Activation of Anterior Insula during Self-Reflection

Background

Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested activation of midline frontoparietal brain regions to be at the core of self-related processes. However, although some studies reported involvement of the insula, little attention has been paid to this region as forming part of the “self”-network.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we aimed at replicating and extending previous studies by scanning subjects whilst reflecting upon their own personal qualities as compared to those of an acquaintance. A third condition with statements about general knowledge was used to control for attention, semantic processing and decision making processes. The results showed a significant effect of task in brain activity, consistent with previous findings, by which both person conditions recruited a common set of medial prefrontal and posterior regions, yet significant differences between self and other were found in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Notably, significant neural activation in the left anterior insula was observed as uniquely associated with self-reflection.

Conclusions/Significance

The results provide further evidence for the specific recruitment of anterior MPFC and ACC regions for self-related processing, and highlight a role for the insula in self-reflection. As the insula is closely connected with ascending internal body signals, this may indicate that the accumulation of changes in affective states that might be implied in self-processing may contribute to our sense of self.     

神经退行性疾病的表观遗传学

研究发现多种疾病的发生与表观遗传学相关.有证据显示表观遗传学信号在大脑中起着重要调节作用,在哺乳动物中枢神经系统中DNA甲基化动力学被发现是表观遗传学调节的主要组成,染色质修饰药物的快速发展显示出对神经系统中范围广泛的退行性功能紊乱出人意料的治疗作用,促进了人们对神经退行性疾病的表观遗传学机制研究.其中,研究得比较多的是DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及染色质重塑.这些研究为神经退行性疾病的治疗提供了潜在靶点,并为开发相关药物提供了线索.对疾病表观遗传学机制及药物的作用机制的进一步研究将为疾病治疗提供更多靶点,为神经退行性疾病提供确切的有效治疗途径,具有积极意义.     

Mitochondria-ER Tethering in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology - Organelles juxtaposition has been detected for decades, although only recently gained importance due to a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular processes...     

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in mammalian cell metabolism, hosting a number of important biochemical pathways including oxidative phosphorylation. As might be expected from this fundamental contribution to cell function, abnormalities of mitochondrial metabolism are a common cause of human disease. Primary mutations of mitochondrial DNA result in a diverse group of disorders often collectively referred to as the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Perhaps more importantly in numerical terms are those neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Finally there are mitochondrial abnormalities induced by secondary events e.g. oxidative stress that may contribute to senescence, and environmental toxins that may cause disease either alone or in combination with a genetic predisposition. Special issue article in honor of Dr. Anna Maria Giuffrida-Stella.     

Role of Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Russian Journal of Developmental Biology - Functional interaction of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and the central nervous system (CNS) is due to various relationships, which includes autonomic...     

MicroRNA，lncRNA与神经退行性疾病

综述了microRNA和lncRNA在一些神经退行性疾病病理生理中的作用机制．随着社会生产的发展,人类文明的进步,人口日益老年化,神经退行性疾病正在全球范围内流行,严重地危害着人类的健康．尽管长期的研究使人们对神经退行性疾病有了比较全面和深入的了解,但是其背后隐藏的发病机制仍然是个谜．人类基因组约98%的转录产物为非编码RNA(ncRNA),在生命活动中有着许多鲜为人知的广泛而多样性的生物功能．小分子RNA(microRNA)是研究得相对比较深入的一类小ncRNA,最近2～3年,长非编码RNA(lncRNA)受到人们的重视,已积累了一些相关研究成果．     

Astroglial Vesicular Trafficking in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The neocortex represents one of the largest estates of the human brain. This structure comprises ~30–40 billions of neurones and even more of non-neuronal cells. Astrocytes, highly heterogeneous homoeostatic glial cells, are fundamental for housekeeping of the brain and contribute to information processing in neuronal networks. Gray matter astrocytes tightly enwrap synapses, contact blood vessels and, naturally, are also in contact with the extracellular space, where convection of fluid takes place. Thus astrocytes receive signals from several distinct extracellular domains and can get excited by numerous mechanisms, which regulate cytosolic concentration of second messengers, such as Ca²⁺ and cAMP. Excited astrocytes often secrete diverse substances (generally referred to as gliosignalling molecules) that include classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and ATP or neuromodulators such as d-serine or neuropeptides. Astrocytic secretion occurs through several mechanisms: by diffusion through membrane channels, by translocation via plasmalemmal transporters or by vesicular exocytosis. Vesicular release of gliosignalling molecules appears fundamentally similar to that operating in neurones, since it depends on the SNARE proteins-dependent merger of the vesicle membrane with the plasmalemma. However, the coupling between the stimulus and astroglial vesicular secretion is at least one order of magnitude slower than that in neurones. Here we review mechanisms of astrocytic excitability and the molecular, anatomical and physiological properties of vesicular apparatus mediating the release of gliosignalling molecules in health and in the neurodegenerative pathology.     

兴奋性氨基酸转运体2在神经退行性变中的作用

谷氨酸是脑内必需的兴奋性神经递质之一,兴奋性氨基酸转运体（Excitatory amino acid transporterEAAT）2是最主要的谷氨酸转运体,负责脑内90%以上的谷氨酸再摄取,调节突触间隙的谷氨酸浓度。EAAT2功能紊乱导致胞外谷氨酸过量积聚,在多种神经退行性疾病的发病过程中起重要作用,如阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿舞蹈病、肌萎缩侧索硬化等。对于人EAAT2启动子的研究发现,NF-kB在星形胶质细胞中对EAAT2表达起关键作用。通过筛选1 040种FDA批准的化合物,发现多种β-内酰胺类抗生素如头孢曲松钠等是EAAT2的转录激活剂,可以增加EAAT2的蛋白表达水平,产生神经保护作用。     

骨桥蛋白在神经退行性疾病中的作用

骨桥蛋白(OPN)是一种分子量约为60 KDa的糖基化磷蛋白,广泛分布于骨、脑、肾、肺以及肝等多种重要的脏器组织中.该蛋白通过与整合素、CD44V等受体结合,参与应激反应,癌症,骨重建,炎性反应以及感染等多种生理病理性进展.由于早期分泌OPN能够诱发细胞的激活,故OPN也被称为ETA-1(早期T淋巴细胞激活因子-1).目前发现,OPN存在两种形式:一种是分泌型骨桥蛋白(sOPN),另一种是胞内型骨桥蛋白(iOPN).在体内,二者通过不同的作用途径参与免疫调节过程.近年来,随着分子生物学的进展以及对神经退行性疾病研究的不断深入,发现OPN在神经退行性疾病中似乎发挥着双刃剑的作用,即在某些特定情况下,它能够激发神经毒性和神经元的死亡;而在其他情况下,它起到的是神经保护性作用.本文就OPN的结构特点、生物学功能以及在神经退行性病变中的作用进行简要归纳.     

Neuroprotection by Mucuna pruriens in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurochemical Research - The medicinal plant Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is widely known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a well-established drug in Ayurveda and has...     

Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Approach

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation process that allows recycling of cytoplasmic constituents into bioenergetic and biosynthetic materials for maintenance of homeostasis. Since the function of autophagy is particularly important in various stress conditions, perturbation of autophagy can lead to cellular dysfunction and diseases. Accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, a common cause of neurodegenerative diseases, can be reduced through autophagic degradation. Recent studies have revealed defects in autophagy in most cases of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, deregulated excessive autophagy can also cause neurodegeneration. Thus, healthy activation of autophagy is essential for therapeutic approaches in neurodegenerative diseases and many autophagy-regulating compounds are under development for therapeutic purposes. This review describes the overall role of autophagy in neurodegeneration, focusing on various therapeutic strategies for modulating specific stages of autophagy and on the current status of drug development.     

Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, are characterized by several pathological features, including selective neuronal loss, aggregation of specific proteins, and chronic inflammation. Aging is the most critical risk factor of these disorders. However, the mechanism by which aging contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is not clearly understood. Cellular senescence is a cell state or fate in response to stimuli. It is typically associated with a series of changes in cellular phenotypes such as abnormal cellular metabolism and proteostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased secretion of certain molecules via senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this review, we discuss how cellular senescence contributes to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and the relationship between protein aggregation and cellular senescence. Finally, we discuss the potential of senescence modifiers and senolytics in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

Heavy Metals and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Observational Study

In this study, we evaluated the levels of some of the most investigated metals (Cu, Se, Zn, Pb, and Hg) in the blood of patients affected by the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to better clarify their involvement. For the first time, we investigated a Sicilian population living in an area exposed to a potentially contaminated environment from dust and fumes of volcano Etna and consumer of a considerable quantity of fish in their diet, so that this represents a good cohort to demonstrate a possible link between metals levels and development of neurodegenerative disorders. More specifically, 15 patients affected by AD, 41 patients affected by MS, 23 healthy controls, and 10 healthy elderly controls were recruited and subjected to a venous blood sampling. Quantification of heavy metals was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This technique has allowed us to establish that there is a concomitance of heavy metal unbalance associated with AD more than in other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as MS. Also, we can assess that the concentration of these elements is independent from the diet, especially from occasional or habitual consumption of fruits and vegetables, prevalence in the diet of meat or fish, possible exposure to contaminated environment due both to the occupation and place of residence.     

组织转谷氨酰胺酶与神经退行性疾病

组织转谷氨酰胺酶(tissue transglutaminase,tTG)广泛分布于各种组织及细胞中,是一个多功能蛋白质。tTG能催化Ca^2 依赖的蛋白质交联反应,并在多种生物学过程中起到了重要作用,如细胞生长与分化、受体介导的胞吞作用、细胞黏附、细胞形态的维持以及细胞凋亡等。已有研究表明,tTG可能在多种神经退行性疾病的病理生理过程中起到了重要作用。现就近年来有关tTG与神经退行性疾病研究的一些进展做一介绍。     

FGF14在神经退行疾病中的研究进展 *

成纤维细胞生长因子14(FGF14)是成纤维细胞生长因子家族中一员,主要在发育中及成熟的神经系统中表达。研究发现,FGF14在退行性神经系统中的脊髓小脑共济失调27型中发挥着重要的作用,FGF14的功能与各种离子通道关系密切,以钠离子通道为主,活性被神经元的兴奋性调节。根据FGF14的特点,归纳总结了FGF14目前的研究进展,为FGF14的基础和工程化研究提供理论依据。     

Molecular Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases

The review summarizes the results of a decade of molecular genetic studies of several high-incidence hereditary neurodegenerative diseases, including primary parkinsonism, various forms of hereditary dystonia and ataxia, polyglutamine disorders, hepatolenticular degeneration, essential tremor, etc. Various relevant mutations were studied. The character and frequencies of particular mutations and the corresponding genetic disorders were established for the Russian population. Particular genotypes were associated with various clinical variants of the diseases. Genetic loci were identified for several unique hereditary diseases of the nervous system (X-linked cerebellar hypoplasia, an atypical form of autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, etc.). Nosological positions of the relevant clinical forms were clarified on the basis of the molecular genetic data. Protocols were developed for direct or indirect DNA diagnostics of the diseases under study to improve medical genetic counseling and prevention of new disease cases in affected families.