the glandular hairs on the nutlets of T. creticum are subsessile, those on the nutlets of T. orientale var. orientale are capitate and distinctly stalked.     

国产柿属(Diospyros)的叶表皮形态研究及其分类学意义

为了解柿属(Diospyros)植物的叶表皮特征,在光学显微镜下观察了46种2变种植物的叶表皮微形态特征,并进行了主成分分析。结果表明,柿属植物的叶表皮微形态可分为2组：A组的表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁浅波状或深波状;B组的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。气孔全部位于下表皮,以无规则型为主,但同时有辐射型、环列型和十字型气孔存在。大多数种具有表皮毛,表皮毛有非腺毛和头状腺毛的区别。柿属植物的叶表皮微形态特征类型多样,能够为部分类群的分类提供较好的形态学证据。     

Contemporary seasonal and altitudinal variations of leaf structural features in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.)

The effects of elevation (200, 950 and 1760 m) and season (April-October) on leaf morphological, anatomical, ultrastructural, morphometrical and photosynthetic parameters were studied in Origanum vulgare plants. Observations aimed at the determination of the alterations in leaf structure and function associated with differential growth and adaptation of plants. Raising elevation results in a progressive decrease of plant height. During the growing period, summer plants are taller than spring and autumn plants at all elevations examined. In high-altitude populations (O. vulgare ssp. vulgare), the blade size becomes reduced in June leaves as compared with October leaves, while it does not change remarkably in low-altitude populations (O. vulgare ssp. hirtum). Leaf thickness remains more or less stable during the growing period. Expanded leaves in June and October at 200 m elevation contain dark phenolics only in their epidermis, whereas leaves of August are densely filled with phenolics in all of their tissues. In June at 1760 m elevation, leaves are devoid of phenolics, which, however, occur in the epidermis of the leaves in August and October. At higher altitudes, larger mesophyll chloroplasts with more starch grains are present in June leaves, whereas in August and October leaves chloroplasts are smaller with fewer starch grains. Leaf stomata and non-glandular hairs increase in number from the lowland to the upland habitats, whereas glandular hairs decrease in number. During the growing season, the density of stomata and of glandular and non-glandular hairs progressively increases. In the low- and mid-altitude oregano populations, leaf chlorophyll a content and PSII activity significantly increase in October, whereas they simultaneously decrease in the high-altitude population, suggesting a phenomenon of chilling-induced photoinhibition. The highest photochemical efficiency of PSII appears in the mid-altitude population (having characteristics intermediate between those of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum and ssp. vulgare) where environmental conditions are more favourable. This conclusion is also confirmed by the observation that the 950 m O. vulgare population has larger and thicker leaves with highly developed palisade and spongy parenchymas.     

12种茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜技术观察了茶藨子属7个亚属12种植物的叶表皮微形态。结果显示：叶表皮细胞分为多边形和不规则形两种类型;垂周壁式样为平直—弓形、浅波形、深波形;叶表皮角质层多为光滑或较光滑,少有脊状纹饰或乳突状凸起;表皮毛分为单毛和腺毛;黑果茶藨子、水葡萄、臭茶藨子的叶表面均分布不同密度的盾状腺毛,支持将臭茶藨子系划分为臭茶藨子亚属;气孔器均为无规则型,形状为圆形或椭圆形,多数种类的气孔仅分布在下表皮。茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征可为属内亚属划分及种间分类提供一定的依据。     

羽叶薰衣草表皮毛的发育解剖学研究

对羽叶薰衣草(LavandulapinnataL.)茎和叶上两种表皮毛(腺毛和非腺毛)发育的解剖学观察表明,两者的发生都源于茎或叶的原表皮细胞,但外部形态、发育过程及功能明显不同。腺毛有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛两种类型,均由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部细胞构成。头状腺毛的头部只有1个或2个分泌细胞,盾状腺毛由8个分泌细胞构成头部。非腺毛由3-20个细胞组成,可分为三种类型:单列不分枝、二叉分枝和三叉及三叉以上多分枝的树状分枝。非腺毛的顶部细胞由基部到顶部逐渐变细,先端成尖形。腺毛发育由原表皮细胞经两次平周分裂形成,由于柄细胞和头部细胞所处的分化状态不同而发育成两类腺毛。非腺毛由非腺毛原始细胞经二次或多次平周分裂和不均等分裂,再发育成数个至二十多个子细胞。     

Trichome micromorphology of Iranian Stachys (Lamiaceae) with emphasis on its systematic implication

Trichomes of 37 taxa of the genus Stachys and one species of Sideritis (S. montana) were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The indumentum shows considerable variability among different species, but is constant among different populations of one species, and therefore, affords valuable characters in delimitation of sections and species. The characters of taxonomic interest were presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, thickness of the cell walls, number of cells (unicellular or multi-cellular), presence of branched (dendroid) trichomes, presence of vermiform trichomes, orientation of trichomes in relation to the epidermal surface, curviness of trichomes, and presence of papillae on trichome surface. Two basic types of trichomes can be distinguished: glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The glandular trichomes can in turn be subdivided into subtypes: stalked, subsessile, or sessile. The stalks of the glandular trichomes can be uni- or multi-cellular. Simple unbranched and branched trichomes constitute two subtypes of non-glandular trichomes. Our data do not provide any support for separation of Sideritis from Stachys. The following evolutionary trends are suggested here for Stachys: vermiform trichomes with stellate base are primitive against vermiform trichomes with tuberculate base, long vermiform trichomes are primitive against the short simple trichomes, appressed trichomes are advanced against spreading ones, and loss of glandular trichomes is advanced against their presence. Overall, trichome micromorphology is more useful in separation of species within sections rather than characterizing large natural groups known as sections, except for few cases.     

Floral structure, development and diversity in Thunbergia (Acanthaceae)

Floral structure and development of 18 species of Thunbergia (Thunbergioideae si , Acanthaceae) were studied comparatively. The flowers of Thunbergia are highly diverse and show a wide range of pollination syndromes. In general they are large and showy. Their pollination apparatus is highly elaborate, floral organs are often synorganized, and floral architecture is complex. In contrast to the high diversity of the anthetic flowers, their bauplan is uniform and their early development shows no major differences, i.e. in all species studied, the calyx arises as a ring primordium, the corolla is 'late sympetalous', and petals and stamens are initiated more or less simultaneously. Some differences are found in further calyx development, where several developmental patterns are present. More significant differences arise only later during development and mainly concern the structures of the calyx, the anthers, the stigma, and corolla aestivation. In the anthetic flowers there are many special characters that are present in all or the majority of the species studied, e.g. the calyx is reduced, the corolla tube is subdivided into two compartments and the anthers lack an endothecium. The present results on development and morphology of the flowers of Thunbergia are compatible with an earlier subdivision of the genus into eight subgenera.     

两种忍冬属植物叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性的研究

利用扫描电镜观察2种忍冬属植物的叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等。扫描电镜观察结果表明:气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器散生并为无规则型;下表皮密被表皮毛(包括腺状毛和非腺毛);上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;同时在下表皮还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶。为进一步研究这2种忍冬属植物叶的形态解剖特征,通过光学显微镜观察发现,叶均为异面叶,栅栏组织发达,细胞长柱形;海绵组织细胞类圆形,排列紧密;叶脉机械组织发达。以上这些构造特征,都有利于减少植物体水分的散失,以适应我国西南岩溶区干旱环境特征。通过进一步分析电镜观察结果,发现在忍冬叶的上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶的上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据。     

Trichome complement of Turnera and Piriqueta (Turneraceae)

The indumentum of Piriqueta and Turnera is made up of nine different types of trichomes, which broadly can be divided into glandular and non-glandular. Taking into account foot shape, head size and pedicle size, five variants of glandular trichomes are recognized: microcrapitate, stipitate-capitate, sessile-capitate and setiform. The non-glandular trichomes can be simple (unicellular or pluricellular-uniseriate), stellate or porrect-stellate. The setiform glandular hairs are present in most species of Piriqueta . Simple unicellular hairs are the most widespread type, frequently being found in combination with other trichomes. Stellate trichomes show a restricted distribution in both genera. Within Piriqueta , section Africana has only simple trichomes, whereas section Piriqueta has also porrect-stellate trichomes; groups of species can be set up according to the presence and type of glandular trichomes. Within Turnera the stipitate-capitate trichomes are exclusive to series Papilliferae ; sessile-capitate trichomes are found in series Microphyllae , Annulares and in some species of Salicifoliae ; clavate trichomes are found only in series Turnera ; setiform glandular hairs are exclusive to T. collotricha , whereas the microcapitate trichomes are widely distributed.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 144 , 85–97.     

Some Observations on the Diversity of Stomata and Trichomes in Six Species of Dioscorea

Stomata and trichomes are described on the leaves of six speciesof Dioscorea. As many as six types were found in D. bulbiferaand D. oppositifolia, four types in D.hispida and D. wallichii,three types in D. belophylla, but only two types in D. alata.Although there is a diversity of stomata even on the same surface,the predominant type is anomocytic in all the species exceptD. bulbifera in which it is tricytic. Rarely a stoma is alsocyclocytic in D. bulbifera. An increase in the number of subsidiarycells in paracytic, tricytic, or diacytic stomata takes placeby the wall formation in them. Similarly a reduction in thenumber of subsidiary cells of a tetracytic stoma is the resultof lateral subsidiary cells assuming the form of epidermal cells.Abnormalities such as a stoma with one guard cell, degenerationof guard cells, and contiguous stomata are also met with. Theorganization of different types of stomata is studied in D.bulbifera and D. wallichii and shown to be perigenous. Capitateglandular hairs were seen on the leaves of D. belophylla, D.bulbifera, D. hispida, and D. wallichii but non-glandular, uniseriate,3-celled trichomes were observed only in D. hispida.     

The trichomes of pericarp in Juglans (Juglandaceae): scanning microscopy, fluorescent microscopy amd histochemistry

Four types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes of pericarp in four Juglans species (J. ailanthifolia, J. cordiformis, J. mandshurica and J. regia) from Juglandaceae were studied by scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent light microscopy and histochemistry. The capitate trichomes on short stalk, the capitate trichomes on long stalk and the peltate trichomes belong to glandular trichomes; the simple hairs concern to non-glandular trichomes. The investigated species differ one from another in dimensions and distribution oftrichomes as well as the chemical content and the mechanism of secretion. The fluorescent markers and histochemical tests show the presence of flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols in trichomes on short and long stalk. In peltate trichomes the flavonoids and tannins were found in lesser quantity and the polyphenols are absent. In simple hairs the phenolic substances have not been recognized. It has been come out with the suggestion about a functional role of each type of trichomes.     

Comparative analysis of leaf trichome structure and composition of epicuticular flavonoids in Finnish birch species

The morphology, ultrastructure, density and distribution of trichomes on leaves of Betula pendula, B. pubescens ssp. pubescens, B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii and B. nana were examined by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The composition of flavonoids in ethanolic leaf surface extracts was analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography. All taxa examined contained both glandular and non-glandular trichomes (short and/or long hairs) but differed from each other in trichome ultrastructure, density and location on the leaf. Leaves of B. pubescens were more hairy than those of B. pendula, but the latter species had a higher density of glandular trichomes. Of the two subspecies of B. pubescens, leaves of ssp. pubescens had more short hairs on the leaf surface and four times the density of glandular trichomes of leaves of ssp. czerepanovii, whereas, in the latter subspecies, short hairs occurred largely on leaf veins, as in B. nana. The glandular trichomes were peltate glands, consisting of medullar and cortical cells, which differed structurally. Cortical cells possessed numerous small, poorly developed plastids and small vacuoles, whereas medullar cells had several large plastids with well-developed thylakoid systems and fewer vacuoles. In B. pubescens subspecies, vacuoles of the glandular cells contained osmiophilic deposits, which were probably phenolic, whereas in B. pendula, vacuoles of glandular trichomes were characterized by the presence of numerous myelin-like membranes. The composition of epicuticular flavonoids also differed among species. The two subspecies of B. pubescens and B. nana shared the same 12 compounds, but five of these occurred only in trace amounts in B. nana. Leaf surface extracts of B. pendula contained just six flavonoids, three of which occurred only in this species. In summary, the structure, density and distribution of leaf trichomes and the composition of epicuticular flavonoids represent good taxonomic markers for Finnish birch species.