Evidence for a Functional O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) System in the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermobaculum terrenum

Post-translational modification of proteins is a ubiquitous mechanism of signal transduction in all kingdoms of life. One such modification is addition of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to serine or threonine residues, known as O-GlcNAcylation. This unusual type of glycosylation is thought to be restricted to nucleocytoplasmic proteins of eukaryotes and is mediated by a pair of O-GlcNAc-transferase and O-GlcNAc hydrolase enzymes operating on a large number of substrate proteins. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is responsive to glucose and flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Thus, a close relationship is thought to exist between the level of O-GlcNAc proteins within and the general metabolic state of the cell. Although isolated apparent orthologues of these enzymes are present in bacterial genomes, their biological functions remain largely unexplored. It is possible that understanding the function of these proteins will allow development of reductionist models to uncover the principles of O-GlcNAc signaling. Here, we identify orthologues of both O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes in the genome of the thermophilic eubacterium Thermobaculum terrenum. The O-GlcNAcase and O-GlcNAc-transferase are co-expressed and, like their mammalian orthologues, localize to the cytoplasm. The O-GlcNAcase orthologue possesses activity against O-GlcNAc proteins and model substrates. We describe crystal structures of both enzymes, including an O-GlcNAcase·peptide complex, showing conservation of active sites with the human orthologues. Although in vitro activity of the O-GlcNAc-transferase could not be detected, treatment of T. terrenum with an O-GlcNAc-transferase inhibitor led to inhibition of growth. T. terrenum may be the first example of a bacterium possessing a functional O-GlcNAc system.     

ApoE基因多态性与2型糖尿病并发症的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其并发症的发生与发展与ApoE基因的多态性存在密切关系。本文从ApoE基因与脂代谢、ApoE基因与T2DM、ApoE基因T2DM并发症的关系讨论了ApoE基因多态性在T2DM及其并发症在发病方面的机制,为临床治疗T2DM及其并发症提供了理论基础。     

纳米复合肽SCM的制备及其对Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗作用的研究

一种新型的神经内分泌肽,垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)被发现在碳水化合物或脂质代谢中具有重要作用,但是易受二肽基肽酶IV的降解。将壳聚糖修饰的纳米硒(Se NPs-CTS,SC)作为载体,通过酰胺键负载连接PACAP衍生肽MPL-2,制备稳定性良好、具有协同治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病作用的纳米复合肽Se NPs-CTS-MPL-2(SCM)。实验结果表明,成功构建了高稳定性的纳米复合肽SCM,SCM的平均粒径为158nm,粒径较为集中,表面Zeta电位为35.6m V,较SC粒径及Zeta电位有明显的变化,说明MPL-2成功的连接到了SC表面。SCM在水溶液中可稳定存在40天,在水溶液中有较强的稳定性。体外缓释实验表明SCM在48h内不断释放活性多肽MPL-2,有效的延长了MPL-2的作用时间。Ⅱ型糖尿病模型鼠(db/db小鼠)腹腔注射SCM,葡萄糖耐量实验结果表明MPL-2负载到载体SC上构建了SCM后,SCM在体内不断缓释MPL-2,延长了MPL-2的作用时间,增强了MPL-2的药效。在8周连续用药治疗的过程中,SCM可显著提高Ⅱ型糖尿病模型小鼠的胰岛素敏感性,药效明显强于MPL-2和SC单独用药。构建了纳米复合肽SCM,可有效的延长MPL-2的作用时间,发挥治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的生物学作用。     

2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与心脑血管并发症的相关性分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与其心脑血管并发症的相关性。方法：选择中国医科大学附属盛京医院2011年3月～2012年5月就诊的2型糖尿病患者236例和同期200例健康体检者为研究对象,检测和比较其空腹血糖（FBG）、胆固醇（CH）、甘油三酯（11G）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平。结果：2型糖尿病组患者FBG、血清CH、TG、LDL的含量与对照组比较均显著升高（P〈0．01）,而HDL的含量较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）;在2型糖尿病组中,有心脑血管并发症的患者血清CH、TG、LDL的含量显著高于无并发症者（P〈0．01）;而血清HDL含量显著低于无并发症者（P〈0．01）。相关性分析结果显示,2型糖尿病患者CH、TG和LDL的含量与其合并心脑血管并发症均存在正相关（r=0．337,P〈0．05;r==0．514,P〈0．05;r=0．438,P〈0．05）,而HDL的含量与其合并心脑血管并发症存在显著负相关（r=-0．237,P〈0．05）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在显著的糖脂代谢紊乱,且血脂水平与心脑血管并发症的发生密切相关,检测并控制2型糖尿病患者的血脂水平有助于预防其心脑血管病变的发生。     

Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation

Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. We found that both increase and decrease in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation impaired SOCE activity. To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ser⁶²¹ and Thr⁶²⁶ were O-GlcNAcylated and that Thr⁶²⁶ was O-GlcNAcylated in the steady state but Ser⁶²¹ was not. The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser⁶²¹. Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser⁶²¹. These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr⁶²⁶ and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser⁶²¹ in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser⁶²¹ phosphorylation. Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases.     

碘131联合胰岛素泵对2型糖尿病伴发甲亢患者炎性因子和甲状腺功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察碘131联合胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病伴发甲亢患者的临床疗效。方法：选取2017年3月至2019年1月本院收治的2型糖尿病伴发甲亢患者110例,按随机数表法分为观察组（n=55）与对照组（n=55）,观察组患者给予碘131联合胰岛素泵治疗,对照组患者给予甲巯咪唑联合胰岛素注射治疗。分别在治疗前后检测两组患者的血糖、血清炎性因子及甲状腺功能指标,比较两组患者临床有效率及不良反应发生率。结果：观察组临床有效率为92.73%,高于对照组的74.55%（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白均下降（P<0.05）,血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素（IL）-6、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、总四碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT4）、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT4）水平均下降,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组总不良反应率为18.18%,低于对照组的58.18%（P<0.05）。结论：碘131联合胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病伴发甲亢安全有效,能够更好地改善患者的甲状腺功能,降低炎性因子水平。     

利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究进展

利拉鲁肽是一种新型胰高糖素样肽-1 GLP-1类似物,能迅速、高效、持久地降低血糖及糖化血红蛋白,具有改善胰岛β细胞功能、调节收缩压、保护心血管、降低血脂、减轻体重、延迟胃排空、增加饱腹感等作用。此外,利拉鲁肽具有葡萄糖依赖的促胰岛素分泌作用,仅在机体血糖水平高时刺激胰岛素的释放,但当患者体内血糖浓度恢复至正常时,GLP-1分泌促胰岛素的作用便消退,因而发生低血糖事件的几率较低,能有效地改善糖尿病患者的病情,已成为目前2型糖尿病治疗领域的研究热点。本文主要就利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究进展进行综述。     

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血尿酸水平的相关性研究

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血尿酸水平的相关性。方法：测定214例T2DM患者血清尿酸、血脂、糖化血红蛋白水平及颈动脉中层内膜厚度（IMT）,按颈动脉IMT分为4组：A组：无动脉粥样硬化组;B组：动脉粥样硬化组,C组：斑块形成组,D组：管腔狭窄组。比较各组生化指标,并分析颈动脉粥样硬化与血清尿酸水平的相关性。结果：各组性别、年龄、TC、HDL、LDL无显著差异;C组血清TG水平较A组低（P=0.02）,D组血清HbA1c水平较A组（P=0.038）及B组（P=0.015）显著降低。D组血清尿酸水平与A组相比显著升高（P=0.001）,但D组与B、C组及A组与B、C组间差异均无统计学意义;相关分析显示颈动脉粥样硬化程度与血清尿酸水平呈显著正相关（P=0.002）,相关系数为0.201。结论：高血清尿酸水平可能是导致T2DM患者颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一,需慎重处理T2DM患者高尿酸血症问题。     

Opposite Cross-Talk by Oleate and Palmitate on Insulin Signaling in Hepatocytes through Macrophage Activation

Chronic low grade inflammation in adipose tissue during obesity is associated with an impairment of the insulin signaling cascade. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of palmitate or oleate overload of macrophage/Kupffer cells in triggering stress-mediated signaling pathways, in lipoapoptosis, and in the cross-talk with insulin signaling in hepatocytes. RAW 264.7 macrophages or Kupffer cells were stimulated with oleate or palmitate, and levels of M1/M2 polarization markers and the lipidomic profile of eicosanoids were analyzed. Whereas proinflammatory cytokines and total eicosanoids were elevated in macrophages/Kupffer cells stimulated with palmitate, enhanced arginase 1 and lower leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) levels were detected in macrophages stimulated with oleate. When hepatocytes were pretreated with conditioned medium (CM) from RAW 264.7 or Kupffer cells loaded with palmitate (CM-P), phosphorylation of stress kinases and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling was increased, insulin signaling was impaired, and lipoapoptosis was detected. Conversely, enhanced insulin receptor-mediated signaling and reduced levels of the phosphatases protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were found in hepatocytes treated with CM from macrophages stimulated with oleate (CM-O). Supplementation of CM-O with LTB₄ suppressed insulin sensitization and increased PTP1B and PTEN. Furthermore, LTB₄ decreased insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in hepatocytes, activated the NFκB pathway, and up-regulated PTP1B and PTEN, these effects being mediated by LTB₄ receptor BTL1. In conclusion, oleate and palmitate elicit an opposite cross-talk between macrophages/Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Whereas CM-P interferes at the early steps of insulin signaling, CM-O increases insulin sensitization, possibly by reducing LTB₄.     

阻断RAS对HSkMCs细胞株细胞凋亡及Mfn2 表达的影响

目的:观察氯沙坦对高糖培养人骨骼肌细胞(Human skeletal muscle cells,HSk MCs)中线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin2,Mfn2)的表达及其对细胞凋亡的影响。方法:1.使用不同浓度的葡萄糖养基(葡萄糖浓度分别为5.55 mmol/L,11.1 mmol/L,22.2 mmol/L)分别培养HSk MCs细胞株48小时,检测各组细胞中血管紧张素Ⅰ型受体(Angiotensin II type I receptor,AT1R)基因、基因Mfn2的表达,并用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。2.根据1中实验结果,选择对Mfn2影响最大的葡萄糖浓度(此组葡萄糖浓度为22.2mmol/L)作为后续实验的条件。加入血管紧张素受体Ⅱ拮抗剂(Angiotensin Receptor Blockers,ARB)氯沙坦(Losartan),处理人骨骼肌细胞(HSk MCs)48 h,以未加氯沙坦为对照组,观察其对线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2表达的影响,并行流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果:氯沙坦干预组HSk MCs细胞中Mfn2表达上调,细胞凋亡减少。结论:阻断肾素血管紧张素系统(Renin-angiotensin System,RAS)能上调HSk MCs细胞株中的Mfn2表达,并减少细胞凋亡。     

马齿苋不同部位提取物改善2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢紊乱的比较研究

目的观察马齿苋及其不同提取部位对改善2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗糖脂代谢紊乱的影响。方法应用小剂量链脲佐菌素加高热量饲养的方法建立实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为模型组、马齿苋组、马齿苋MH部位组、马齿苋MS部位组及多烯康对照组,并设正常对照组,各组大鼠相应地给与灌胃治疗12周;检测各组糖代谢及脂代谢血生化指标。结果糖代谢方面,马齿苋组能明显改善实验性2型糖尿病大鼠糖耐量异常,FINS明显低于模型组,相应地ISI显著提高;马齿苋MH部位具有改善实验性2型糖尿病大鼠糖耐量异常的趋势,FINS水平有所下降,ISI有所增加,与模型组比较接近统计学意义;而马齿苋MS部位对2型糖尿病大鼠糖耐量异常影响不大,改善胰岛素作用不明显。脂代谢方面,马齿苋组与模型组比较,显著升高血清HDL-C水平,同时降低血清TC、TG和FFA水平。马齿苋MH部位与模型组比较,显著降低血清TG水平,同时降低血清TC和FFA水平,但升高血清HDL-C水平不明显。马齿苋MS部位与模型组比较,显著降低血清FFA水平,降低血清TG接近统计学意义,但对血清TC和HDL-C水平无明显影响。结论马齿苋能明显改善2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗糖代谢异常。马齿苋MH部位具有改善糖代谢的趋势,而马齿苋MS部位对糖代谢的影响不明显。马齿苋及其马齿苋MH部位、马齿苋MS部位对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗脂代谢异常均有明显的改善作用,但其侧重点各有不同,可能与其作用环节和机制不同有关。     

蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（PTP1B）与2型糖尿病及肥胖的关系

蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（PTP1B）是一种在体内广泛表达的胞内蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶,在调节胰岛素敏感性和能量代谢的过程中起着重要作用。通过抑制PTP1B可增加胰岛素和瘦蛋白（leptin）的活性, 为寻找2型糖尿病、肥胖的治疗提供了光明前景。     

Antibody Response to Serpin B13 Induces Adaptive Changes in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Slows Down the Decline in the Residual Beta Cell Function in Children with Recent Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is characterized by a heightened antibody (Ab) response to pancreatic islet self-antigens, which is a biomarker of progressive islet pathology. We recently identified a novel antibody to clade B serpin that reduces islet-associated T cell accumulation and is linked to the delayed onset of T1D. As natural immunity to clade B arises early in life, we hypothesized that it may influence islet development during that time. To test this possibility healthy young Balb/c male mice were injected with serpin B13 mAb or IgG control and examined for the number and cellularity of pancreatic islets by immunofluorescence and FACS. Beta cell proliferation was assessed by measuring nucleotide analog 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (5-EdU) incorporation into the DNA and islet Reg gene expression was measured by real time PCR. Human studies involved measuring anti-serpin B13 autoantibodies by Luminex. We found that injecting anti-serpin B13 monoclonal Ab enhanced beta cell proliferation and Reg gene expression, induced the generation of ∼80 pancreatic islets per animal, and ultimately led to increase in the beta cell mass. These findings are relevant to human T1D because our analysis of subjects just diagnosed with T1D revealed an association between baseline anti-serpin activity and slower residual beta cell function decline in the first year after the onset of diabetes. Our findings reveal a new role for the anti-serpin immunological response in promoting adaptive changes in the endocrine pancreas and suggests that enhancement of this response could potentially help impede the progression of T1D in humans.     

碘-131联合胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病伴发甲亢的近远期疗效及对骨代谢指标的影响

目的:探讨碘-131(~(131)I)联合胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴发甲亢的近远期疗效及对骨代谢指标的影响。方法:选取2016年5月至2018年5月我院收治的T2DM伴发甲亢患者125例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为A组(n=42)、B组(n=42)和C组(n=41)。其中A组给予~(131)I联合胰岛素泵治疗,B组给予~(131)I联合二甲双胍治疗,C组给予胰岛素泵联合甲硫咪唑治疗。比较三组患者治疗后近远期的临床疗效、治疗前后血糖指标、甲状腺功能指标、骨代谢指标以及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,A组临床近期、远期疗效总有效率高于B组和C组,复发率低于B组、C组(P0.05)。治疗后三组患者促甲状腺素(TSH)水平高于治疗前,且A组高于B组,游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)、游离甲状腺素(FT_4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT_3)、总甲状腺素(TT_4)水平低于治疗前,且A组低于B组、C组(P0.05)。治疗后三组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2h PG)和糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)水平低于治疗前,且A组低于B组、C组(P0.05)。治疗后三组患者骨钙素(BGP)、降钙素(CT)、I型前胶原N端肽(PINP)、β-胶原降解产物(β-CTX)、磷酸酶(ALP)水平低于治疗前,且A组低于B组、C组(P0.05)。治疗期间三组患者不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:采用~(131)I联合胰岛素泵治疗T2DM伴发甲亢患者安全有效,可改善患者甲状腺功能及骨代谢指标,降低血糖水平。     

Roles for Kisspeptin in proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells isolated from mice offspring when the cells are cocultured with somatic cells

Kisspeptin (Kp) expression in testis has caused most of the recent research surveying its functional role in this organ. This peptide influences spermatogenesis and sperm capacitation, so it is considered as a regulator of reproduction. Kp roles exert through hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis. We aimed to evaluate direct roles for Kp on proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells (SCs) when the cells are cocultured with somatic cells. Somatic cells and SCs were isolated from adult azoospermic and newborn mice and then enriched using a differential attachment technique. After the evaluation of identity and colonization for SCs, the cells were cocultured with somatic cells, and three doses of Kp (10⁻⁸-10⁻⁶ M) was assessed on proliferation (through evaluation of MVH and ID4 markers) and differentiation (via evaluation of c-Kit and SCP₃, TP_1, TP₂, and, Prm₁ markers) of the coculture system. Investigations were continued for four succeeding weeks. At the end of each level of testosterone in the culture media was also evaluated. We found positive influence from Kp on proliferative and differentiative markers in SCs cocultured with somatic cells. These effects were dose-dependent. There was no effect for Kp on testosterone level. From our findings, we simply conclude that Kp as a neuropeptide for influencing central part of reproductive axis could also positively affect peripheral processes related to spermatogenesis without having an effect on steroidogenesis.     

Cross-linking Evidence for Multiple Interactions of the PsbP and PsbQ Proteins in a Higher Plant Photosystem II Supercomplex

The extrinsic subunits of membrane-bound photosystem II (PSII) maintain an essential role in optimizing the water-splitting reaction of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), even though they have undergone drastic change during the evolution of oxyphototrophs from symbiotic cyanobacteria to chloroplasts. Two specific extrinsic proteins, PsbP and PsbQ, bind to the lumenal surface of PSII in green plants and maintain OEC conformation and stabilize overall enzymatic function; however, their precise location has not been fully resolved. In this study, PSII-enriched membranes, isolated from spinach, were subjected to chemical cross-linking combined with release-reconstitution experiments. We observed direct interactions between PsbP and PsbE, as well as with PsbR. Intriguingly, PsbP and PsbQ were further linked to the CP26 and CP43 light-harvesting proteins. In addition, two cross-linked sites, between PsbP and PsbR, and that of PsbP and CP26, were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. These data were used to estimate the binding topology and location of PsbP, and the putative positioning of PsbQ and PsbR on the lumenal surface of the PSII. Our model gives new insights into the organization of PSII extrinsic subunits in higher plants and their function in stabilizing the OEC of the PSII supercomplex.     

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Enhancer-binding Protein 3 Is Essential for the Expression of Asparagine-linked Glycosylation 2 in the Regulation of Osteoblast and Chondrocyte Differentiation

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding protein 3 (Hivep3) suppresses osteoblast differentiation by inducing proteasomal degradation of the osteogenesis master regulator Runx2. In this study, we tested the possibility of cooperation of Hivep1, Hivep2, and Hivep3 in osteoblast and/or chondrocyte differentiation. Microarray analyses with ST-2 bone stroma cells demonstrated that expression of any known osteochondrogenesis-related genes was not commonly affected by the three Hivep siRNAs. Only Hivep3 siRNA promoted osteoblast differentiation in ST-2 cells, whereas all three siRNAs cooperatively suppressed differentiation in ATDC5 chondrocytes. We further used microarray analysis to identify genes commonly down-regulated in both MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and ST-2 cells upon knockdown of Hivep3 and identified asparagine-linked glycosylation 2 (Alg2), which encodes a mannosyltransferase residing on the endoplasmic reticulum. The Hivep3 siRNA-mediated promotion of osteoblast differentiation was negated by forced Alg2 expression. Alg2 suppressed osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in cultured calvarial bone. Alg2 was immunoprecipitated with Runx2, whereas the combined transfection of Runx2 and Alg2 interfered with Runx2 nuclear localization, which resulted in suppression of Runx2 activity. Chondrocyte differentiation was promoted by Hivep3 overexpression, in concert with increased expression of Creb3l2, whose gene product is the endoplasmic reticulum stress transducer crucial for chondrogenesis. Alg2 silencing suppressed Creb3l2 expression and chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells, whereas infection of Alg2-expressing virus promoted chondrocyte maturation in cultured cartilage rudiments. Thus, Alg2, as a downstream mediator of Hivep3, suppresses osteogenesis, whereas it promotes chondrogenesis. To our knowledge, this study is the first to link a mannosyltransferase gene to osteochondrogenesis.     

Association of adiponectin (AdipoQ) and sulphonylurea receptor (ABCC8) gene polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes in North Indian population of Punjab

In Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), adiponectin (AdipoQ) and sulphonylurea receptor genes (ABCC8) are important targets for candidate gene association studies. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes have been associated with features of the metabolic syndrome across various populations. The present case–control study undertaken in the population of Punjab, evaluates the association of + 45T>G polymorphism in AdipoQ gene; and Exon16-3C>T as well as Exon18C>T polymorphisms in ABCC8 gene with T2D. These SNPs were genotyped in 200 T2D cases and 200 non-diabetic healthy controls using the PCR-RFLP method. The frequency of the minor G-allele for AdipoQ+ 45(T>G) polymorphism was significantly higher in T2D cases (29.0%) than in controls (21.5%) [P = 0.02, OR = 1.49 (1.07–2.04)]. The genetic model analysis revealed that the G-allele cumulatively provides nearly 1.59–1.78 fold increased risk to T2D under the additive (P = 0.009; OR = 1.59, 1.12–2.25 at 95% CI), dominant (TG/GG vs. TT) (P = 0.034, OR = 1.64, 1.04–2.56 at 95% CI) and codominant model (TG vs. TT/GG) (P = 0.014; OR = 1.78, 1.12–2.82 at 95% CI) after adjusting for confounding factors. However, no difference in the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies was observed for both the ABCC8 polymorphisms. The distribution of obesity profiles (BMI, WC and WHR) was also significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05). Higher BMI and central obesity were observed to increase the risk of T2D. G-allele of + 45(T>G) polymorphism in the adiponectin gene appears to be associated with increased risk of T2D, but the polymorphisms in sulphonylurea receptor gene do not seem to be associated with T2D in the population of Punjab.