扩展青霉脂肪酶K56R叠加突变对热稳定性的影响

目的:扩展青霉脂肪酶随机突变体ep8是一株热稳定性比野生型有所提高的突变体.获得热稳定性提高的优良菌株.方法:在ep8的基础上利用重叠延伸PCR构建叠加突变重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8一K56R,将该质粒电转毕赤酵母(Pichia paaoris)GS115进行异源表达.结果:该叠加突变脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达.15%SDS-PACE结果分析表明突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K56R-GS分子量与野生型PEL-GS一致,约为28kDa.叠加突变脂肪酶在37℃时酶活为852U/mL、野生型为760u/mL、随机突变体为824u/mL,叠加突变体酶活相比野生型提高了21.1%,相比随机突变体提高了3.4%.热稳定性分析数据表明叠加突变脂肪酶Tm值为40.1℃、野生型为38.7℃、随机突变体为39.9℃,Tm值相比野生型提高了1.4℃,相比随机突变体提高了0.2℃.     

基于结构基础的嗜热细菌贝斯其热解纤维素菌木聚糖酶CbXyn10C的热稳定性分子改良

【背景】作为降解木聚糖的核心酶种,木聚糖酶可以有效促进木质纤维素的消化水解,在动物养殖领域应用广泛。来源于嗜热细菌贝斯其热解纤维素菌(Caldicellulosiruptorbescii)的GH10家族木聚糖酶Cb Xyn10C最适温度为85℃,在80℃条件下具有良好的热稳定性,具有饲料工业应用潜力。【目的】为满足饲料制粒尤其是水产饲料加工过程的工艺要求,进一步提高木聚糖酶Cb Xyn10C的热稳定性并阐明其耐热机理。【方法】以Cb Xyn10C晶体结构为基础,采用刚性氨基酸引入、疏水作用网络重排2种策略对其热稳定性进行理性设计,获得在100℃条件下比活提高的单点突变体后,通过有益突变位点叠加策略进一步提升酶的热稳定性,最后采用分子动力学模拟技术分析其热稳定性提高的分子机制。【结果】共获得了4个稳定性提高的单点突变体A45P、T69P、F309V和A325P,其中突变体A45P效果最优。随着在A45P基础上另外3个突变位点的叠加,酶的热稳定性在不损失酶活的前提下得到了逐步提升。获得的四点突变体A45P/F309V/A325P/T69P的耐热性最好,其最适反应温度和熔解温度Tm值较野生型...     

基于柔性区域的计算设计改造玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶热稳定性

来源于粉红螺旋聚孢霉Clonostachys rosea的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶 (ZHD101) 可以有效降解谷物农副产品和饲料中的霉菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮 (Zearalenone,ZEN),但是,该酶的热稳定性较低,限制了其在工业中的应用。由于水解ZEN的反应没有吸光值的变化,不适合高通量筛选。本文以ZHD101为模式酶,进行计算虚拟突变并结合实验验证。通过比对不同温度下的分子动力学模拟轨迹,选取32个柔性位点;再通过位置特异性评分和酶构象自由能计算,从32个柔性位点上的608个虚拟饱和突变体中筛选出12个突变体。经实验验证,其中3个突变体N156F、S194T和T259F的热熔融温度有一定程度的提升 (ΔTm>4 ℃),且酶活性与野生型类似甚至更高 (相对酶活性为95.8%、131.6%和169.0%)。分子动力学模拟分析显示,导致3个突变体热稳定性提高的可能作用机理分别为NH-π作用力、盐桥重排和分子表面空穴填充。将3个突变体进行迭代组合突变,N156F/S194T表现出最高的热稳定性 (ΔTm=6.7 ℃)。这项工作表明基于柔性区域的虚拟饱和突变在酶稳定性改造上的可行性,探索计算虚拟改造结合实验验证的酶改造策略。     

定点突变引入二硫键提高华根霉脂肪酶热稳定性的研究

拟对来源于华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)的脂肪酶r27RCL进行二硫键的构建,从而提高该酶的热稳定性。利用二硫键构建软件Disulfide by Design 2. 0预测突变位点(T201),对野生型脂肪酶r27RCL进行定点突变。借助于毕赤酵母表达系统,对脂肪酶野生型r27RCL及突变体r27RCLT201C进行异源表达,并对其酶学性质进行研究和比较。热稳定性实验显示突变体r27RCL-T201C在60℃处理25 min后剩余酶活较野生型提高了17. 6%。此外,突变体的pH稳定性也较野生型有所提高。对脂肪酶r27RCL进行二硫键的构建有助于提高该酶热稳定性,使其能更有效地应用于工业生产。     

定向进化和半理性设计改造顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶

【背景】D(-)-酒石酸是非天然有机酸,在保健品、食品和肿瘤药物合成等行业具有重大应用潜力,目前主要通过生物转化法生产,即顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶[cis-epoxysuccinic acid hydrolase,CESH(D)]水解顺式环氧琥珀酸(cis-epoxysuccinic acid, ESH)生成D(-)-酒石酸。该法简单温和,但存在CESH(D)酶活转化效率低下的瓶颈问题。【目的】通过基因工程改造,提高CESH(D)的酶活力、温度和pH稳定性。【方法】利用定向进化和半理性设计体外改造CESH(D),高通量筛选出正向突变体;然后对其进行酶学性质研究,包括比酶活、温度和pH对酶催化效率的影响、酶的温度稳定性、pH稳定性及酶促动力学分析;最后通过分子对接等手段分析突变位点影响催化活性的初步机制。【结果】筛选获得4个正向突变体L231P/N226S、V77I、D183E和T223S。与野生型相比,4个突变体的比酶活分别提高2.2、1.6、1.5和1.4倍。其中,L231P/N226S的温度稳定性和pH稳定性较野生型均有显著提高,55℃时催化活性为野生型的1.6倍,pH 6.0时催化活...     

定点突变提高N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶酶活和温度稳定性

【目的】提高N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶(N-acylhomoserine lactonase,AiiA)酶活及温度稳定性。【方法】本研究基于AiiA同源蛋白的三维结构对AiiA进行定点突变,分析野生型AiiA及其突变蛋白酶活和温度稳定性。【结果】野生型AiiA较不稳定,在45℃下温浴30 min,或4℃储存5 d后均失去降解N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactone,AHL)的活性。但是突变AiiA蛋白(N65K,T195R和A206E)的酶活力较野生型AiiA均提高了20%以上,且4℃储存时间延长到7 d。此外,突变株N65K比野生型AiiA对高温具有更强的耐受性,在45℃温浴后剩余酶活力达到45%以上,55℃温浴30 min后仍保留5.0%的酶活力。【结论】通过定点突变改造AiiA蛋白结构,提升了AiiA蛋白的酶活和温度稳定性。     

技术与方法理性设计改造牛肠激酶的热稳定性

以牛肠激酶作为研究对象,利用理性设计的方法提高其热稳定性。首先通过分子动力学模拟软件Gromacs v 4.5.5,FlexService以及B-FITTER软件预测出了肠激酶的柔性区Fragment 64～69,Fragment 85～90;然后结合β-转角序列统计学信息以及引入位置原有的残基不参与形成氢键的原则,确立了3个突变位点S67P,R87P以及Y136P;通过Quik Change^TM 定点突变的方法引入突变位点,并进行了酶热稳定性分析。结果表明,R87P突变体酶的失活半衰（t_1/2）和T₅₀¹⁰ 较野生型分别提高了3.1 min和11.8℃,同时,动力学常数（K_m/k_cat）测定结果显示酶活未受到显著影响。该策略有潜力应用于其他工业酶分子的热稳定性改造,为推动生物酶的工业化应用奠定基础。     

亚硝酸钠体外随机突变枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因及其产物性质研究

通过对目的基因随机突变,希望获得纤溶酶活性提高的突变体。方法:采用一种简单方便的突变方法--亚硝酸钠直接突变含目的基因的质粒,然后转化受体菌获得突变体。在亚硝酸钠浓度为40mmol／L,温度为37℃,反应时间为1h条件下,突变带枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因的质粒pUBH,转化受体菌DB403,得到大量突变体。随机挑取约1600个转化子,用纤维平板法筛选。结果:获得酶活不同程度改变的突变体,其中有纤溶酶活性增加高达一倍的突变体;分离纯化了活性最高的突变酶,并证明其活性提高是与比活性提高相关的;序列分析该突变体发现碱基发生8处改变,而氨基酸只发生1处改变即V298A;和序列分析一致,SDS／PAGE和Westernblot检测结果显示其分子量和抗原性质没有改变。同时研究了诱变剂浓度、反应温度和作用时间对随机突变的影响。     

基于体外分子进化技术提高弯曲芽孢杆菌CCTCC 2015368 β-淀粉酶的热稳定性

运用体外分子进化技术易错PCR方法,高通量筛选热稳定性提高的弯曲芽孢杆菌Bacillus flexus CCTCC2015368β-淀粉酶突变体。利用LB琼脂淀粉板显色、96-孔板DNS法测酶活和酶标仪检测等,最终筛选到了一株热稳定性显著提高的突变体D476N。野生型和突变体D476N分别纯化后,酶学性质测定表明:突变体D476N的最适pH为6.5,与野生型相比降低了0.5。突变体D476N和野生型的最适温度均为55℃,突变体D476N在55℃下的半衰期为35 min,比野生型提高了95%。突变体D476N的T_(50)值比野生型提高4℃。突变体D476N的K_m值为97.98μmol/L,是野生型(85.86μmol/L)1.14倍;突变体稳定性提高的同时,催化活力相对于野生型有略微下降。通过SWISS-MODEL同源模拟野生型和突变体D476N的三维结构,并通过PyMol软件分析,发现突变后的氨基酸残基Asn476位于蛋白质表面的loop环上,通过MOE软件计算,D476N的分子自由能(ΔG)为106.01kcal/mol,比野生酶降低10.3%,这一结果与蛋白质分子自由能和热稳定性呈负相关的理论相符。     

K55R与ep8叠加突变对扩展青霉脂肪酶热稳定性的改善

利用重叠延伸PCR对扩展青霉脂肪酶（PEL）基因进行体外定点突变,构建了K55R与随机突变体ep8叠加突变的重组质粒pAO815-ep8-K55R。将该质粒电转化引入毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115,进行异源表达。实验结果表明：该叠加突变体在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达,得到表达产物脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K55R-GS。其表达量为508u/mL,分别约为野生型脂肪酶PEL-GS（627u/mL）的81％,随机突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-GS（924u/mL）的55%;其比活力为2309.1u/mg,与随机突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-GS和野生型脂肪酶PEL-GS的相仿。叠加突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K55R-GS的最适作用温度为37℃,与野生型脂肪酶PEL-GS和随机突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-GS一致;其T_m值为41.0℃,比野生型脂肪酶PEL-GS提高了2.3℃,比随机突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-GS提高了0.8℃。表明叠加突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K55R-GS的热稳定性有了进一步的提高。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.